432.) Strabo (162) assigns it to the Averaci, but oth- of the successive edifices which have stood upon it er authorities to the Vaccæi. (Plin., 3, 4.-Appian, have raised the soil around its base considerably above Bell. Hisp., c. 55, c. 80.-Liv., 48, 25.—Id., 56, 8.) the ancient level. About one half of the surface of it PALATINUS MoNs, one of the seven hills on which is called the Villa Farnese, which is let and cultivated Rome was built, and the first of the number that was as a kitchen-garden. Adjoining on the south is the inhabited. It formed, consequently, the most ancient Villa Spada." With all my respect for this venerapart of the city. Although of comparatively little ex- ble mount," observes a modern tourist, "I must say, tent, it was remarkable as the favourite residence of that it is very little of its size. I had previously been the Cæsars, from the time of Augustus to the decline disappointed in the lowly height of the Capitol; but I of the empire. It contained also several spots, vener- stood yet more amazed at the square, flat-topped, and able from their antiquity, and to which the Romans at- dwarfish elevation of the Palatine. It must certainly tached a feeling of superstition, from their being con- have been materially degraded by the fall of the sucnected with the earliest traditions of the infant city. cessive generations of buildings which have stood on Among these were the Lupercal, a cave supposed to it, from the straw-roofed cottages of Romulus and his have been consecrated to Pan by Evander (Dion. Hal., Roma quadrata to the crumbling erections of popes 1, 32.-Æn., 8, 342); the Germalus, deriving its name and cardinals. The ruins of these multifarious edifrom the Latin word Germani, because the twin-broth-fices, heaped up round its base, have raised the surface ers Romulus and Remus were said to have been found at least twenty feet above the ancient level: still, with under the "ficus Ruminalis," which grew in its vicinity all the allowances one can make, it must originally (Varro, L. L., 4, 18), while at the foot of the hill was have been very little of a hill indeed." (Rome in the the temple of Jupiter Stator, said to have been found-Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, p. 152, Am. ed.-Comed by Romulus. (Liv., 1, 12.—Dion. Hal., 2, 50.) pare Burgess, Antiquities of Rome, vol. 2, p. 159. — Here also were the cottage of Romulus, near the steps Malden's History of Rome, p 123.)-On this same called “Gradus pulchri littoris" (Plut., Vit. Rom.), hill stood the famous Palatine Library, an account of and the sacristy of the Salii, in which were kept the which will be given under the article Palatium. ancilia, and other sacred relics. (Dion. Hal., 2, 70. PALATIUM, I. an appellation sometimes given to the -Val. Max., 1, 8, 11.)—Sixty years before the de- Palatine Hill. The plural form (Palatia) is more frestruction of Troy (B.C. 1244), Evander, at the head of quently used, and contains a particular reference to a colony of Arcadians, is said to have left the city of the Caesars.-II. The residence of Augustus, on the Pallantium, and to have fixed his settlement on this Palatine Hill, afterward, when enlarged and beautified, hill, to which he gave the name of Pallatium, from his the palace of the Cæsars. Augustus appears to have native city in Arcadia. Dionysius (2, 2), Livy (1, 5), had two houses on the Palatine; the one in which he Solinus (de cons. Urb., lib. 2), Virgil (En., 8, 51), was born, and which after his decease was held sacred, and other ancient writers, agree in giving this as a re- was situated in the street called Capita Bubula (Suet., ceived tradition, of the value of which, however, the Vit. Aug., 5); the other, where he is said to have reinvestigations of modern philologists have taught us sided for forty years, formerly belonged to Hortensius. to entertain no very exalted opinion. In one thing, After the battle of Actium, he decreed that this last however, all writers, both ancient and modern, agree, should be considered as public property. (Suct., Vit. namely, that the original site of Rome was on the Aug., 72.- Serv. ad Virg., En., 4, 410.) Tiberius Palatine, whether we ascribe its foundation to Evander made considerable additions to the house of Augustus, or to Romulus. The steepness of the sides of the hill which neither in size nor appearance was worthy of would be its natural defence, and on one quarter it was an emperor of Rome, and from that time it exchanged still farther strengthened by a swamp, which lay between the name of Domus Augusti for Domus Tiberiana. the hill and the Tiber, and which was afterward drained (Tacit., Hist., 1, 77.—Suet., Vit. Vitell., 15.) Caligand called the Velabrum. In the course of time, dwell- ula augmented still farther the imperial abode, and ings sprung up around the foot of the hill, but the Pala- brought it down to the verge of the Forum, connecttine must still have remained the citadel of the growing ing it with the temple of Castor and Pollux, which he town, just as at Athens, that which was the mous be- converted into a vestibule for this now overgrown pile. came eventually the aкpóroλiç. These suburbs were He also formed and executed the gigantic project of enclosed by a line, probably a rude fortification, which uniting the Palatine and Capitol by a bridge; and the learning of Tacitus enabled him to trace, and which concluded by erecting a temple to himself. (Suet., he calls the pomarium of Romulus. (Ann., 12, 24.) Vit. Calig., 22.) But even his folly was far surpassed It ran under three sides of the hill; the fourth was by the extravagance of Nero, whose golden house exoccupied by the swamp before mentioned, where it tended from the Palatine to the Cœlian Hill, and even was neither needful nor possible to carry a wall. The reached as far as the Esquiline. (Suet., Vit. Ner., ancient city was comprised within this outline, or pos- 31.-Tacit., Ann., 15, 42.) It was not, however, sibly only the citadel on the summit of the hill was destined to be of long duration; that portion of the called by Roman antiquaries the "Square Rome" building which interfered with the projects of Vespa(Roma Quadrata). (Ennius, ap. Fest., s. v. Quadrata sian and Titus, on the Cœlian, was soon destroyed, Roma.-Plut., Vit. Rom.)-Varro, in the true spirit and little remained of this huge and glittering palace, of an etymologist, gives us our choice of several deri- except the part which stood on the Palatine Hill. vations for the name of Palatium: "It might be called," (Vid. Nero, where an account of the "Golden House" he says, "Palatium, because the companions of Evan-is given.) Domitian again, however, renewed and der were palantes" or "wanderers;" or "because the even enlarged the favourite abode of the Cæsars; and inhabitants of Palanteum, which is the Reatine terri- such appears to have been the lavish magnificence tory, who were also the aborigines, settled there; or which he displayed in these works, that Plutarch, quo because Palatia was the name of the wife of Latinus; ting a sentence of Epicharmus, compares him to Mi. or, finally, because the bleating sheep (balantes) were das, who converted everything into gold. (Vit. Publ.) accustomed to stray upon it.' (Varro, L. L,. 4, p. Stripped by Trajan of its gaudy decorations, which 161.) It is hardly necessary to state, that no one of were destined to adorn the temple of Jupiter Capitothese etymologies is of the least value. The name in linus (Mart., 12, 75), it was afterward destroyed or question is most probably connected with that of the much injured by fire under Commodus, but was once goddess Pales, whose festival, termed Palilia, was more restored by that emperor, and further enrichregarded as the natal day of Rome. (Vid. Pales.)-ed by Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus (Lampridius, The Palatine Mount at the present day is about a mile Heliogab., 8.-Id., Alex. Sev., 24), and almost every and a half in circuit, and is nearly square. The ruins succeeding emperor until the reign of Theodoric.

