collision. It would cause little inconvenience to the small vessel to make a short tack and clear the course of the large one. This would seem to be common sense, but the law not only makes it the right, but the duty of the small vessel to stand on her course. The Courts have decided that it is the duty of a vessel other than the one required to change her course to stand on up to the moment when a collision becomes inevitable, when she may act so as to reduce its force. Should she act differently she makes herself liable. "The proposed rules would assure the safety of the large vessel, and would give liberty of action to the smaller vessel to enable her to do what she would naturally desire to do under such circumstances. "These propositions are respectfully submitted to the Board of Trade of Philadelphia, in the hope that they will be carefully examined, discussed, and amended, so that they may receive the. approval of all interested in the safe and speedy navigation of the inland waters of the United States, and when this is done, they may be pressed upon the attention of Congress until they are enacted into laws. The fact that something of this character is absolutely necessary in the interest of our rapidly-increasing commerce, it seems to me is evident to any one who will give a little thought to the subject, and for the reasons stated at the commencement of this communication. The time to act is now. "Very respectfully, "G. B. WHITE, “ ́ ́ Commander U. S. Navy. "Philadelphia, January 19, 1880.'" APPARENT AND TRUE DIRECTION OF THE WIND WHEN SAILING. [In reference to the letter received from "A Shipmaster" on the above subject, we shall, in our next number, deal with it in a special article, illustrated with diagrams.-ED.] water is such that the right of way through such channel is necessary to her safety, she shall have such right of way to the exclusion of vessels whose safety does not require such right of way. "Rule Second.-A vessel so requiring the right of way shall indicate it, if a steamer, by displaying from her forward truck a red ball, at least five feet in diameter, between sunrise and sunset, and a red light above her masthead light from sunset until sunrise; and if a vessel under sail, the ball as provided for in the case of a steamer from sunrise to sunset, and two red lights, one above the other, the lower one to be at least twenty feet above the deck and to be visible at least ten points on each side of her course, from sunset to sunrise. Sailing vessels will take in any sails that may obstruct the proper display of these signals. "A vessel having in tow another vessel, and either of them requiring the right of way, as stated in Rule First, shall hoist a red light above the two vertical bright lights she is now required by law to carry. "Rule Third.-All vessels, sailing or steam, approaching a vessel displaying a signal as provided in Rule Second, shall use every effort, with due regard for their own safety to keep out of the course of such vessel, and in case of a vessel under steam, or being towed, to clear the middle of the channel. "It will be observed that these rules contemplate giving the use of the channel to those vessels which really need it, to the exclusion of those who do not need it. This applies as well to steamers as to sail vessels. "The light draught vessels are not required to give up any part of the channel that is necessary for their safety, but only to make it possible for the heavy draught vessels to pass over the courses necessary to their safety. "Attention is invited to the quite common case of a large sailing vessel with a free wind drawing so much water that little deviation from her course, through a narrow channel, will place her in danger of meeting small vessels close-hauled bound in the opposite direction. Under the law the large vessels must keep clear of the smaller ones. To change her course to any material extent may cause disaster, to stand on it is to invite collision. It would cause little inconvenience to the small vessel to make a short tack and clear the course of the large one. This would seem to be common sense, but the law not only makes it the right, but the duty of the small vessel to stand on her course. The Courts have decided that it is the duty of a vessel other than the one required to change her course to stand on up to the moment when a collision becomes inevitable, when she may act so as to reduce its force. Should she act differently she makes herself liable. "The proposed rules would assure the safety of the large vessel, and would give liberty of action to the smaller