Sivut kuvina
PDF
ePub
[merged small][ocr errors]

TOTAL SHIPPING TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

240

Food, Drink and Tobacco
Raw Materials and Articles
mainly Unmanufactured
Articles wholly or mainly
Manufactured
Miscellaneous & Unclassified
(including Parcel Post)

TOTAL......

1902.

1001.

From From

From

From

British Total. Foreign Countries. Possessns.

Foreign

1903.

Total.

From Foreign

[blocks in formation]

Countries. Possessns. £

L

L

British Countries. Possessns. £ £ £ £ £ £ 183,273.538 41 488,357 224,761,895 181,053 869 43.349.789 224 403,658 181 676.901 118,472,382 48,727,600 167,199,982119,633 615 49.412,941,169,046,556 124.996,796

50 608,245 232 285.146 48,513,241 173,510,037

112,449,578 14 980,336 127,429,914 118,831,615 13,648,260 132,479,875 120.444.521 14,119,830 134.554,351

2,109,820 488.587 2.598.407 1.955,718 505.467 2.461,185 1,811,279 429,476 2.240.755 416,305,318 105,684.880 521,990,198421,474,817 106,916,457 528,391,274 128.929.497 113,670,792 542,600,289 SUMMARY of the VALUE of the EXPORTS of PRODUCE and MANUFACTURES of the UNITED KINGDOM to FOREIGN COUNTRIES POSSESSIONS (including Protectorates) for Four Years.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]
[blocks in formation]

British Total. Foreign Countries. Possessns £ £ £ L £ L 6,828,873 8,777,359 15,606,232 8,012.984 9.105.453 17,118,437 7.876,482 8,500,722 16.377,204 32,962,769 3,336,620 36,299.389 31,414,628 3,183,044 34.597,672 32,385,466, 2.993.363 35.378,829 132,963,608 90,859,603 223,823,211 132.499,105 95.037.921 227,537,027 136.970,401 97.817.458 234,787.859 2.393.305 175.148.555 104,873,821 280,022.376174.332.110 109,091.856 283.423.956.179,653.244 111,146,864 290,800,108 300 817.897 SUMMARY of the VALUE of the EXPORTS of FOREIGN and COLONIAL MERCHANDISE to FOREIGN COUNTRIES and BRITISH POSSESSIONS (including Protectorates) for Four Years.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

Το

1901. Το

Foreign British Countries. Possessns.

Total.

£

Το Foreign British Total. Countries. Possessns. L £ £ £ 8,830,983 3.337,715 12,168,698 6,797,002 3,207.314 10,004,316 7,487,224 989,464 37,131,534 37,085.960 36,142,070 1.093.582 38,179,542 39,269,508 3,973,003 18,388,318 13,234.245 14,415,315 119,158 34,184 210,600 153.342 59.507.526 8.334.366 67.841,892 57.327,807

1902. Το

Το

Το

Foreign British Total. Countries. Possessns.

£ 2,745,023 10,232,247 1,104,461 40.373,969)

£

[blocks in formation]

4.150,175 17,384,420 14.383,073 35.935 246.535 96.4 i 8,187.005 65.814.813 61.236.239

4.453,648, 18,836,721

34,193 130.627 8.337.325 69.573.564

[blocks in formation]

TOTAL SHIPPING TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND DURING THE PAST THREE YEARS.

[blocks in formation]

TOTAL NUMBER OF SHIPS BUILT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM DURING THE PAST THREE YEARS (Exclusive of Vessels built for the Royal Navy and Foreigners).

11,120,388

14,574

9,524,496

11,566,745
11,831,439

14,426 14,413

9,805,701
10,067,844

[blocks in formation]

Including vessels partly of iron and partly of steel. † Including composite vessels. VALUE OF TOTAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE DURING FIVE YEARS.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

DEFINITION OF ASTRONOMICAL TERMS. Aberration.-An apparent change of place in the fixed stars, which arises from the motion of the earth combined with the motion of light. Allitudes.-The Altitude of an object is that portion of a vertical circle which is intercepted between the centre of the celestial object and the horizon.

Aphelion. That point in the orbit of a planet in which it is at its greatest distance from the sun.

Apogee. That point in the orbit of the moon or a planet in which it is at its greatest distance from the earth.

Azimuths.-The Azimuth of an object is its true bearing, east or west, of its nearest meridian. It is always equal to that portion of the horizon which is intercepted between the vertical circle passing through the centre of the object and the meridian of the place of observation.

Declination of a Celestial Object.-The Declination of any celestial object is its distance north or south from the equinoctial, and is measured by that portion of the celestial meridian which is intercepted between the centre of the object and the equinoctial.

Disk of the Sun or Moon is its round face, which, on account of the great distance of the object, appears flat as like a plane surface. Diurnal-Diurnal motions of the planets are the spaces they move through in a day.

Elongation.-The angular distance of a planet from the sun as it appears to us upon the earth.

Emersion.-The time when any planet which is eclipsed begins to recover its light again.

The Horizon. The visible horizon is that which is seen while the eye is elevated above the surface; and the sensible is that which is seen when the eye is on a level with the water. The depression of the former below the latter is called the dip of the visible horizon.

Immersion.-The moment when an eclipse begins, or when a planet enters into a dark shadow.

Libration.-An apparent irregularity of the moon's motion, which makes her appear to librate about her axis in such a manner that parts of her eastern and western limbs become visible and invisible alternately.

Parallax.-Parallax is the difference between an altitude taken at the surface of the earth, and that taken at the centre at the same time. When the object is on the horizon, it is called the horizontal parallax ; but in any other case it is called the parallax in altitude.