PALIBOTHRA (Пaλíboйpa, Strab.-Plin.) or PALIMBOTHRA (IIaiμbo0pa, Arrian.-Ptol.-Steph. Byz.), a large city of ancient India, at the junction of the Erannoboas with the Ganges. (Arrian, Ind., c. 10.) It appears, from the accounts of the ancient writers, to have been defended by wooden ramparts, having 570 towers and 64 gates, to which Diodorus Siculus (2, 39) adds the equally incredible statement that the place was founded by Hercules. Making all due allowance for Oriental exaggeration, the city of Palibothra would seem to have been one of considerable size. The position of Palibothra has been much disputed. Robertson places it at Allahabad; but the opinion of Major Rennell, who assigns it to the neighbourhood of Patna near the confluence of the Ganges and the Sone, appears more correct. Strabo says it was at the confluence of the Ganges with another river (Strab., 702), but he does not mention the name. Arrian, as above quoted, makes it to have been situate at the junction of the Ganges with the Erannoboas. This latter river, Sir W. Jones remarks, is evidently the Sanscrit Hiranyaváha. The "Amara Kosha," an ancient Sanscrit dictionary, gives this river as synonymous with Sone. (Schlegel, Reflexions sur l'Etude des Langues Asiatiques, p. 100.—Id., Indische Bibliothek., vol. 2, p. 394.-Wilson's Theatre of the Hindus, vol. 2, p. 135, 2d ed.)

