other explanation made the term come from the stench | kkλéλoiπe rò чñyμa.-Strab., 627). Callimachus and (85) of the stagnant water in the neighbouring parts. Dionysius Periegetes speak of the swans of the Pacto3. A third class of etymologists derived the appella-lus. (Callim., H. in Del., 249.-Dionys. Perieg., tion from the stench that proceeded from the persons 830.) The Turkish name of this stream is the Bagouof the early Ozola, they having been accustomed to ly. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 442.—Mannert, wear undressed skins of wild beasts. (Pausan., 10, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 361.) 38.-Consult also Siebelis, ad loc.)

P.

PACATIANUS, TITUS JULIUS, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul about the latter part of Philip's reign. He was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death.

PACUVIUS, M. an early Roman dramatic poet, the nephew of Ennius by a sister of his (Plin., 35, 4), was born at Brundisium, A.U.C. 534. At Rome he became intimately acquainted with Lælius, who, in Cicero's treatise De Amicitia, calls him his host and friend. There is an idle story, that Pacuvius had three wives, all of whom successively hanged themselves on the same tree; and that, lamenting this to Attius, who PACHYNUS (Iláxvvos åkpa), a promontory of Sicily, was married, he begged for a slip of it to plant in his forming the southeastern extremity of the island, and own garden; an anecdote which has been very sericalled also, by some of the Latin writers, Pachynum. ously confuted by Annibal di Leo, in his learned me(Mela, 2, 7.-Plin., 3, 8.) It is one of the three prom- moir on Pacuvius. A story somewhat similar to this ontories that give to Sicily its triangular figure, the is told of a Sicilian by Cicero (de Orat., 2, 69). Paother two being Pelorus and Lilybæum. The modern cuvius, besides attending to poetry, employed himself name is Capo Passaro. Its southernmost point is also in painting. He was one of the first Romans who called by Ptolemy Odyssea Acra ('Odvoσeía åкpa), and attained any degree of eminence in that elegant art, coincides with the projection of the coast before which and he particularly distinguished himself by the picthe islands delle Correnti lie. Between Pachynus and ture which he executed for the temple of Hercules in this latter cape lies a small harbour, called at the pres- the Forum Boiarium. (Plin., 35, 4.) He published ent day Porto di Palo, and the same with what Cice- his last piece at the age of eighty (Cic., Brut., c. 63); ro terms Portus Pachyni. (In Verr., 5, 34.) It after which, being oppressed with old age, and afflictserved merely as a temporary refuge for mariners ined with perpetual bodily illness, he retired to Tarentum, stress of weather. This harbour is very probably meant where he died, after having nearly completed his nineby the Itin. Marit. when it gives the distance "a Syra-tieth year. (Aul. Gell., 13, 2.- Hieron., Chron., p. cusis Pachyno" at 400 stadia or 45 geographical miles along the coast, since the direct line from Syracuse to the promontory of Pachynus is less than this. (Itin. Marit., p. 492, ed. Wesseling.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 341.)

PACORUS, I. the eldest of the sons of Orodes, king of Parthia, and a prince of great merit. After the defeat of Crassus, he was sent by his father to invade Syria, having Osaces, a veteran commander, associated with him. The Parthians were driven back, how ever, by Caius Cassius, and Osaces was slain. After the battle of Philippi, Pacorus invaded Syria in conjunction with Labienus, and, having many exiled Romans with him, met with complete success, the whole of the country being now reduced under the Parthian sway. From Syria he passed into Judæa, and placed on the throne Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus. The Roman power having been re-established in Syria by the efforts of Ventidius, Pacorus again crossed the Euphrates, but was defeated and slain by the Roman commander. His death was deeply lamented by Orodes, who for several days refused all nourishment. (Justin, 42, 4.—Vell. Paterc., 12, 78.—Tacit., Hist., 5, 9.)-II. Son of Vonones II., king of Parthia. He received from his brother Vologeses, who succeeded Vonones, the country of Media as an independent kingdom. His dominions were ravaged by the Alani, who compelled him to take shelter for some time in the mountains. (Tacit., Ann., 15, 2 el 14.)