Penumbra.-A faint shadow which accompanies an eclipse and occasions a partial obscurity of the body to that part of the earth on which it falls.

Perigee. That point of the moon or a planet's orbit in which it is at its least distance from the earth.

Perihelion. That point of a planet's orbit in which it is at its least distance from the sun.

Phases. The several appearances of the moon and planets, according as a greater or less part of their illuminated hemispheres are presented to our sight.

Prime Vertical Circle.-The Prime Vertical Circle is the circle which passes from the zenith due east or west, having 90 degrees of the horizon intercepted between it and the meridian All objects on this circle are said to be on the prime vertical.

Polar Distance of any celestial object, is an arc of a meridian contained between the centre of that object and the pole of the equi noctial; or, in other words, it is the distance of the object from the elevated pole.

Refraction.-Refraction is a quantity by which a body appears above its true place in the heavens.

Right Ascension.-The Right Ascension of a celestial body is that portion of the equinoctial which is intercepted by a celestial meridian passing through the centre of the body and the first point of the ecliptic. It is generally given in time.

Right Ascension of the Meridian.-The Right Ascenson of the Meridian is that part of the equinoctial that comes to the Meridian with the object measured from the first point of Aries.

Terrestrial anl Celestial Equators.-The Terrestrial Equator is a great circle (supposed to be described) around the earth, at an equal distance, or 90 degrees from the poles, dividing the globe into two equal parts; the part to the southward of the equator being called the southern hemisphere, and that to the northward the northern hemisphere.

The Celestial Equator, commonly called the Equinoctial, is an imaginary circle described in the heavens, corresponding to and coinciding with the terrestrial equator.

Time.-Time is measured by the apparent motion of a celestial body over the surface of the globe, and is called Solar, Lunar, or Sidereal, according to the body with which it is referred; a full revolution of either of these objects is called its apparent day, and begins when the object comes to the meridian; but for the convenience of civil and commercial business, that of the sun, called solar or civil time, is from midnight to midnight, the first twelve hours of which are marked A. M., signifying ante meridian, and the last twelve hours P. M., signifying post meridian. In this and the following mode of keeping time, the day is dated as soon as it commences.

Astronomical Day.-This day is also measured by the apparent motion of the sun, but for the convenience of astronomical computations, it is taken to begin at noon, that is, 12 hours after the Deginning of the civil day, and end at noon of the following day. Astronomers generally reckon the hours of this day up to 24 hours, without any distinction of ante or post meridian, which they call astronomical time; hence the first 12 hours of which are the P. M. hours of the civil day on which it begins, and the last 12 hours of it are the A. M. hours of the day on which it ends.

The Nautical Day.-This day, as well as the civil and astronomical day, is measured by the apparent motion of the sun. It begins just with the astronomical day, but it is dated with the noon on which it ends; hence it is 24 hours in date later than the astronomical day, the first 12 hours of which are marked in the journal with P. M., and the last 12 hours with A. M., so that occurrences which happen on the afternoon of the civil day on which it begins, come in the journal under the date of the civil day in which it ends The Log Book is generally kept in nautical or Sea Time, but it may be kept in Common or Civil Time.

Tropics.-The Tropics are two circles (supposed to be described) parallel to the equator, at the distance of about 23° 28', equal to the highest declination. The northernmost is called the Tropic of Cancer and the other the Tropic of Capricorn.

Twilight.-The Twilight is that duration of light which is apparent in the absence of the sun. It generally continues whilst he is traversing about 18 degrees below the horizon. It is caused by the column of atmosphere which surrounds the earth receiving the rays, or light, of the sun, and from which that light is transmitted to those parts of the surface of the globe opposite the sun at its rising and setting.

Vertical Circles.-Vertical Circles are circles (supposed to be described in the heavens) perpendicular to the horizon, and meeting at the Zenith. They are sometimes called circles of altitudes, circles of azimuths, and prime vertical circles.

Zenith and Nadir.-The Zenith is that point in the heavens which is directly over the observer's head; and the Nadir that which is opposite to it.

Zenith Distance.-The Zenith Distance of a celestial object is equal to that portion of the vertical circle which is intercepted between the centre of the object and the observer's zenith. It is always equal to the complement of the altitude to a quadrant, or 90 degrees.

EXPLANATION OF COMPASS TERMS.

Variation of the Compass is the angle between the True North and the Magnetic North. This difference or error arises from the Magnetic Poles not coinciding with the Terrestrial ones, and is due entirely to the influence of the earth on Magnetic Needles, which is the same at few parts of the world.

Deviation of the Compass is the angle included between the Magnetic North and the Compass North. This error is due to the disturbing influences of the iron of which the ship is built, as rudderposts, masts, chains, funnel, &c. ; her position when building, her cargo, or other causes within the ship.

Local Attraction is the error caused by some disturbing force outside the ship, and belonging entirely to the locality at which a ship may be as mooring posts or chains, dock cranes, another iron vessel alongside, volcanic or magnetic influences, &c.

Heeling Error is the effect produced on the Compass by the heeling of an iron or composite ship, the angle increasing with the amount of Heel.

Leeway is the angle between the ship's course by Compass and the direction which she makes through the water, as shown by

her wake.

Compass Course is the course steered by ship's Compass.

Magnetic Course is the Compass Course corrected for Deviation and Leeway.

The True Course of a Ship is the Compass Course corrected for Deviation, Leeway, and Variation.

[blocks in formation]
« EdellinenJatka »