(Cassiod., 7, 5.)—Contiguous to the house of Augus- | ashes of a calf, and bean-stalks, were used for purificatus was the famous temple of the Palatine Apollo, tion. (Ovid, Fast., 4, 721, seqq.-Keightley, ad loc. erected by the emperor in fulfilment of a vow made to - Tibull., 1, 1, 36.-Id., 2, 5, 87, seqq.- Propert., that deity on the morning of the battle of Actium. 4, 1, 19.) The statue of Pales was represented bearOvid and Propertius describe it as a splendid structure ing a sickle. (Tibull., 2, 5, 28. — Keightley's Myof white marble. (Ov., Trist., 3, 1.—Propert., 2, 31.) thology, p. 538, seq.) The worship of Pales was often The portico more especially was an object of admira- blended with that of Vesta (Serv. ad Virg., En., tion; it was adorned with columns of African marble, Georg., 3, 1), and sometimes, again, she was repreand statues of the Danaïdes. Connected with the sented as an androgynous divinity. (Spangenberg, temple was a magnificent library, filled with the works De Vet. Lat. Rel. Dom., p. 60.) Among the Etruriof the best Greek and Latin authors. (Suet., Vit. ans we meet with a male deity of this name. (Muller, Aug., 29.) It contained, according to Pliny (34, 7), Etrusker, vol. 2, p. 130.)-For the etymology of the a colossal statue of Apollo, in bronze, of Tuscan work-term Pales, consult Zoega (de Obelisc., p. 213, seqq ). manship, which was much esteemed. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 448, seqq.)-"The fall of the palace of the Cæsars," observes a late writer, "like that of almost every other monument of antiquity, was less the work of foreign barbarians than of the Romans themselves. The Goths, in the fifth century, pillaged it of its gold, its silver, its ivory, and most of its portable treasures. Genseric seized its bronze, and all its remaining precious metals; and the shipload of statues which the capricious Vandal sent to Africa, was supposed to consist chiefly of the plunder of the imperial palace. The troops of Belisarius lodged in it; so also did the soldiers of Totila, during his second occupation of Rome; but that is no proof of its destruction; on the contrary, the spoils of modern excavations have proved how vast were the treasures of art and magnificence, which had been spared or despised by their forbearance or ignorance; and, however the interior splendour of the palace of the Cæsars might suffer by these barbarian inmates, we know, at least, that its immense exterior, its courts and corridors, and walls, and roofs, and pavements, were in perfect preservation at a much later period; for in the days of Heraclius, the beginning of the seventh century, it was still fit to receive a royal guest, and it appears to have been entire in the eighth century, from the mention made of it by Anastasius. In the long feudal wars of the Roman nobles, during the barbarous ages, its ruin began. It was attacked and fortified, taken and retaken, and for a length of time was the central fortress of the Frangipani family, who possessed a chain of redoubts around it, crected on the ruins of Rome. But its final destruction was consummated by the Farnese popes and princes, who laboriously destroyed its ruins to build up their palaces and villas with the materials; buried these magnificent halls beneath their wretched gardens, and erected upon them the hideous summer-houses and grottoes, the deformity of which still impeaches the taste of their architect, Michael Angelo Buonarotti.-In the southern part of the palace, about 150 years ago, a room full of Roman coins was discovered, and a magnificent hall hung with cloth of gold, which fell into dust as soon as the air was admitted. About one hundred years ago, a hall forty feet in length was discovered on the Palatine, the walls of which were entirely covered with paintings. They were taken off and sent to Naples, and there were permitted to lie mouldering in damp cellars until every vestige of the paintings had disappeared." (Rome in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, p. 164, seqq., Am. ed.)

PALES, the goddess who presided over cattle and pastures among the ancient Romans. Her festival, called the Palilia, was celebrated on the 21st of April, and was regarded as the day on which Rome had been founded. The shepherds, on the Palilia, lustrated their flocks by burning sulphur, and making fires of olive, pine, and other substances. Millet, and cakes of it and milk, were offered to the goddess, and prayers were made to her to avert disease from the cattle, and to bless them with fecundity and abundance of food. Fires of straw were kindled in a row, and the rustics leaped thrice through them; the blood of a horse, the