39.) An elegant epitaph, supposed to have been written by himself, is quoted with much commendation by Aulus Gellius, who calls it verecundissimum et purissimum (1, 24). It appears to have been inscribed on a tombstone, which stood by the side of a public road, according to the usual custom of the Romans.Though a few fragments of the tragedies of Pacuvius remain, our opinion of his dramatic merits can only be formed at second hand, from the observations of those critics who wrote while his works were yet extant. Cicero, though he blames his style, and characterizes him as a poet male locutus (Brut., c. 74), places him on the same level for tragedy as Ennius for epic poetry, or Cæcilius for comedy; and he mentions, in his treatise De Oratore, that his verses were by many considered as highly laboured and adorned: "Omnes apud hunc ornati elaboratique sunt versus.' It was in this laboured polish of versification, and skill in the dramatic conduct of the scene, that the excellence of Pacuvius chiefly consisted; for so the lines of Horace have been usually interpreted, where, speaking of the public opinion entertained concerning the dramatic writers of Rome, he says (Ep., 2, 1, 36),

"Ambigitur quoties uter utro sit prior, aufert Pacuvius docti famam senis, Atlius alti ;" and the same meaning must be affixed to the passage in Quintilian : "Virium tamen Attio plus tribuitur; Pacuvium videri doctiorem, qui esse docti adfectant, PACTOLUS, a river of Lydia, rising in the southeast- volunt." (Inst., Orat., 10, 1.) Most other Latin ern part of Mount Tmolus, and falling into the Her-critics, though, on the whole, they seem to prefer Attimus, after having passed by Sardes, the ancient cap- us, allow Pacuvius to be the more correct writer. The ital of Croesus. Its sands were auriferous, the parti- names are still preserved of about 20 tragedies of Pacucles of gold being washed down by the mountain tor- vius. Of these the Antiopa was one of the most distinrents (Plin., 5, 29), and hence it was sometimes called guished. It was regarded by Cicero as a great national Chrysorrhoas. The poets accounted for the golden tragedy, and an honour to the Roman name. (De Fin., sands of the river by the fable of Midas having bathed 1, 2.) Persius, however, ridicules a passage in this tra in its waters when he wished to rid himself of the gedy, where Antiopa talks of propping her melancholy transmuting powers of his touch. (Vid. Midas.) It heart with misfortunes (1, 78) With regard to the was from the gold found amid the sands of the Pacto- Dulorestes (Orestes Servus), another of these tragedies, lus that Croesus is said to have acquired his great rich- there has been a good deal of discussion and difficulty. es. At a time when this precious metal was scarce, Nævius, Ennius, and Attius are all said to have writthe labour of procuring it in this way was no doubt ten tragedies which bore the title of Dulorestes; but well bestowed. At a later period, however, the stream a late German writer has attempted, at great length, to was neglected; and Strabo, passing over the true rea- show that this is a misconception; and that all the son, informs us that the river yielded no more (vvv d'fragments which have been classed with the remains

of these three dramatic poets, belong to the Dulorestes | long course it receives a great number of tributaries, of Pacuvius, who was, in truth, the only Latin poet that its channel being the final receptacle of almost every wrote a tragedy with this appellation. What the ten- stream which rises on the eastern and southern declivour or subject of the play, however, may have been, heities of the Alps, and the northern declivity of the admits, is difficult to determine, as the different pas- Apennines. The mouths of the Po were anciently sages still extant refer to different periods of the life reckoned seven in number, the principal one, which of Orestes; which is rather adverse, it must be ob- was the southernmost, being called Padusa, and now served, to his idea, that all these fragments were writ- Po di Primaro. It was this mouth also to which the ten by the same person, unless, indeed, Pacuvius had appellations Eridanus and Spineticum Ostium wereaputterly set at defiance the observance of the celebrated plied. It sends off a branch from itself near Trigaboli, unities of the ancient drama. On the whole, however, the modern Ferrara, which was anciently styled Volahe agrees with Stanley in his remarks on the Choë- na Ostium, but is now denominated Po di Ferrara. phori of Eschylus, that the subject of the Choëphori, (Polyb., 2, 16.) Pliny mentions the following other which is the vengeance taken by Orestes on the mur- branches or mouths of the Po: the Caprasiæ Östium, derers of his father, is also that of the Dulorestes of now Bocca di bel Occhio; Sagis, now Fossage; and Pacuvius. (Eberhardt, Zustand der schönen Wissen- Carbonaria, now Po d' Ariano (3, 16). The Fossa chaften bei den Römern, p. 35, seqq.)-In the Iliona, Philistina is the Po grande. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, the scene where the shade of Polydorus, who had been vol. 1, p. 115.)-The Padus is rendered famous in the assassinated by the King of Thrace, appears to his legends of mythology by the fate of Phaethon, who fell mother, was long the favourite of a Roman audience, into it when struck down from heaven by the thunderwho seemed to have indulged in the same partiality for bolt of Jove. (Vid. Phaethon.) such spectacles that we still entertain for the goblins in PADUSA, the same with the Ostium Spineticum, or Hamlet and Macbeth.-All the plays of Pacuvius were southernmost branch of the river Padus. (Vid. Paeither imitated or translated from the Greek, except dus.) A canal was cut by Augustus from the Padusa Paulus. This was of his own invention, and was the to Ravenna. (Valg, el. ap. Serv. ad Virg., En., first Latin tragedy formed on a Roman subject. Un-11, 456.) Virgil speaks of the swans along its banks fortunately, there are only five lines of it extant, and (l. c.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 114). these do not enable us to ascertain which Roman of PEAN, an appellation given to Apollo, who under the name of Paulus gave his appellation to the trage- this name was either considered as a destroying (naiw, dy. It was probably either Paulus Æmilius, who fell" to smite"), or as a protecting and healing deity, who at Cannæ, or his son, whose story was a memorable instance of the instability of human happiness, as he lost both his children by his second marriage, one five days before and the other five days after, his Macedonian triumph. From no one play of Pacuvius are there more than fifty lines preserved, and these generally very much detached. It does not appear that his tragedies had much success or popularity in his own age. He was obliged to have recourse for his subjects to foreign mythology and unknown history. Iph-speaks of Pacon (Пainwv) as a separate individual, igenia and Orestes were always more or less strangers to a Roman audience, and the whole drama in which these and similar personages flourished, never attained in Rome to a healthy and perfect existence. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. I, p. 343, seqq.)—The fragments of Pacuvius are given in the collections of Stephens, Maittaire, &c.

