not the less acceptable for condensing the substance of many Statutes into a very small compass. A concise historical sketch of the progress of these laws is prefixed, which is the most interesting portion of the work. The Appendix contains the most important Acts cited in the volume.

Assailed on one side by the Papists, and on the other by the Dissenters, it behoves all true friends of our enlightened and tolerant Established Church to be particularly on their guard; and not to suffer the ramparts of our Establishment to be undermined by a compliance with a hollow and dangerous liberality. Fortunately the enemies of the Church of England, whilst they all unite in wishing her destruction, are diametrically opposed on many essential points; and we would seriously advise our Protestant Dissenting brethren to rest contented under the protection they are afforded by our tolerant Church, lest, should their wishes be accomplished in the downfall of our Church, the Papists should eventually make them bitterly repent their error, when it is too late.

95. Taxatio Papalis; being an Account of the Tax-Books of the United Church and Court of modern Rome; or of the Taxe Cancellaria Apostolica and Taxe Sacre Pænitentiaria Apostolicæ. By Emancipatus. 8vo. pp. 63.

THE Taxe Camera seu Cancellariæ Apostolice are taxes paid to the Roman See for license to commit all kinds of sin. The following is a specimen; g. stands for grossi.

"ABSO, pro eo qui matrem, sororem, aut aliam consanguineam, vel affinem suam, aut commatrem carnaliter cognovit." g. v.

This extraordinary mode of finance may with certainty be traced back to Jolin XXII. in the 14th century, a Pope notorious for extortion and riches.

We have ever been of opinion, that many of the prohibited degrees in marriage are absurd, as implying no incestuous connexion, indeed were fabricated by the Popes for the purpose of obtaining a composition in money. It appears from p. 40, that these probibited degrees were multiplied infinitely, and that the following intimation accompanied them, "Et debet concor, dare cun camera apostolicâ." P. 40.

We doubt whether a swindler,

steeled in imposition, would practice such horrific wickedness, as thus to accommodate and modify RELIGION to every variety and degree of human "vitiosity" (the phrase of our author in p. 52); and we consider attempts to re-instate such a Church in power, to be just as rational as it would be to introduce the gentlemen and ladies of the Beggars' Opera into our drawing rooms. To this, as to other authors, who have seasonably exposed the abominations of Popery, the public is greatly obliged.

96. The Episcopal Oath of Allegiance to the Pope in the Church of Rome; containing the Oath, both in its original and in its latest Form; the latter translated into English; with some Remarks in particular upon what is called the persecuting Clause. By Catholicus. 8vo. pp. 38. THE persecuting clause (in EngHeretics, schismatics, lish) is this: " and rebels against the Pope, I will to the best of my power persecute and fight against." P. 13.

Are persons professing such seutiments fit to be entrusted with political power in a Protestant country? We think not; for we must recollect, that if the Monarch be a Protestant, the oath must extend to the King himself, and every class of magistracy beneath him, not papistical; and this in order to support an impostor and a foreigner in an usurpation, founded upon a physical impossibility, a claim to a divine authority for personal dominion over the bodies and minds of men.— We thank our author for aiding the cause of common sense and Protestantismi.

97. Instructions in reading the Liturgy of the United Church of England and Ire land, offered to the attention of the younger Clergy and Candidates for Holy Orders; with an Appendix on Pronunciation, and a Selection of Scripture proper Names, most liable to be variously pronounced. By the Rev. John Henry Howlett, M. Ă, Reading Chaplain of his Majesty's Chapel Royal, Whitehall, Vicar of Hollington, Sussex, and formerly Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. 8vo. pp. 210.

THERE is a peculiar difficulty attached to church-reading and preaching.-It cannot be dramatized, for then it becomes bombast, and yet it must follow the principles of clocu

tion. The general rules seem to be, slow enunciation and emphasis on the proper words. Inflections of the voice when a phrase requires impression to be produced, are not only allowable, but useful. It is a necessary caution, not to elevate the particles, as for, by, in, who, &c. or sink the epithets, but to let them have their full force, by giving them equal tone with the substantives, to which they refer; and care should be likewise taken not to be monotonous, or suddenly to drop the voice at the close of a sentence.