PALICI or PALISCI, two deities, sons of Jupiter by the Sicilian nymph Thalia, or, as others give the name, Etna. Thalia having been united to Jupiter near the river Symæthus, and not far from the city of Catana, and fearing the wrath of Juno, entreated the god to conceal her from that deity. Jupiter complied, and hid her in the bowels of the earth; and, when the time of her delivery had arrived, the earth opened again, and two children came forth. These were called Palici, either from wúhiv, “again,” because they came forth into the light on the earth's having again gaped; or from ráðiv, “again,” and ÿkεlv, "to come," because, after having been consigned to the bowels of the earth, they had again come forth therefrom. The Palici were worshipped with great solemnity by the Sicilians, and near their temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which were supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that they were born. These pools were properly craters of volcanoes, and their depths were unknown. Sic., 11, 89.) The water kept continually bubbling up from them, emitting at the same time a sulphureous stench. The neighbouring inhabitants called them Delli, and supposed them to be the brothers of the Palici. (Macrob., Sat., 5, 19.) A curious custom, tending to show the power of the priesthood, was connected with these lakes. All controversies, of whatsoever kind, were here decided; and it was sufficient, in order to substantiate a charge or clear one's self from an accusation, to swear by these waters and depart unhurt; for, if the oath were a false one, the party who made it was either struck dead, or deprived of sight, or punished in some other preternatural manner. (Diod. Sic., l. c.) The temple also was an inviolable asylum for slaves, especially those who had cruel masters; and the latter were compelled to promise a more

(Diod.

311) describes it as (údiov μikpòv žúλivov, “a small wooden figure of an animal," made by a sage named Asius, and given to Tros, when he was building the city of Troy, as a talisman on the preservation of which the safety of his capital depended. (Compare Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 363.) Another legend, alluded

gentle mode of treatment, and to ratify their promise | Heyne, ad loc.) One of the scholiasts to the Iliad (6, with an oath, before the fugitives returned.-The Sicilian leader Ducetius founded a city named Palice in the vicinity of the temple and lakes. It did not, however, flourish for any length of time, but was already in ruins in the time of Diodorus. We are not acquainted with the causes of its overthrow.-The Sicilian Palici, according to Creuzer, are mythic creations typ-to by Clement of Alexandrea, made the Palladium to ifying some of the movements of the elements. Some authorities make Jupiter, changed into a vulture, to have been their father; while others mention Menanus or Amenanus, a deified stream (perhaps the stream of the year), as their parent. (Clem., Homil., 6, 13.Creuzer, ad Cic. de N. D., 3, 22.) Vulcan, the god of fire, was one of these subterranean genii. The story of their birth and subsequent movements, when stripped of its mythic character, is simply this: the Palici denote the elements of fire and water in a state of activity; engendered by the eternal power of nature, but subjected, like it, to eternal vicissitudes, they alternately escape from the bowels of the earth in torrents of flame or water, and again, when their fury is spent, plunge into its bosom. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 229.-Guigniaut, vol. 3, p. 186.)

PALILIA, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the goddess Pales. (Vid. Pales.)