PADUS, now the Po, the largest river of Italy, anciently called also Eridanus, an appellation which is frequently used by the Roman poets, and almost always by Greek authors. (Vid. Eridanus.) This latter name, however, belongs properly to the Ostium Spineticum of the Padus. (Plin., 3, 20.— Müller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 225.) The name Padus is said to have been derived from a word in the language of the Gauls, which denoted a pine-tree, in consequence of the great number of those trees growing near its source. (Plin, 3, 16.) Whatever be the derivation of the term Padus, the more ancient name of the river, which was Bodincus, is certainly of Celtic origin, and is said to signify "bottomless." (Compare the German bodenlos.-Dalecamp, ad Plin., 3, 16.) The Po rises in Mons Vesulus, now Monte Viso, near the sources of the Druentia or Durance, runs in an easterly direction for more than 500 miles, and discharges its waters into the Adriatic, about 30 miles south of Portus Venetus or Venice. It is sufficiently deep to bear boats and barges at 30 miles from its source, but the navigation is at all times difficult, and not unfrequently hazardous, on account of the rapidity of the current. Its waters are liable to sudden increase from the melting of the snows and from heavy falls of rain, the rivers that flow into it being almost all mountainstreams; and in the flat country, in the lower part of its course, great dikes are erected on both sides of the river to protect the lands from inundation. During its

frees the mind from care and sorrow (navw. “to cause to cease"). The tragedians, accordingly, by an analogical appellation of the word, also called Death, to whom both these attributes belonged, by the title of Paan. (Eurip., Hippol., 1373.- Esch., ap. Stob., Serm., p. 121.) And thus this double character of Apollo, by virtue of which he was equally formidable as a foe and welcome as an ally (Esch., Agam., 518), was authorized by the ambiguity of the name. Homer

and the physician of Olympus; but this division appears to be merely poetical, without any reference to actual worship. Hesiod also made the same distinction. (Schol. ad Hom., Od., 4, 231.) Still, however, Apollo must be regarded as the original deity of the healing art. From very early times, the pæan had, in the Pythian temple, been appointed to be sung in honour of Apollo. (Hom., Hymn. ad Apoll.- Eurip., Ion, 128, 140.-Pind., Paan, ap. Fragm.) The song, like other hymns, derived its name from that of the god to whom it was sung. The god was first called Pæan, then the hymn, and lastly the singers themselves. (Hom., Hymn. ad Apoll., 272, 320.) Now we know that the pean was originally sung at the cessation of a plague and after a victory; and generally, when any evil was averted, it was performed as a purification from the pollution. (Proclus, ap. Phot.