vessel to enable her to do what she would naturally desire to do under such circum stances. "These propositions are respectfully submitted to the Board of Trade of Philadelphia, in the hope that they will be carefully examined, discussed, and amended, so that they may receive the. approval of all interested in the safe and speedy navigation of the inland waters of the United States, and when this is done, they may be pressed upon the attention of Congress until they are enacted into laws. The fact that something of this character is absolutely necessary in the interest of our rapidly-increasing commerce, it seems to me is evident to any one who will give a little thought to the subject, and for the reasons stated at the commencement of this communication. The time to act is now. "Very respectfully, G. B. WHITE, 666 'Commander U. S. Navy. "Philadelphia, January 19, 1880.'" APPARENT AND TRUE DIRECTION OF THE WIND WHEN SAILING. [In reference to the letter received from "A Shipmaster" on the above subject, we shall, in our next number, deal with it in a special article, illustrated with diagrams.-ED.] WEEK DAY. MONTH TIDE TABLES FOR MARCH, 1880. Ports of Reference for the Constants in the next Table. LEITH. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. H. M. H. M.H. M.H. M.H. M.H. M.H. M. H. M.H. M. H. M.H. M. H. M.H. M. H. M.H. M. 334 51 9 4 9 24 5 59 6 19 4 54 5 8 17 8 36 1 39 1 59 9 25 9 43 1 36 1 55 11 5 29 9 7 25 35 5 8 55 9 15 2 20 2 4210 210 22 2 15 2 36 5 50 6 1410 31 10 59 7 28 7 58 6 24 6 53 9 37 9 3 6 3 3110 42 11 5 2 59 3 25 3 48 511 32 8 319 9 50 10 36 8 42 9 30 11 34 945 82 810 0 94 20 4 49 188450 CO 677 877 T 344 6 22 7 10 1 39 2 31 6 48 7 38 7 21 8 9 0 6 0 55 6 40 7 25 3 58 4 38 11 57 — 7 54 8 32 3 18 3 58 8 9 3 9 28 9 53 10 16 5 33 5 5810 38 10 59 6 20 6 811 19 11 38 7 78 ༤༣ མྨ ེ་ཚ་ 8 55 8 52 9 29 1 40 2 20 120 5 12 5 39 0 42 1 18 10 8 10 24 6 49 7 112 34 2 55| 8 5 8 41 9 46 9 59 10 26 2 53 3 19 9 11 9 38 6 8 10 29 10 50 11 13 3 43 4 41 10 49 11 811 35 11 55 4 29 4 49 17 19 11 27 11 45 0 15 0 78 11 0 16 0 34 8 11 8 27 0 19 0 36 1 9 1 6888566 5677889 1223445 5 7 5 25 11 17 11 34 8 10 8 26 3 52 4 10 5 43 6 111 51 10 15 10 55 0 40 50 6 18 7 0 1 36 2 22 6 45 7 28 7 16 029 10 T88888 26 0 15 0 53 9 53 10 37 8 45 9 80 11 21 9 59 1 34 2 15 11 20 10 884 766881 2845 8 12 67 10 10 10 25 2 29 2 47 3 19 3 37 8 3 36 10 42 11 56 4 13 3 26 8 43 9 6 4 12 4 48 5 1600 అ 99 77 7 58 0 2 0 4 410 26 10 46 3 10 29 5 50 6 11 10 22 10 40 11 6 11 26 4 0 4 21 2 1 2 19 5 20 5 40 10 49 11 9 6 31 6 5110 58 11 1711 7789 11 7 18 7 87 0 32 56 7 57 8 18 1 17 2 4 31 11 47 1588788 10 34 7 4 7 11 7 7 54 2 7100 8800 4666 4687 233 TIDAL CONSTANTS FOR VARIOUS BRITISH, IRISH, AND EUROPEAN PORTS. By applying the Tidal Constant of the place, according to its sign (+ add, sub.), to the time of high water on the given day at the port of reference, you have the time of high water at the place sought. PLACE. Aberdeen Aberystwyth Alderney. Antwerp... Arcachon Ayr Banff Bantry harbour Barnstaple bridge Bayonne CONSTANT. H. M. Beachy head & Rye bay Beaumaris Belfast Berwick Blyth Bordeaux Boulogne Bridport. Bristol & King Road .. Holy Island harbour.. Honfleur Inverness PORT OF REFERENCE. -1 17 Leith -3 52 Liverpool -0 42 Leith +0 50 Brest -2 25 Kingstown -1 49 Leith -1 14 Queenstown -0 26 Weston-s.-Mare +0 8 Dover -0 51 Liverpool +2 42 Londonderry +0 18 Dover +0 22 Devonport +0 19 Weston-s.-Mare -1 56 Liverpool -0 23 Greenock +0 2 Weston-s.-Mare -1 37 Londonderry +4 41 Greenock +0 33 Devonport +0 3 Dover +7 19 Brest +0 3 Kingstown -0 12 Liverpool -0 29 Devonport -0 26 Queenstown +0 10 Greenock +2 51 Weston-s.-Mare +2 26 Brest -0 48 London -0 53 Hull +2 50 Brest +0 5 N. Shields -1 52 London +6 4 Brest +0 21 Dover -1 12 Liverpool 0 53 N. Shields +5 42 Brest -1 59 Leith Santander Scarborough Selsea bill Sheerness Shoreham Sligo bay. Southampton Spurn point St. Ives St. Malo St. Mary (Scilly) St. Nazaire. Stornoway Stromness (Orkneys) Sunderland Swansea bay. Tay bar Tees bar Tenby Thurso. Torbay. Tralee bay Ushant (Ouessant) Valentia harbour Waterford Westport.. Wexford Whitby Whitehaven Wick.. Wicklow Workington Yarmouth road Youghall... -0 58 Greenock +0 29 Dover -2 19 London +4 33 Dover -0 17 Brest +0 33 Dover -1 21 London +0 22 Dover +0 17 Queenstown -0 42 Dover -1 3 Hull -2 10 Weston-s.-Mare +2 18 Brest -1 16 Devonport -07 Brest +6 38 Greenock -5 17 Leith -0 1 N. Shields -0 58 Weston-s.-Mare -0 11 Leith +0 22 N. Shields -1 12 Weston-s.-Mare -5 49 Leith +0 17 Devonport -0 58 Queenstown -0 15 Brest -1 19 Queenstown +0 19 Queenstown -0 4 Queenstown +2 20 Queenstown -0 41 Kingstown |