have been formed of the bones of Pelops. (Clem. Alex., Admon. ad Gent., p. 30, D, ed. Paris, 1629.)—— But, whatever may have been the origin of this famous statue, the Greeks, while before Troy, had discovered, it seems, from Helenus, whom they had made captive, that the Palladium was the chief obstacle to the fall of the city. He informed them also that, in order to ensure the safety of this revered image, and to diminish the risk of its being stolen, there were many others made like it, but that the true statue was the smallest one of the whole number. Helenus, it seems, was induced to make these disclosures partly by threats and partly by presents, but most of all by resentment towards the Trojans, in consequence of Helen's having been given to Deiphobus. The Greeks now resolved to carry off this fated image, and the enterprise was intrusted to Ulysses and Diomede. When these two heroes had reached the wall of the citadel, Diomede PALINURUS, I. the son of Iasius, a Trojan, and the raised himself on the shoulders of Ulysses, and thus pilot of the vessel of Eneas. While the fleet was ascended the rampart; but he would not draw up sailing near Capreæ, he yielded to sleep and fell into Ulysses, although the latter stretched out to him his the sea; a circumstance which Virgil has dignified, arms for that purpose. Diomede then went and took by representing Morpheus as overpowering Palinurus, the Palladium, and returned with it to Ulysses. The who had been already exhausted by the fatigue of latter beginning to inquire into all the particulars, Diwatching. He floated in safety for three days, but, on omede, knowing the art of the man, determined on landing near Velia, he fell a victim to the ferocity of overreaching him, and told him that he had not taken the inhabitants, who (it seems) were wont to assail the Palladium which Helenus had mentioned, but and plunder the shipwrecked mariner. When Æneas another image. The statue, however, having moved visited the lower world, he assured Palinurus that, in a preternatural manner, Ulysses immediately knew though his bones had been deprived of sepulture, and that it was the true one; and, having come behind though he was thereby prevented from crossing the Diomede as he was returning through the plain, was Stygian Lake, there should yet be a monument dedica- going to despatch him, when Diomede, attracted by ted to his memory on the spot where he had been in- the brightness of the weapon (as it was moonlight), humanly murdered. This eventually took place. drew his own sword in turn, and frustrated the purThe Lucani, being afflicted by a pestilence, were told pose of the other. He then compelled Ulysses to go by the oracle that, in order to be relieved from it, they in front, and kept urging him on by repeatedly strimust appease the manes of Palinurus. A tomb was king him on the back with the flat part of his sword. accordingly erected to his memory, and a neighbouring Hence arose, say the mythographers, the proverb, “Dipromontory called after his name. (Virg., En., 5, omedean necessity" (n ▲ioμndews ȧváyn), applicable 840, seqq.-Id. ib., 6, 337, seqq.—Serv., ad loc.)-II. to one who is compelled to act directly contrary to A promontory of Italy, on the western coast of Luca- his inclination. (Consult Erasmus, Adag. Chil., 1, nia, just above the Laus Sinus. It was also called cent. 9, col. 290, where other explanations are giv Palinurum, and Palinuri Promontorium. Tradition en.) The narrative which we have just been detai. ascribed its name to Palinurus, the pilot of Æneas. ing is taken from Conon (ap. Phot., cod., 186-vol (Virg., En., 6, 380.) The modern appellation is 1, p. 137, ed. Bekker.) The scholiast to Homer (Il., Capo di Palinuro. Orosius (4, 9) records a disastrous 6, 311) states, that after the Greeks had become pos shipwreck on the rocks of Palinurus, sustained by a sessed of the Palladium, and Troy had fallen, a quarRoman fleet on its return from Attica, when 150 ves-rel arose between Ajax and Ulysses as to which of sels were lost. Augustus also encountered great peril on this part of the coast, when, according to Appian, many of his ships were dashed against this headland. (Bell. Civ., 5, 98. — Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 373.)

PALICORUM STAGNA, sulphureous pools in Sicily. (Vid. Palici.)

PALLADIUM, a celebrated statue of Minerva, said to have fallen from the skies, and on the preservation of which depended the safety of the city of Troy. The traditions respecting it were innumerable. According to Apollodorus, it was made by Minerva herself, and was not an image of that goddess, but of Pallas, daughter of Triton, whom Minerva had slain, and whose loss she afterward deplored. It was first placed in the skies with Jupiter; but when Electra had been corrupted by the latter, and had polluted the statue by her touch, it was thrown by Minerva upon earth, and fell in the Trojan territory, where Ilus placed it in a temple which he had founded. (Apollod., 3, 12, 3.

the two should carry the image home. Evening having come on, and the dispute being still undecided, the statue was intrusted to Diomede for safe-keeping until the next morning; but during the night Ajax was secretly murdered. Other accounts make the Palladium to have willingly accompanied Ulysses and Diomede (Ovid, Fast., 6, 431.-Tryphiod., 54), and both heroes to have been equally concerned in the enterprise. (Procl., Arg. Il. Parv.-Heyne, Excurs., 9, ad En., 2, p. 308.) Pausanias relates, that Diomede, on his return from Troy, brought away the Palladium along with him; and that, having reached the coast of Attica, near the promontory of Phalerum, his followers, mistaking it for an enemy's country, landed by night and ravaged the adjacent parts. Demophoon, however, came out against them, and being equally ignorant, on his part, of the real character of his opponents, attacked them, and took from them the Palladium, which was preserved thereafter in the Athenian Acropolis. (Pausanias, 1, 28.) Harpocration, who is fol

cian of Alexandrea, distinguished from other individuals of the same name by the appellation of 'larроGoporns. This title he is supposed to have gained by having been a professor of medicine at Alexandrea. His age is very uncertain; but as he quotes Galen, and as he is several times mentioned by Rases, we may safely place him somewhere between the beginning of the third and the end of the ninth century A.D. Palladius wrote a commentary on the work of Hippocrates respecting Fractures, which has reached us in an imperfect state; but, in Freind's opinion, what remains is enough to let us see that we have not

