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SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC, &c.

Aries (the Ram), 0°
Taurus (the Bull), 30°
Gemini (the Twins), 60°
Cancer (the Crab), 90°
Leo (the Lion), 120°
my Virgo (the Virgin), 150°

Libra (the Balance), 180°
m Scorpio (the Scorpion), 210°
Sagittarius (the Archer), 240°
Capricornus (the Goat), 270°
Aquarius (the Waterbearer),
* Pisces (the Fishes), 330° [300°

*Sextile, when two signs dis

tant, or differing 60° in Longitude or Rt. Ascension. Quartile, when three signs distant, or differing 90° in Longitude or Rt. Ascension. 8 Opposition, when six signs distant, or differing 180° in Longitude or Rt. Ascension.

N. North.
S. South.
E. East.
W. West.

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Degrees.

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h.

Hours.

m. Mins. of Time

S.

Secs. of Time.

6 Conjunction, in the same degree or sign, or having the same Longitude or Rt. Ascn. TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN SHIPPING. A/c.-Account. E. E.-Errors excepted.

E.&O.E.-Errors and omissions excepted.

F.O.B. Free on board. F.P.A.-Free of particular average. Inst.-Instant, present month. C/I/F.-Cost, Insurance & Freight. Prox.-Proximo, next month. Ult.-Ultimo, last month.

D/D.-Days after Date. M/D.-Months after date.

D/S.-Days after sight.

@-At, to.

%-Per cent.

P-Per.

B/L.-Bill of Lading.

Ad valorem.-According to value.

Adjustment.-The settlement of a loss incurred by the insured. Adventure.-Goods consigned to a party to be made the most of. Agio. The Premium borne by a better sort of money above an inferior. Appraise. To value goods imported.

-

Assets-A term for property and money in contradistinction to liabilities. Assurance.-See Insurance.

Average. A sacrifice made to prevent the total loss of a ship or cargo; an average of the loss insured for the benefit of all concerned, to be made good proportionately. Award.--The decision in arbitration.

Banco.-A continental term for bank money at Hamburg and other places.

Barratry.-A fraudulent act on the part of the master or crew of a vessel, against the interest of the owners. Insurances are effected against barratry.

Bill of Health.-A certificate granted by Consuls and Customs Officers as to health of port.

Bill of Lading.-A master's acknowledgment and undertaking as to receipt and delivery of goods or cargo.

Bottomry.-Money borrowed on a ship's bottom or hull, to be

repaid with interest if the ship return in safety, but if not to be lost or forfeited. Sometimes it is raised on the lading and master's personal security; see Respondentia. Brokerage. The commission charged by merchants and brokers for securing and transacting business for ships.

Charter Party.-A contract with the owner, agent, or master for the service of his vessel.

Consul.-The commercial representative of one country residing officially in another

Credit, Leller of.-A letter written by one party to another requesting the party addressed to advance the bearer or person named a certain sum of money.

Days of Grace.-Days allowed by law or custom for payment of Bills of Exchange (except those payable at sight or on demand) after specified day of payment; thus, when three days are allowed, as usual in England, a bill due on the 5th of the month is payable on the 8th.

Dead Freight. The damage payable by one who engages to load a ship fully, and fails so to do.

Debenture.-An instrument of the nature of a bill or bond, by which a debt is claimable. May bear interest or confer some peculiar advantage. It is given at the Custom House to claim a drawback.

Derelict.-Goods cast away or relinquished by wreck or otherwise. Reductions in duty are also made proportionate to the damage on them.

Deviation is a divergence from the voyage insured which may release the underwriter from his risk.

Drawback.-An allowance granted by Government to encourage exportation of an article, or a return of duties paid upon certain articles on exportation.

Discount.— An allowance made for money paid before it is due. To discount a Bill is to buy from the holder the right to receive the money upon it when due.

Dunnage.-Articles used in stowing a cargo or trimming a ship. Embargo.-An order issued by Government to prevent vessels sailing. Flotsam.-Goods floating after a wreck. Jetsam are those sunk. Lagan are those sunk but secured by a buoy.

Groundage.-Money paid in some parts for permission to anchor. Insurance. A contract whereby, for a stipulated consideration, called a premium, one party undertakes to indemnify the other against certain risks.