Soph., Ed. T., 152.- Schol. ad Soph., Ed. T., 174.-Suid., s. v. iníwv.) The chant was loud and joyous, as celebrating the victory of the preserving and healing deity. (Callim., Hymn. ad Apoll., 21.) Besides the pæans of victory, however, there were others that were sung at the beginning of a battle (Esch, Sept. c. Theb., 250); and there was a tradition, that the chorus of Delphian virgins had chanted “ Io Paan” at the contest of Apollo with the Python. (Callim. ad Apoll., 113.—Apoll. Rh., 2, 710.—Compare Athenæus, p. 15, 701, c.) The paan of victory varied acaccording to the different tribes; all Dorians, namely, Spartans, Argives, Corinthians, and Syracusans, had the same one. (Thucyd., 7, 44.-Compare 4, 43.) This use of the pæan as a song of rejoicing for victory, sufficiently explains its double meaning; it bore a mournful sense in reference to the battle, and a joyous one in reference to the victory. (Müller's Dori ans, vol. 1, p. 319, seqq., Eng. transl.)

PAMANI, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed by D'Anville and Wersebe to have occupied the present district of Famene, in Luxemburg. (Cas., B. G., 2, 4.-D'Anville, Notice de la Gaule, p. 188.-Wersebe, über die Völker, des alten Teutschlands, Hanno., 1826.) Lemaire, however, thinks the analogy between the ancient and modern names, on which this opinion is founded, too far-fetched. (Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., s. v.)

PAONIA, the country of the Pæones. (Vid. Pæones.) PESTANUS SINUS, a gulf on the lower coast of Italy, its upper shore belonging to Campania, and its lower to Lucania. According to Strabo (251), it extended from the Siren's Cape to the Promontory of Posidium. The modern name is the Gulf of Salerno. Its ancient appellation was derived from the city of Pæstum. PESTUM, a celebrated city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, below the river Silarus, and not far from the

PEON (Пlaιv), or, according to the earlier and Homeric form of the name, PEEON (Пanov), the phy-western coast. Its Greek appellation was Posidonia, sician of the gods. Nothing is said in Homer about his origin. All we are told is, that he cured Mars when wounded by Diomede (Il., 5, 899), and Pluto of the wound in his shoulder given him by Hercules (ll., 5, 401), and also that the Egyptian physicians were of his race. (Od, 4, 232.) He would seem to have been, in the Homeric conception of the legend, distinct from Apollo, though perhaps originally identical with him. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 200.-gies.-The origin of this once flourishing city has afConsult remarks under the article Pæan)

same error of making Pæstum and Posidonia distinct places.-Those who contend for an earlier origin than that which history assigns to Pæstum, adduce in support of their opinion the Oscan or Etruscan coins of this city, with such barbarous legends as PHISTV, PHISTVL, PHISTELIA, PHISÏVLIS, and PHIIS. A very eminent numismatic writer, however, attributes them to a different town. But, even supposing that they ought to be referred to Pæstum, it must be proved that they are of an earlier date than those with the retrograde Greek inscriptions ПОм, ПоΣЕI, NOΣΕΙΔΑΝ, ΠΟΣΕΙΔΩΝΕΑ. Others inscribed ΠΑΕΣ, IIAIE, HAIETANO, are more recent, and belong to Pæstum in its character of a Roman colony. (Sestini, Monet. Vet., p. 16 and 14.-Paoli, Rovine della città di Pesto Tav., 49.- Micali, Italia avanti il dominio dei Romani, vol. 1, p. 233.-Romanelli, vol. 1, p. 332.