lowed by Suidas, says it was not Diomede, but Aga- | that these were the productions of the same individamemnon. The Argives, on the other hand, main- al; but Tillemont and Fabricius adopt the opposite tained that they had the true Palladium in their coun- opinion. The best edition of the history is that of try (Pausan., 2, 23); while Pausanias himself insists Meursius, L. Bat., 1616. A work on the nations that Eneas carried off with him the true statue to and Brahmins of India (Περὶ τῶν τῆς Ἰνδίας ἐθνῶν Italy (l. c.). It was an established belief among the Kai Tv Bpaxuávwv) is also ascribed to him by the Romans that their city contained the real Palladium, MSS. It would appear, however, that the author of and that it was preserved in the temple of Vesta. It this book had been actually in India, which cannot be was regarded as the fated pledge of the continuance affirmed with any certainty of the anchoret Palladius. of their empire, and not even the Pontifex Maximus This latter work is given in the gnomologic Collection was allowed to behold it. (Ovid, Fast., 6, 424, seqq.) of Camerarius. An edition also appeared from the Hence on ancient gems we sometimes see Vesta rep- London press in 1665, 4to, and, with a new title-page resented with the Palladium. (Maffei, Gemm. Ant., merely, in 1668. The editor (Bissaus) speaks of the p. 2, n. 76.) Herodian relates (1, 114), that when, in work as previously unedited, not knowing that it had the reign of Commodus, the temple of Vesta was already appeared in the Collection of Camerarius. consumed, the Palladium was for the first time ex-(Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 34.)-III. A physiposed to public view, the Vestal Virgins having conveyed it through the Via Sacra to the palace of the emperor. This was the only instance of its having been disturbed since the time when Metellus the Pontifex rescued it from the flames on a similar occasion. (Ovid, Fast., l. c.) In the reign of Elagabalus, however, that emperor, with daring impiety, caused the sacred statue to be brought into his bedchamber, por yáμov тộ đεw. (Herodian, 5, 6, 8.)-In order to account for the Romans having the Palladium among them, it was pretended that Diomede had, in obedience to the will of heaven, restored it to Eneas when the latter had reached Italy; and that Æneas being enga-lost much, the text being as full and as instructive as ged at the time in a sacrifice, an individual named Nautes had received the image, and hence the Nautian, not the Julian, family had the performance of the rites of Minerva. (Varro, ap. Serv. ad Virg., Æn., 2, 166.) This story deserves to be classed with another, which states, that the Ilienses were never deprived by the Greeks of the statue of Minerva, but concealed it in a cavern until the period of the Mithradatic war, when it was discovered and sent to Rome by Fimbria. (Serv., l. c.)—From all that has been said, it would appear, that the ancient cities in general were accustomed to have tutelary images, which they held peculiarly sacred, and with which their safety was thought to be intimately connected; and as Pallas or Minerva was in an especial sense the "protectress of cities" (Tokov-lished with the works of Hippocrates. The scholia xos), it was but natural that many places should contend for the honour of having the true image of that goddess contained within its walls. (Du Theil, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 39, p. 238.-Heyne, Excurs., 9, ad En., 2.-Spanheim, ad Callim., H. in Lav. Pall., 39.)

the annotations. He has left also Scholia on the sixth book of Epidemics; others, still unpublished, on the regimen to be observed in acute maladies, and a treatise on Fevers. The scholia on the Epidemics of Hippocrates has, like the work on Fractures, reached us only in part, but is more valuable. In it, according to Freind, he with great perspicuity and exactness illustrates not only Hippocrates, but also several passages of Galen. The treatise on Fevers is too short to be of much value, and almost the whole of it is to be found in Galen, Aëtius, and Alexander Trallianus. A work on alchymy is also ascribed to him, but very probably the author of this last production has merely borrowed his name. The commentary is pub