Invoice. A document enumerating goods sold from A to B. Where the goods are exported by A to be sold on his own account, the document is a specification, and not, strict y speaking, an invoice.

Lay Days.-Days allowed by charter for loading or unloading ships. Lighterage.-The expense of a lighter or barge.

Manifest.-The specification of a cargo made out and signed by the master of a ship.

Policy.-A document containing the contract of insurance. A Valued Policy is when the interest insured is valued. An Open Policy is one in which the amount is left for subsequent proof. In an open policy, where the value shipped does not equal the value insured, the difference is termed over insurance; and the proportionate amount of premium returnable to the insurer is called a return for short interest. Primage.-A small allowance for the shipmaster's care of goods now generally included in the freight.

Pro rata.-Payment in proportion to the interests concerned.
Quid pro quo.-Giving one thing for another.

Respondentia.-A contract of loan by which goods in a ship are hypothecated to the lender, as in bottomry.

Super Cargo.-A person sent with a vessel to dispose of its cargo to the best advantage.

EDUCATIONAL STANDARD REQUIRED BY VARIOUS MARITIME POWERS FOR MASTERS AND MATES.

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In its pure state air is composed as follows:-By Weight. By Volume.

Nitrogen.....
Oxygen

77 per cent. 79°19
23 do.
20*81

100

100'00

1 cubic foot at 62 weighs 533 grains 1217 02. The percentage of oxygen varies as follows:--

Sea-shore

Mines

Confined Houses.

21 per cent. 20'50 do.

20'75 do.

Each

Air travels in England in healthy years at the rate of about 4 miles per hour, and in unhealthy years about 3 miles per hour. adult inhales a gallon of air per minute, and consumes daily 30 oz. of oxygen. For the conversion of this oxygen a certain amount of food is required-say 13 oz. of carbon for a male and 11 oz. for a female-equivalent to 3lb. and 24lb. of brea respectively.

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FORMULA FOR RECORDING STATE OF THE
WEATHER.

B denotes Blue Sky, i.e. clear or

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hazy atmosphere.
Cloudy detached
opening clouds.
Drizzling Rain.

Fog-FF Thick Fog.
Gloomy-dk, weather
Hail.

Lightning.

Misty or Hazy-so as
to interrupt the view
Overcast-i.e., whole
sky covered with an
impervious cloud.
Passing Showers.
Squally.

Rain-continuous rain

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Snow.
Thunder.

T

U denotes Ugly, with a heavy

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appearance of the weather.

Visibility of distant objects.

Wet dew.

Dot under any letter, an extraordinary degree.

By the combination of these letters all the ordinary phenomena of the weather may be recorded with certainty and brevity.

BCM - Blue sky, with detached opening clouds, but hazy round the horizon.

GV-Gloomy dark weather, but distant objects remarkably visible.

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In other Latitudes substitute South or Southward for North, &c

Much inequality of atmospheric pressure or temperature, great depression or elevation of the barometer, sudden or rapid alternations, great falls of rain or snow-indicate more or less change, more or less wind, with its usual accompaniments, either in some places only, or throughout an extensive area of hundreds of miles, if not thousands.

Speaking generally, there is far less occasion to give warning of southerly storms by signal than of northerly, because those from the southward are preceded by notable signs in the atmosphere, by a falling barometer, and by a temperature higher than usual to the season; whereas, on the contrary, dangerous storms from a polar quarter (N. W. to N.E.) are sometimes sudden, and usually are preceded by a rising barometer, which is often misleading, especially when accompanied by a temporary lull, of perhaps a day or two, with an appearance of fine weather.

B

THERMOMETER.

There are four thermometer scales, Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Centigrade, and Celsius, the two latter being synonymous.

To convert one scale into either of the others:

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Réaumur, and C

Centigrade or Celsius CX 18+ 32.

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× 1483

X '962 =

muntz metal.

.. gun metal.

brass (2, cu. 1, zn.)

brass (7, cu. 3, zn.)

copper (cu.)
lead.

tin.

Thus a square foot of aluminium in, thick would weigh 5×348=1774 lbs.

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The reciprocal gives the converse of the number; thus there are 2:54 cenumetres

in one inch, or 393708 inch in one centimetre.

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