for the words of the latter will not be free from mixture with the former,"-from the evidence drawn from matters of fact which exist in the history.

Attention, therefore, must be directed to this question: Whether the allusions or references, which occur in the historical books and other written memorials, refer to the original documents, or to the first four books and Deuteronomy in their present form. Finally, those books and written memorials, whose credibility or date is contested, must not be referred to for proofs. This is the case with the accounts in Chronicles, and the allusions or citations in the Psalms."

§ 162, a.

A. TRACES IN MATTERS OF FACT.

A law book is mentioned in Josh. xxiv. 26. But it cannot be the Pentateuch in its present form, for the latter does not contain what Joshua wrote in this book. "And Joshua wrote these words [that is, the covenant of the people to serve Jehovah] in the book of the Law of God."

Some have looked for such marks in 1 Sam. xv. 2, 3:

"Thus saith the Lord of hosts, I remember that which Amalek did to Israel, how he laid wait for him in the way when he came up from Egypt. Now go, and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass.'"

a

This has taken place in 1 Kings ii. 3, Judg. xi. 17, sqq. Comp. Num. xx. 14, sqq., xxi. 21, sqq.

Ps. lxxviii. 13, sqq. (Compare, on the contrary, verses 3, 5, 19, 20, 49.) Comp. Ps. lxxxvi. 15, with Ex. xxxiv. 6; Ps. cv. 8, sqq., and cvi. 7, sqq., 28, sqq., with Num. xxv. 3; Ps. cviii. 14, with Ex. xv. 2; Ps. cx. 4, with Gen. xiv. 18, and Ps. xl. 8.

0

See Maurer on Josh. i. 8, and comp. Hävernik, 1. c. p. 556.

This is supposed to refer to Ex. xvii. 14-" Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua, for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven." In 1 Sam. x. 25, it is

written, "Then Samuel told the people the manner of the kingdom, and wrote it in a book, and laid it down before Jehovah." Some have supposed there was a reference in this to Deut. xvii. 14, sqq.:

"When thou art come unto the land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;' thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee whom Jehovah thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee."

So it has been thought there was such a reference in 1 Kings viii. 9,—"There was nothing in the ark save the two tables of stone, which Moses put there at Horeb, when Jehovah made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt,"

to Deut. xxxi. 26: "Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of Jehovah, ...... that it may be a witness against you." But it is vain to expect such a reference in these passages.

It is probable there is such a trace or it, at the coronation of Jehoash, about 880 B. C., (2 Kings xi. 12:) "And he brought forth the king's son, and put the crown on him, and [gave him] the law." However, this does not necessarily suppose the existence of the whole Pentateuch in its present form.

The discovery of the book of the Law, in the temple, under Josiah's reign, about 624 B. C., related in

9. [But it is difficult to find the Mosaic Law in this.]

2 Kings xxii., is the first certain trace of the existence of the Pentateuch in its present form. Here the following passages, (xxii. 16, 17, and 2 Ch. xxxiv. 24,) as well as the reformation occasioned by the discovery, all point to Deuteronomy.

"Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, and upon the inhabitants thereof, even all the words of the book which the king of Judah hath read: because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be kindled against this place, and shall not be quenched."

This, however, presupposes the existence of the other books. After the exile, we find frequent traces of it. The Law of Moses, or Law of God, occurs, Ezra iii. 2, vi. 18, vii. 6, 12. Ezra is called learned in the Law of Moses, vii. 6, 10, ix. 1, sqq. The Law of Moses occurs, Neh. i. 7, sqq., (verse 9 alludes plainly to Deut. xxx. 4, xii. 11,) Neh. viii. 1, sqq., ix. 2, sqq., xiii. 1. These, however, are later accounts.

§ 162, b.

B. TRACES OF ITS EXISTENCE IN WRITERS.

......

whose height

About 790 B. C., we find that Amos (iv. 11) unites the Elohistic and Jehovistic fragments in Gen. xix. 29. Therefore he must have had the book of Genesis in its present form. In ii. 9, he says, "Yet I destroyed the Amorites before them was like the height of the cedars." xiii. 32, which says, "All the people that we saw" in the land" are men of great stature, and there we saw the giants." Accordingly, he seems to have been acquainted with the book of Numbers.

This refers to Num.

About 785 B. C., Hosea affords us a trace of its existence; xii. 3-5:

"He took his brother by the heel in the womb, and by his strength he had power with Elohim. Yea, he had power over the angel, and prevailed: he wept, and made supplication unto him he found him in Beth-el, and there he spake with us; even Jehovah God of hosts."

Here the allusions are obvious to the story of the birth of Esau and Jacob, in Gen. xxv. 26; to the struggle with the angel, xxxii. 24, pearance of Jehovah in xxxv. 9, sqq. (xii. 12, 13,) there is a reference to 45, xxix. 18, sqq., which relate Jacob's visit to Laban, and service for his wife:

sqq.; to the apIn the following, Gen. xxvii. 43—

"And Jacob fled into the country of Syria, and Israel served for a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep. And by a prophet the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt, and by a prophet was he preserved."

The mention of Admah and Zeboim (xi. 8) refers to Gen. xix. and xiv. 2, 3. Again, ix. 10:

"I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers as the first ripe in the fig-tree at her first time: but they went to Baal-peor, and separated themselves unto that shame; and their abominations were according as they loved."

This refers to Num. xxv. 3—“Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor." Therefore he must have known the book of Numbers, as well as the original documents and later fragments of Genesis.

About 759 B. C., Isaiah (i. 9, 10) mentions Sodom and Gomorrah, evidently referring to Gen. xix. 5.

About 725 B. C., Micah (in vi. 5) speaks of Balak, king of Moab, and Balaam, the son of Beor, referring, apparently, to Num. xxii. 2, sqq. The mention of Nimrod (v. 6) refers to Gen. x. 9, sqq.a

In Jeremiah (630 B. C.) the acquaintance with our present Pentateuch is pretty clear, (Jer. xi. 1-8.)

Chap. xi. 3-7. "Thus saith Jehovah God of Israel: Cursed be the man that obeyeth not the words of this covenant, which I commanded your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, from the iron furnace, saying, "Obey my voice, and do them, according to all which I command you: so shall ye be my people, and I will be your God: that I may perform the oath which I have sworn unto your fathers, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey, as it is this day."" Then answered I, and said, 'So be it, O Jehovah.' Then Jehovah said unto me, 'Proclaim all these words in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, saying, Hear ye the words of this covenant, and do them. For I earnestly protested unto your fathers in the day that I brought them up out of the land of Ægypt, even unto this day, rising early and protesting, saying, 'Obey my voice.'"'"

66

Here the reference in verse 4 is pretty direct to Deut. iv. 20"Jehovah...... hath brought you forth out of the iron furnace out of Egypt." The following refers to Deut. xxviii. :

Chap. xi. 8. "Yet they obeyed not, nor inclined their ear, but walked every one in the imagination of their evil heart: therefore I will bring upon them all the words of this covenant, which I commanded them to do; but they did them not."

Chap. xxiii. 17, refers to Deut. xxix. 17, 18; xxxiv. 14, the command to release every Hebrew slave at the end of the seventh year, refers to Ex. xxi. 2, and Deut. xv. 12. The following (xlviii. 45, 46) refer to Num. xxi. 27, sqq.:-"

"They that fled stood under the shadow of Heshbon because of the force; but a fire shall come forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and shall devour the corner of Moab, and

• See more examples in Kuerper, Jerome, Librr. Sac. Interpret. atque Vindex; 1837, p. 1-51. [But see below, p. 420.]