the place being so called in honour of Neptune (Пooεidav). The name Pæstum is used by the Latin writers more commonly. This latter Mazocchi, on no very good grounds, derives from the Phoenician Posetan or Postan, the alleged root, with some Oriental scholars, for the Greek Пoσɛidav. (Vid., however, remarks under the article Neptunus.) Nothing, however, can be more fallacious than Phoenician etymoloforded matter of much conjecture and discussion to PEONES (Пaιóvɛç), a numerous and ancient nation, antiquaries. Mazocchi, who has just been referred to, that once occupied the greatest part of Macedonia, and makes Pæstum to have been founded by a colony from even a considerable portion of what is more properly Dora, a city of Phoenicia, to which place he also ascalled Thrace, extending along the coast of the Egean signs the origin of the Dorian race! This same wrias far as the Euxine. This we collect from Herodo- ter distinguishes between Pæstum and Posidonia, the tus's account of the wars of the Pæones with the Pe- latter place having been founded, according to him, in inthians, a Greek colony settled on the shores of the the immediate vicinity of the former, by a Sybarite Propontis, at no great distance from Byzantium. Ho- colony, who expelled at the same time the primitive mer, who was apparently well acquainted with the inhabitants of Pæstum. Eustace (Class. Tour, vol. Pæones, represents them as following their leader As-3, p. 92), following this authority, has fallen into the teropæus to the siege of Troy in behalf of Priam, and places them in Macedonia, on the banks of the Axius. (Il., 11, 849.) We know also from Livy (40, 3) that Emathia once bore the name of Pæonia, though at what period we cannot well ascertain. From another passage in the same historian, it would seem that the Dardani of Illyria had once exercised dominion over the whole of Macedonian Pæonia (45, 29). This passage seems to agree with what Herodotus states, that the Pæones were a colony of the Teucri, who came from Troy (5, 13.-Compare 7, 20), that is, if we suppose the Dardani to be the same as the Teucri, or at | least a branch of them. But these transactions are too remote and obscure for examination. Herodotus, who dwells principally on the history of the Pæonians around the Strymon, informs us, that they were early divided into numerous small tribes, most of which were transplanted into Asia by Megabyzus, a Persian gen--Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 362.)—It seems now eral, who had made the conquest of their country, by generally determined, that whether the notri or order of Darius. The circumstances of this event, Tyrrheni were the original possessors of this coast, which are given in detail by Herodotus, will be found they can lay no claim to those majestic piles which, in the fourth book, c. 12. It appears, however, from under the name of the ruins of Pæstum, form at the Herodotus, that these Pæonians afterward effected present day the admiration and wonder of all who their escape from the Persian dominions, and returned have visited them. The temples of Pæstum too to their own country (5, 98). Those who were found closely resemble in their plan and mode of structure on the line of march pursued by Xerxes were com- the early edifices of Greece and Sicily, to be the work pelled to follow that monarch in his expedition. He- of any of the native tribes of Italy. The Tuscans, rodotus seems to place the main body of the Pæonian to whom alone they could be referred, have left us no nation near the Strymon; but Thucydides (2, 99), with example of a similar style in any of their architectural Homer, extends their territory to the river Axius. But monuments.-Strabo is the only ancient writer who if we follow Strabo and Livy, we shall be disposed to has transmitted to us any positive account of the remove the western limits of the nation as far as the foundation of Posidonia. He states, that it was built great chain of Mount Scardus and the borders of Illy- by a colony of Sybarites, close to the shore in the first ria. In general terms, then, we may affirm, that the instance, but that it was afterward removed more into whole of northern Macedonia, from the source of the the interior. (Strab., 251.) This account is farther river Erigonus to the Strymon, was once named Pæ- confirmed by Scymnus of Chios, and agrees with what onia. This large tract of country was divided into we know of the extent of dominion possessed by Sytwo parts by the Romans, and formed the second and baris at an early period on this sea, where she founded third regions of Macedonia. (Liv., 44, 29.) The also the towns of Laus and Scidrus. (Herod., 6, 21.) Pæonians, though constituting but one nation, were di- We are left in uncertainty as to the exact date of this vided into several tribes, each probably governed by a establishment of the Sybarites; but we have two separate chief. We hear, however, of a king of Pa-fixed points which may assist us in forming a right onia, named Autoleon, who is said to have received assistance from Cassander against the Antariata, an Illyrian horde, who had invaded his country. (Diod. Sic., 20, 19.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 266, segg.)

conclusion on the subject. The first is the foundation of Sybaris itself, which took place about 720 B.C.. the other is that of Velia, a Phocæan colony, built, as we learn from Herodotus, in the reign of Cyrus, or

and ordinary, rise the three temples, like the mausoleums of the ruined city, dark, silent, and majestic.— Pæstum stands in a fertile plain, bounded on the weat by the Tyrrhene Sea, and about a mile distant on the south by fine hills on the north by the Bay of Saler no and its rugged border; while to the east the country swells into two mountains, which still retain their ancient names Callimara and Cantena, and behind them towers Mount Alburnus itself with its pointed summits." (Class. Tour, vol. 3, p. 99, seqq.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 362, segg.)