We like Mr. Howlett's book uncommonly, and are satisfied that it well deserves episcopal recommenda

tion.

The Te Deum, in p. 82, we mention as an excellent exemplification of his plan. But in this, as in all other systems, we think that the epithets have often been degraded below their real consequence, more particularly

where the term has become collo

quial; for instance, Mr. Howlett has in p. 99,

defend ús thy humble sérvants in

all assaults of our enemies."

We should read it (placing the emphasis in Italics, and making short pauses),

- defend us thy humble servants in all assaults of our enemies."

We know no other method of making "humble servants" have weight.

We also think that the proper way of uttering the Grace is,

"The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Ghost-"

As better expressing the sense than "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Ghost-"

But custom has here interfered, and almost inevitably influences a reader; that, however, it does not do justice to the meaning, is plain, from the following, where there ought to be only three points of emphasis. The usual enunciation is,

"As it was in the beginning, is now, shall be evermore."

and

Now this is incorrect. It should be, in our judgment,

"As it was in the beginning, is now, and SHALL BE evermore."

Mr. Howlett has added a most useful appendix concerning the enunciation of Scripture proper names, and many other things of great utility.We warmly recommend the work, for the study of Candidates for orders, and young Clergymen, who cannot fail to improve by it.

98.

Protestant Church - Corruption, &c. By Nathaniel Highmore, D. C. L. 8vo. pp. 43.

THE errors of individuals can never be made grounds of censure against any institution whatever, unless such errors grow out of the institution itself; nor when such an institution is be more corrupted. Dr. Highmore in an improving state, can it be said to has picked out of newspapers, aberrations (true or false) of a few ecclesiastics, and called these Church-Corruptions. As well might he have taken the various offences and delinquents shown up in the Acts and the Epistles, and argued from thence, that the holy Apostles were to blame. The fact is, that there never was an age when the Clergy, as a body, were so irreproachable as they are now, "Offences must needs come," saysChrist himself; Why? A school-boy can give the answer.

Dr. Highmore by his logic, howsin of Judas. We wish to hear no ever, makes Christ the author of the Doctors' Commons refused to accept more of the subject. The Society of Dr. Highmore as a practising advocate, because he had taken Holy Orders; and the Archbishop of Canterbury would not force him upon the Society, Hinc illa lachrymæ. If Dr. Highmore had taken the trouble to enquire first, whether a Clergyman was eligible as a candidate for the situation in question, all this vexation would have been avoided. But because it was not avoided, the Clergy are to be calumniated *, as if they had any thing to do with the appointment of Advocates in Doctors' Cominons.

XXV. THIS Part opens with the following Article admirably illustra ted by its editor Mr. Webb.*

A Survey of Egypt and Syria, undertaken in the year 1422, by SIR GILBERT DE LANNOY, Knt. translated from a Manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, with an introductory Dissertation, and notes of illustra tion and reference to the Croisades. By the Rev. JOHN WEBB, M. A. F. S. A.

The habits of a Military Man, until he is incapacitated by premature disease or old age, are so restless and fidgety, that he regards not labour or difficulty, if his appetite for excitement can be gratified. The extraordinary success of Henry the Fifth, in his easy conquest of France, seems to have elevated him (that is, if he was sincere) into a project, like that of Napoleon's expedition to Russia. A Crusade was a sort of injunction, pressed upon him by his father, indeed was one of the sponges, for deleting great sins, which had been recommended like a patent medicine by Popes to Sovereigns. But we have no idea that Henry (for he was as superior a statesman as warrior) relished any scheme, "which would not kill two birds with one stone," and, to employ another proverb, (for the use of them saves whole sentences of explanation) would not realize " one word for the Pope, and two for himself." Enemies were endeavouring to twitch from under him his father's throne, whenever he wished to sit down at peace in it; and his son knew that a hero is a human God, and that private assassination or defeat cau alone endanger him. Conspirators felt, that they would be headless before he would be throneless. But to the question before us: we think it probable that Henry, having conquered France, and knowing that it was more difficult to preserve than to acquire, did really mean to exhaust the military power of France and England in this impracticable expedition of conquering the Holy Land. At least such were his father's avowed motives. We say impracticable, because it would have been utterly impossible to send from

* Mr. Penn has recently published another essay on this Survey, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature;" see our Review p. 321.