on the Epidemics have appeared in a Latin translation by Crassus, Basil, 1581, 4to. The Greek text has lately been published, for the first time, by Dietz, in his "Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum," &c., Regiomont. Pruss., 1834, 2 vols. 8vo. The treatise on Fevers was edited, with a Latin version, by Chartier, PALLADIUS, I. a sophist, a native of Methone, who Paris, 1646, 4to; the last and best edition is by St. lived in the time of Constantine the Great. He wrote Bernard, Lugd. Bat., 1745, 8vo. The commentary Dissertations or Declamatory Essays, and also a work on Fractures was translated into Latin by Santalbion the Roman festivals. (Photius, cod., 132, vol. 1, nus, and is inserted in the edition of Hippocrates by p. 97, ed. Bekker. - Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. Fosius, and in that of Hippocrates and Galen by 312.)-II. An eastern prelate and ecclesiastical writer, Chartier. Dietz, in his preface, mentions another work a native of Galatia, born about A.D. 368, and made by Palladius, which he found in MS. in the library at bishop of Hellenopolis in Bithynia. He was ordain- Florence, consisting of Scholia on Galen's work" De ed by Chrysostom, to whose party he attached him- Secta," which he intended to publish, but he found self, and, on the banishment of Chrysostom, fell un- the MS. so corrupt that he was obliged to give it up. der persecution, and, being obliged to withdraw from Palladius appears to have been well known to the his see, retired to Italy, and took refuge at Rome. Arabians, since, besides being quoted by Rases, he Some time after, venturing to return to the East, he is mentioned, among other commentators on Hippocrawas banished to Syene. Having regained his liberty, tes, by the unknown author of " Philosoph. Biblioth.," he resigned the see of Hellenopolis, and was appoint- quoted in Casiri, "Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp. Escued to the bishopric of Alexandrea. He is thought to rial," vol. 1, p. 237. (Encyclop. Use. Knowl., vol. have died A.D. 431. He wrote the "Lausiac History" 17, p. 171.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 259.) about the year 421, which contains the lives of per-IV. Rutilius Taurus Emilianus, the last of the sons who were at that time eminent for their extraor- Latin writers on agriculture. His work is entitled dinary austerities in Egypt and Palestine. called the "Lausiac History," from Lausus, an officer in the imperial court at Constantinople, to whom it was dedicated. It is by no means certain whether Palladius, author of the Lausiac History," and Palladius, author of the "Life of Chrysostom," were different persons, or one and the same. Dupin thinks

"

It was

"De Re Rustica," and is divided into fourteen books. It contains materials selected from earlier authors on this subject, and especially from Columella, who is often literally copied. Nevertheless, Palladius treats, in a much more exact manner than Columella, the respective heads of fruit-trees and kitchen-gardens, having followed in these the work of Gargilius Martialis.

PALLANTIUM (Iаλλávrov), a town of Arcadia, northwest of Tegea. The Romans affirmed, that from this place Evander led into Italy the colony which settled on the banks of the Tiber. (Pausan., 8, 43. — En., 8, 54.- Plin., 4, 6.) Pallantium was subsequently united to Megalopolis, and became nearly deserted; but in the reign of Antoninus it was again restored to independence, and received other privileges from that emperor, in consideration of the ancient connexion which was supposed to exist between its inhabitants and the Romans. The vestiges of this town are discernible near the village of Thana, on the right of the road leading from Tripolitza to Leondari. (Gell's Itin., p. 136.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 349.) PALLAS (gen. -ădis), an appellation given to the goddess Minerva (IIaλλàs 'AOnva-Pallas Athena). For a probable etymology of the term, consult remarks at the close of the article Minerva. The ordinary derivation makes the goddess to have obtained this name from having slain the Titan, or Giant, Pallas. (Vid. Pallas, -antis, I.)

What he states respecting the mode of preserving | not been acknowledged as his son. They had refruits, &c., is taken from the Greek Geoponica, of course to arms in order to enforce their claim to the which he appears to have possessed a much more com- sovereignty, but were defeated by Theseus. (Plut., plete copy than the abridgment which has come down Vit. Thes.) to us. Of the fourteen books of his work, the first contains a general introduction; each of the twelve following bears the name of one of the months of the year, and treats of the labours proper to each season; the fourteenth book is a poem, in elegiac measure, on the grafting of trees. The style of Palladius is incorrect and full of neologisms. In his poems he displays some talent by the variety which he introduces in describing the operation of grafting as suitable to different kinds of trees. He is often, however, obscure, and too figurative.-Critics have not been able to agree as to the period when this writer lived; some placing him at the beginning of the second century, others at the end of the fourth. Some suppose him to be the same with the relative of whom the poet Rutilius speaks in his Itinerary (1, 208), while others very justly remark, in opposition to this, that the last-mentioned writer was a young Gaul, sent by his father to the capital of the empire, to study law there, whereas Palladius had possessions in Italy and Sardinia: they add, that the name of Palladius does not occur among those of the prefects and other high magistrates du- PALLAS (gen. -antis), I. a son of Pandion, who bering the first half of the fifth century, while the title came the father of Clytus, Butes, and the "fifth Miof Vir illustris, which the manuscripts give to our au- nerva," according to Cicero's enumeration. (N. D., thor, indicate that he was invested with some high 3, 23.) He was destroyed by his daughter for attemptofficial dignity. Wernsdorff has attempted another ed violence to her person. (Cic., l. c.-Ovid, Met., 7, mode of ascertaining the age of Palladius. The four- 500.)-II. One of the Titans, but enumerated by Clauteenth book of his work being dedicated to a certain dian (Gigantom., 94), and others, among the Giants. Pasiphilus, he has endeavoured to discover the period He was the son of Creus, and grandson of Cœlus and when this latter individual lived, whom Palladius styles Terra, and was also cousin to Aurora. (Vid. Pallana wise man, and whose fidelity he praises (ornatus tias I.)-III. King of Arcadia, the grandfather or fidei). Ammianus Marcellinus (29, 1), in speaking of great-grandfather of King Evander. (Serv. ad Virg., the conspiracy against Valens, which was discovered En., 8, 54.)-IV. The son of Evander, according to in 371, relates, that the proconsul Eutropius, who was Virgil. (En., 8, 104.) Other poetic legends, howamong the accused, was saved by the courage of the ever, made him the offspring of Hercules and Dymæ philosopher Pasiphilus, from whom the torture could the daughter of Evander. Pallas followed Æneas to wring no confession. These circumstances harmonize the war against Turnus, by whose hand he fell, after in some degree, according to Wernsdorff, with the ep- having distinguished himself by his valour. The belt ithets bestowed by Palladius on his friend; and if this which Turnus tore from the body of the young prince, is the same Pasiphilus who, in 395, was rector of a and wore as a trophy of his victory, was the immediprovince, as appears from a law of the Theodosian ate cause of his own death; for, being vanquished by code (L. 8.-Cod. Theod., 1. 2, tit. 1), we may sup-Eneas in single combat, he had almost persuaded the pose that the fourteenth book of Palladius, where no allusion is made to this official rank, was written between 371 and 395. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 243, seqq.)