PETUS, CECINA, the husband of Arria. (Vid. Arria.)

rived its name from the construction of that famous vessel (πnyvvμ, "to construct"). But Strabo is of opinion that it rather owed its appellation to the numerous springs which were found in its vicinity (nyń, a spring), and this, indeed, seems the preferable etymology. (Strabo, 436.—Compare Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 1, 237.) Apollo was the tutelary deity of the place. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 411.) Hermippus, a comic poet, cited by Athenæus (1, 49), says of this town,

αἱ Παγασαὶ δούλους καὶ στιγματίας παρέχουσι. Its site is nearly occupied by the present castle of Volo. (Gell's Itinerary of Greece, p. 260.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 431.) Pagasa gave its name to the extensive gulf, on the shores of which it was situated; and which we find variously designated, as Pagaseticus Sinus (Scyl., p. 25.- Strab., 438), or Pagasites (Demosth., Phil., Epist., 159), Pagasæus (Mela, 2, 3), and Pagasicus (Plin., 4, 9). In modern geography it is called the Gulf of Volo. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 432.)

nearly 540 B.C. It will be seen by that historian's account of the events which induced the Phocæans to settle on the shores of Lucania, that they were chiefly led to form this resolution by the advice of a citizen of Posidonia (1, 167). It may thence reasonably be supposed, that the latter city had already existed for twenty or thirty years.-There are but few other particulars on record relative to its history. That it must have attained a considerable degree of prosperity, is evident from the circumstance of its name having been attached to the present Gulf of Salerno (vid. Pæstanus Sinus); and we possess yet farther confirmation of the fact in the splendid monuments which age has not yet been able to deface or destroy. It appears PAGASE, a maritime town of Thessaly, on the Sinus from Strabo that the Posidoniata, jealous of the ag- Pagasæus, and just below the mouth of the river Ongrandizement of Velia, endeavoured more than once to chestus. It was the port of Iolcos, and afterward of reduce that town to subjection: these attempts, how- Pheræ, and was remarkable in Grecian story as the ever, proved fruitless; and, not long after, they were harbour whence the ship Argo set sail on her distant called upon to defend themselves against the aggres-voyage. It was, indeed, asserted by some, that it desions of the Lucani, the most determined and dangerous of all the enemies with whom the Greeks had to contend. After an unsuccessful resistance, they were at length compelled to acknowledge the superiority of these barbarians, and to submit to their authority. It was probably to rescue Posidonia from their yoke that Alexander of Epirus landed here with a considerable army, and defeated the united forces of the Lucanians and Samnites in the vicinity of that place. (Liv., 8, 17.) The Romans, having subsequently conquered the Lucani, became possessed of Posidonia, whither they sent a colony A.U.C. 480. (Liv., Epit., 14, et 27, 10.-Strab., 251.) The loss of their liberty, even under these more distinguished conquerors, and still more the abolition of their usages and habits as Greeks, seem to have been particularly afflicting to the Posidoniata. Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician and philosopher at Tarentum, who is quoted by Athenæus (10, 11), feelingly depicts the distress of this hapless people. "We follow the example,” says this writer, "of the Posidoniatæ, who, having been compelled to become Tuscans, or, rather, Romans instead of Greeks, and to adopt the language and institutions of barbarians, still, however, annually commemorate one of the solemn festivals of Greece. On that day it is their custom to assemble together in order to revive the recollection of their ancient rites and language, and to lament and shed tears in common over their sad desti ny: after which they retire in silence to their homes." The unhealthy situation of Paestum, which has been remarked by Strabo, may probably have prevented that colony from attaining to any degree of importance; and as it was placed on an unfrequented coast (Cic. ad Att., 11, 17), and had no trade of its own, it soon decayed, and we find it only noticed by subsequent writers for the celebrity of its roses, which were said to bloom twice in the year. (Virg., Georg., 4, 118.Propert., 4, 5.—Ovid, Met., 15, 708.—Id., ep. e Ponto, 2, 4.—Auson., Idyll., 14)—The ruins of Paestum, as has already been remarked, form a great object of attraction to the modern tourist. Eustace has given a very spirited description of the beautiful temples of this ancient city, the most striking edifices, unquestionably, which have survived the dilapidations of time and the barbarians in Italy. (Class. Tour, vol. 3, p. 94, seqq.) "Within these walls," he remarks in conclusion, "that once encircled a populous and splendid city, now rise one cottage, two farmhouses, a villa, and a church. The remaining space is covered with thick matted grass, overgrown with brambles spreading over the ruins, or buried under yellow undulating corn. A few rosebushes, the remnants of biferi rosaria Pasti, flourish neglected here and there, and still blossom twice a year, in May and in December, as if to support their ancient fame, and justify the descriptions of the poets. The roses are remarkable for their fragrance. Amid these objects, and scenes rural