France and England a force sufficient to conquer so extensive a country, so distantly situated, especially as the very barbarism of that country, from its having no store of provisions, was in itself almost an impregnable defence. Now this political wholesale murder was providentially crushed by the premature decease of Henry. He was assailed by a fistula, which no surgeons of that day knew how to cure, and perished accordingly. However be had previously sent out a kind of engineer to make a military survey of the country, a Monsr. Gilbert de Lannoy, Knt. and his Report is the Article before us. He makes the most keen scrutiny of weak walls, imperfect fosses, soils suited to mining, entrances, defences, and depths of harbours, trade, population, roads, and provisions, and other usuals of modern Woolwich education. Thus he has produced a good statistical military survey, with this exception only, that he underrates, indeed does not know, the tactics of oriental defences and fortification. For instance, he does not seem to know that Egypt was in reality admirably fortified. Alberti says, concerning this subject,

"Sed quid ego dixerim Ægypto ad laudem in primis datur: q' sit in quaq; versus moru' in modu' munita et penitus inaccessibilis hic mari illinc deserti vastitate objecta: dextera montibus abruptissimis: sinistra paladibus diffusissimis. fol. 5 l. 6."

Nor were the canals, with which the country is intersected, formed with the mere object of supplying the country with water, for they were directed also against internal enemies. The same Author, speaking of Cairo, says,

"Pervalidum putat Euripides adversarium esse multitudinem naturâ sui; eamque si fraudem dolu'que in unu' contulerit reddi omnino inexpugnabilem. Carras apud Egyptu' urbe populosissimam, adeo ut cum in diem defunctor' capita, si non plus mille efferantur, sospite' et optime valere arbitre'tur. Prudentissimi reges crebra fossa aquaria ita divisere, ut jam non una' sed id ita fecerunt credo ut nisi co'moditas passim plurimas esse pusillas junctas urbes dicas: diffunderetur. Sed ea re imprimis assecuti sunt, ut graves multor' motus no' verea'tur, et qui moveant levissime coprimant." fol. LxI. a.

Is is very true, that modern armies have made an easy conquest of Egypt, because there were no European troops or modes of warfare to resist them, but

the Sacracens and Crusaders were matched upon far more equal terms. Lannoy has, however, given a too favourable statement, one which would have completely misled our victorious Monarch.

These remarks apply only to the political character of Lannoy's Itinerary. It is now merely an archæological curiosity, embellished in an excellent manner by Mr. Webb's valuable notes. One of these, as very interesting, we shall give.

"William Wey, B.D. Fellow of the Royal College of St. Mary and St. Nicholas at Eton, near Windsor, who died in 1474, had been twice to the Sepulchre, and had once visited the shrine of St. James of Compostella in Spain. At the beginning of his Itinerary (MSS. Bodl. 565.) he has left directions for the benefit of succeeding pilgrims, which may give some idea of the best mode of proceeding upon this hazardous expedition in that age.

"A Provysyon.