PALLANTEUM, an ancient town of Italy, in the vicinity of Reate, in the territory of the Sabines. It was said, in tradition, to have been founded by the Arcadian Pelasgi united with the Aborigines. (Dion. Hal., 1, 14.) From it, according to some, the Palatine Mount at Rome is said to have derived its name. (Varro, L. L., 4.) Holstenius (ad Steph. Byz., s. v.) thinks it must have occupied the site of Palazzo, on the hill called Fonte di Rieti.; The real name of this place was Palacium, as appears from a rare coin published by Sestini from the Museo Fontana. (Classes Gen. seu Mon. Vet., p. 12.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 317.)

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PALLANTIAS, I. a name of Aurora, as being related to the giant Pallas, whose cousin she was. Pallas was son of Creus (Tov Kpɛiov), Aurora was daughter of Hyperion, and Hyperion and Creus were brothers, off spring of Cœlus and Terra. (Hesiod, Theog., 134, 371, seqq.-Ovid, Fast., 4, 373.-Id., Met., 9,420.Id. ib., 15, 191.)-II. An appellation given to the Tritonis Palus in Libya, because Minerva (Pallas) was fabled by some to have been first seen on its banks. (Pliny, 5, 4.-Mela, 1, 7.- Serv. ad Virg., En., 2, 171.)

PALLANTIDE, the fifty sons of Pallas the brother of Egeus, and next heirs to the latter if Theseus had

victor to spare his life, when the sight of Pallas' belt rekindled the wrath of Æneas, and he indignantly slew the destroyer of his youthful friend. (Virg., Æn., 10, 439.-Id. ib., 12, 941.)

PALLENE, a peninsula of Macedonia, one of the three belonging to the district of Chalcidice. It was situate between the Sinus Thermaïcus or Gulf of Saloniki, and the Sinus Toronaïcus or Gulf of Cassandria. This peninsula was said to have borne the name of Phlegra, and to have witnessed the conflict between the gods and the earth-born Titans. (Pind., Nem., 1, 100.-Id., Isth., 6, 47.-Lycophron, 1408.) It is connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus of little more than two miles in breadth, on which once stood the rich and flourishing city of Potidea. (Scyl., Peripl., p. 26.) Among other towns on this peninsula was one of the same name with it, according to Stephanus of Byzantium. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 244.)

PALMARIA, a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coasts of Latium and Campania, and south of the promontory of Circeii. It is now Palmaruola. (Plin., 3, 5.)

PALMYRA, a celebrated city of Asia, situate in an oasis of the Syrian desert, nearly half way between the Orontes and Euphrates, and about 140 miles eastnortheast of Damascus. Its Oriental name was Tadmor, which, according to Josephus, signifies the same as Palmyra, "the place of palm-trees." There seems to be sufficient evidence that the Palmyra of the