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PAGASÆUS SINUS, a gulf of Thessaly, on the coast of Magnesia; now the Gulf of Volo. (Vid. Pagasæ.) PALEMON, I. a sea-deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His original name was Melicerta, and he assumed that of Palemon after he had been changed into a sea-deity by Neptune. (Vid. Athamas, and Leucothea.) Roth Palamon and his mother were held powerful to save from shipwreck, and were invoked by mariners. Palamon was usually represented riding on a dolphin. The Isthmian games were celebrated in his honour, and indeed his name (IIaλalμwv, Champion") appears to refer to them. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 249.)-II. A Roman grammarian (M. or Q. Remmius), the preceptor of Quintilian, and who flourished under Tiberius and Claudius. From the account of Suetonius, he appears to have been a man of very corrupt morals. He was also excessively arrogant, and boasted that true literature was born and would die with him. (Juv., 6, 452.—Id., 7, 215.-Suet., de Illustr. gramm, 23.-Dodwell, Ann. Quint., p. 183. seqq.)— III. or Palæmonius, a son of Vulcan, one of the Argonauts. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 202, seqq.-Krause, ad loc.) PALEPAPHOS. Vid. Paphos.

PALEPHATUS, I. a town of Thessaly, in the northwestern section of the country, plundered by Philip, in his retreat through Thessaly, after his defeat on the banks of the Aous. (Livy, 32, 13.)—II. An early Athenian epic poet, mentioned by Suidas. The lexi cographer states, that, according to some, he lived before the time of Phemonoë, the first priestess of Delphi, while others placed him after her. Suidas cites the following productions of his. 1. A Cosmoparia, in five books.-2. The Nativity of Apollo and Diana, in four books.-3. Discourses of Venus and Love (Αφροδίτης καὶ Έρωτος φωναὶ καὶ λόγοι), in five books.-4. The dispute between Minerva and Nep

tune.-5. Lalona's tress (Anтoûç πhóкaμoç). (Schöll, | herd-race, from India towards the West. It is very Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 36.)—III. A native either of surprising that such a derivation as this should be Paros or Priene, who lived in the time of Artaxerxes gravely advanced at the present day, when there are Mnemon, and wrote, according to Suidas, a work in few who do not know how little faith is to be reposed five books, entitled "Arora, “Incredible Things." in the researches of Captain Wilford, and how grossly (Suid., s. v.)-IV. A native of Abydos, and a great he was imposed upon by the pundits of India. friend of Aristotle's. He wrote several historical PALETYRUS, the ancient town of Tyre on the Conworks. (Suid., s. v.)—V. A grammarian of Alexan- tinent. (Vid. Tyrus.) drea, according to Suidas, but called by Tzetzes and others a Peripatetic philosopher. The period in which he lived is not stated. (Fabric., Bibl. Gr., lib. 1, c. 21.) Suidas mentions a work by him, entitled "Ex-games of chess and backgammon; as having regulated planations of things related in Mythology." This seems to be the production which has come down to us, in one book, divided into 50 short chapters, under the name of Palæphatus, and which is commonly entitled “ On Incredible things" (Περὶ ̓Απίστων). The author explains, according to his fashion, the origin of many of the Greek fables, such as those of the Cen-san., 10, 31.- Eudocia, p. 321.-Schol. ad Eurip., taurs and Lapitha, Pasiphaë, Actæon, &c. All these legends have, according to him, an historical basis, and more or less truth connected with them, but which has been strangely distorted by the ignorance and credulity of men. Palæphatus, therefore, may be assigned, as a mythologist, to what is termed the class of pragmatisers. The work is written in a very good style, and, notwithstanding the forced nature of many of the explanations, may be regarded as, in some respects, an instructive book. Virgil alludes to Palaphatus in his Ciris,

"Docta Palephatia testatur voce papyrus." The term docta would seem to refer to the productions of some Alexandrean writer, and the word papyrus to imply that his work consisted merely of a single book. Simson places Palæphatus in 409 B.C. (Chron. Cathol., col. 779), while Saxius assigns him to 322 B.C. (Onomast., vol. 1, p. 88)-The best edition of the treatise Teрì 'Aniorov is that of Fischer, Lips., 1789, 8vo, in the prolegomena to which is contained much information from Fabricius, relative to the various individuals who have borne the name of Palæphatus. There are also two other pieces published with this work under the name of Palæphatus, one on the invention of the purple colour, and the other on the first discovery of iron. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 194.)

PALÆPOLIS. Vid. Neapolis.