"A good provysyon. When a man is at Venyse and purposeth by the grase of God to passe by the see unto port Jaff and the holy londe, and so to sepulkyr of owre Lord cryst Jhu in Jherusalem. He most dyspose hym in thys wyse. 1. Fyrste yf ye goo in a galley make yowre covenante wyth the patrone by tyme, and chese yow a place in the seyd galey in the overest stage, for in the lawyst under hyt ys ryght smolderynge hote and stynkynge. 2. Aud ye schal pay for youre galey and for yowre mete and drynk to port Jaff and ayen to Venyse xl ducatt for to be in a goyd honeste plase, and to have yowre ese in the galey and also to be cherishet. Also when ye schal yowre covenant take take goyde hede that the patron be boundeyn to yow afor the duke other lord of Venyse yn an e doketts to kepe all maner covenants wyth yow that ys to say thatt he schal conduce yowe to certeyne havenys by the wey to refreshe yow and to gete yow fresch water and fresch bred and flesch. 3. Also that he schal not tary longer at none havyn than thre days at the most with oute consent of yow all. 4. And that he schal nat take yn to the vessel nother goyng nother comyng no maner of marchandyse wyth owte yowre wylle to destresse yow yn yowre plasys and also for taryng of passage by the see. 5. And by the havenes he schal lede yow yf ye wyl First to Pole c mile from Venyse by water. From Pole to Curphew vic myle. From Curphew to Modyn iii e mile. From Modyn to Cande iiic myle. From Cande to Rodys iij e myle. From Rodys to Baffe in cipres iiij c mile. From Baffe to port Jaffe iij c myle wyth owte more. 6. But make covenante that ye

com nat at Famagust in cipres, for no thing, for meny englysh men and other also have dyde, for that eyre ys so corrupte thre abowte and the water also. 7. Also that yowre patrone yeff yow every day hote mete twyes at too melys. Yn the morning at dyn and afternone at soper. And the wyne that ye schal drynke be goyd and yowre water fresch yf ye may com ther too, and also bystocte. 8. Also ye most ordeyne for yowre selfe and yowre felow, an ye have any, iij barellys eche of a quarte which quarte holdyth x galynys. Too of thes barell'schal serve for wyne and the therde for water. In that on barel take rede wyne and kep evyr in store and tame hyt not yf ye may tyl ye com hamwarde ayen withoute syknes cause hyt other eny other nede. For ye schal thys in specyal note, an ye had the flux, yf ye wolde yeff xx doketes for a barel ye schal none have after ye passe moche venyse. And that othyr barel schal serve when ye have dronke up your drynkyng wyne to syl ageyne at the havyn where ye next com un to. 9. Also ye most by yow a chest to put yn yowr thyngys. And yf ye may have a felow with yow too or thre y wolde then by a chest that were as brode as the barel were long. In that one ende ye wolde have loke and key. and a lytyl dore and ley that same barell that ye wolde spende frust at the same dore ende. for yf the galymen other pylgremys may com ther to meny wyl tame and drynke ther of and stele yowre watyr whyche ye wolde nat mysse oft time for yowre wyne. And in the other part of the cheste ye may ley yowre bred ches spyses. and all other thynges. 10. Also ye most ordeyne your bistockte to have wyth yow, for thow ye schal be at the tabyl wyth yowre patrone not wyth stonding ye schal oft tyme have nede to yowre vyteyls bred chese eggys frute and bakyn wyne and other to make yowre collasyun. For sum tyme ye schal have febyl brede wyne and stynkyng water." many tymes ye schal be ful fayne to ete of yowre owne. 11. Also y consel yow to have wyth yow oute of venyse confettyunnys confortatynys laxatynys restoratynys gyngever ryse fygys. reysenes. gret and smal whyche shall do yow gret ese by the wey. pepyr saferyn clowys masys a fewe as ye thenge nede. and powder dekke. 12. Also take wyth yow a lytyl cawdren and fryyng pan. dysches platerrys sawserrys of the cuppys of glass. a grater for brede and such necessaries. 13. Also when ye com to venyse ye schal by a bedde by seynt Markys cherche ye schal have a fedyr bedde a mattres too pylwys too peyr schettes and a qwylt, and ye schal pay iij dokettes. And when ye com ayen bryng the same bedde to the man that ye bowt hyt of and ye schal have a dokett and halfe ayen thow hyt be broke and worne. 14. Also make yowre chaunge at Venyse and take wyth yow at