PALESTE, a little harbour of Epirus, on the Chaonian coast, and south of the Ceraunian promontory. Here Cæsar landed his forces from Brundisium, in order to carry on the war against Pompey in Illyria. (Bell. Civ., 3, 6.) It must be observed, however, that in nearly all the MSS. of Cæsar, this name is written Pharsalia; but, on the other hand, Lucan certainly seems to have read Palæsta (5, 458, seqq.). Some trace of the ancient name is perceptible in that of Paleassa, marked in modern maps as being about twenty-five miles southeast of the Acroceraunian cape. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 95, seqq.)

PALESTINA, a country of Asia below Syria, though, properly speaking, forming part of that land. In its earliest acceptations, the name was applied to the tract of coast between Egypt and Phoenicia, having Ascalon for its chief city. (Josephus, Bell. Jud., 3. -Id., Ant. Jud., 1, 19.) It was extended at a later period to the territory of the Jewish nation, and the terms Palestine and Holy Land are now regarded as synonymous. The Jews were not acquainted with the name Palæstina; it is thought to be derived from that of the Philistæi or Philistines. A full description of Palestine will be found under the article Judea. A late writer (Russell, Egypt, p. 71) has revived Wilford's etymology for the name Palæstina, namely, Pali-stan, "Shepherd-land," and has adopted the theory relative to the migration of the Pali, or Shep

PALAMEDES, son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, and a pupil of the famous Chiron. He is celebrated in fable as the inventor of weights and measures; of the the year by the sun, and the twelve months by the moon ; and as having introduced the mode of forming troops into battalions. He was said to have been the first also who placed sentinels round a camp, and excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword. (Philostr., Heroic., p. 682, ed. Morell.-PauOrest., 426.) Pliny ascribes to him the addition of the four letters 0, E, 0, X, to the Greek alphabet (Pliny, 7, 57); for which Suidas gives Z, II, 9, X (Suid., s. v. IIaλaμýdns. —Consult Salmas., ad Inscript. Herod., p. 29, seqq., 221, seqq.-Fischer, Animadv. ad Well., Gr. Gr., vol. 1, p. 5.) A fragment of Euripides, preserved by Stobæus, assigns to Palamedes the honour of having invented the Greek vowel-signs. The meaning of this evidently is, that he was the first who conceived the idea of employing the four aspirates of the Phoenician alphabet to express the vowel sounds in Greek. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 87. -Compare Hug, Erfindung der Buchstabenschrift, p. 123, seqq.)-Palamedes was the prince deputed by the Greeks to induce Ulysses to join in the war against Troy; but the stratagem by which he effected the desired object, and exposed the pretended insanity of the chieftain of Ithaca (vid. Ulysses), produced an irreconcilable enmity between these two heroes. His death is attributed to the revenge of Ulysses, for having, by his intervention, been separated from his wife Penelope, or to his jealousy at having been superseded by Palamedes in an expedition in which he had failed. Ulysses had been despatched to Thrace for the purpose of obtaining provisions for the army; but, not having succeeded in his mission, Palamedes instituted an accusation against him, and, to justify his charge, undertook to supply what was required. He was more successful than Ulysses, who, to be revenged on his rival, hid a sum of money in his tent; and, to make it appear that the supplies had been furnished by Palamedes for the enemy, counterfeited a letter to him from Priam, expressive of his thanks for the stratagein of Palamedes in favour of the Trojans, and informing him that he had caused the reward to be deposited in his tent. The tent being searched, the money was discovered, and Palamedes was stoned to death by the Greeks for his supposed treachery. (Eudocia, l. c.- Philostr., l. c.) Another account states, that, while fishing on the seashore, Ulysses and Diomede drowned him. (Pausanias, 10, 31.) According to Dictys of Crete, the two chieftains just mentioned induced Palamedes to descend into a well in search of a treasure which they pretended was hidden there, and of which they promised him a share. After he had been let down by means of a rope, they hurled stones upon and destroyed him. (Dict. Cret., 2, 15.) The death of Palamedes appears to have been related in the Cypria. (Siebelis, ad Pausan., l. c.-Consult Hopfner, ad Eurip., Iph. in Aul., 198.) Virgil makes Sinon impute the tragical end of Palamedes to his disapproval of the war. He was called Belides, from Belus his progenitor, if the reading in Virgil be correct, on which point consult the learned critical note of Heyne (ad Virg., En., 2, 82).

PALANTIA, a city of the Vaccæi, in Hispania Tarraconensis, now Palencia. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p.