brother without hurting him. Being taken prisoner and a sinew of his arm having been extracted by his foes he came nevertheless to shoot a stronger bow and sank a boat by shooting an arrow through its bows. The accounts of his end are contradictory. After sinking the boat he fired his house and committed suicide, or he fled to Riu Kiu (Loo Choo) and became its king, the first of the historic line.

TAM'ILS. A Dravidian people of southern Hindustan and northern Ceylon, who number more than 16,000,000. They are, perhaps, the most important of the civilized Dravidian peoples of India. The Klings of the seaports of Farther India and certain parts of Malaysia are Tamils, who have emigrated temporarily or permanently from their native land. To the Tamil group belong also, in all probability, some of the wilder tribes of the hills and the region of Tinnevelli and South Travancore.

The Tamil language is the most important of the Dravidian languages. (See DRAVIDIANS.) It is spoken in the northern half of Ceylon, and the territory between Cape Comorin and Pulicat, north of Madras, extending inland about halfway, across India. Tamil is divided into Old or Son Tamil, and Modern or Kodun Tamil. The differences between the two epochs of the language are very marked. Of all the Dravidian tongues Tamil is the most archaic. It has nine cases, two numbers, and in gender distinguishes between high caste' (men, gods, spirits, etc.) and 'low caste' (animals, inanimate things, and abstract ideas). The verb is formed by suffixing the personal pronouns to a predicative verb stem. The same base, therefore, when case-suffixes are added, serves as a noun, and when the pronouns are affixed as a verb. The original tenses are the present, the preterite, and the future, but periphrastic formations denote the continuative or durative, the perfect and pluperfect, and the future perfect. Moods are altogether lacking. In its vocabulary Tamil is exceedingly rich, especially in compounds and synonyms. The alphabet, which is closely akin to that of the Telugu (q.v.), is based on one of the old forms of the Sanskrit Devanagari script. (See DEVANAGARĪ.) Tamil literature is abundant and important. An outline is given under

the title DRAVIDIANS.

Consult: Mateer, Native Life in Travancore (London, 1883); Caldwell, Tinnevally and the Tinnevally Mission (Madras, 1869); id., Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian, or South Indian Family of Languages (2d ed., London, 1875); Rhenius, Grammar of the Tamil Language (4th ed., Madras, 1888); Pope, First Lessons in Tamil (5th ed., Oxford, 1891); Hultzsch, South Indian Inscriptions, Tamil and Sanskrit (Madras, 1890-95); Burnell, Elements of South Indian Palæography (2d ed., London, 1878); Graul, Bibliotheca Tamulica (Leipzig, 1854-65)..

TAMING OF THE SHREW, THE. A comedy by Shakespeare, written before 1596, produced in 1603. It is adapted from an earlier play entitled The Taming of a Shrew, of questionable authorship, produced in 1594. The story of Bianca is taken from Ariosto's I Suppositi through Gascoigne, Supposes, a play of 1566. The taming of Katherine by her husband is a form of an old and widespread story found in the Arabian Nights and in Straparola.

TAMISE, ta'mêz'. A town in the Province of East Flanders, Belgium, 11 miles southwest of Antwerp, on the Scheldt, and on the railway from Mechlin to Saint Nicholas (Map: Belgium, C 3). Its chief manufactures are cotton and woolen fabrics, laces, soap, and wooden shoes; boat-building and jute and flax spinning are carried on. Population, in 1900, 12,463.

TAMMANY HALL. The name applied (1) to a powerful political organization in New York City; (2) to the building which serves as the organization's headquarters; and (3) sometimes incorrectly to the society from which the organization leases the building. The name is adapted from that of an Indian chief, Tamanend, of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware tribe, who was famous for his virtues and his wisdom, but about whom little is definitely known. His name appears on deeds for tracts of land, dated June 23, 1683, and July 5, 1697; and according to tradition he died about 1740, and was buried_in New Britain Township, Bucks County, Pa. Before and during the Revolutionary War, societies with Tamanend as their patron saint were organized in imitation, and to a certain extent in ridicule, of such societies as Saint Andrew's Society, Saint David's Society, Saint George's Society, and the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick. The organizations were of a patriotic nature, and were affiliated in spirit with the Sons of Liberty. In Philadelphia the Sons of King (later Saint) Tammany met almost every year from 1772 to 1791, and later, in 1795, a short-lived branch of the New York society was established there.

On May 12, 1789, William Mooney, an upholsterer, who previously had been active as one of the Sons of Liberty, founded in New York, ostensibly as a patriotic and social organization, the secret Society of Saint Tammany or Columbian Order, which in 1805 was regularly incorporated as a fraternal aid association. The ritual and organization of an Iroquois lodge were followed more or less closely by the founders, the society being divided into thirteen tribes, each of which had its separate totem, the year being divided into four seasons, each month being called by some distinguishing characteristic, and the officers being known the grand sachem, sachems, the sagamore, or master of ceremonies, and the wiskinskie, or doorkeeper. In 1811 the society built its first hall, at the corner of Frankfort Street and Park Row, and in 1867 moved into the present Tammany Hall on Fourteenth Street. The political organization is nominally distinct from the society, but the two may in many respects be regarded as virtually identical, the leadership of both being largely in the same hands.

as

Though the society was ostensibly organized for patriotic, social, and benevolent purposes, it early took an active interest in politics and soon came to stand distinctively for Democracy and decentralization, identifying itself definitely (in 1798) with the Democratic-Republicans as opposed to the Federalists. Aaron Burr is supposed to have given the society (indirectly) its first training in the devious ways of practical politics, and in 1800 the society first took an active part in a political campaign, being instrumental in carrying New York for Jefferson. From that time to the present Tammany has

generally assumed to be the local representative of the National Democratic Party, and has exerted a powerful influence on the political history of the State, and a preponderating influence on the political history of the city. At times the organization has been bitterly assailed by rival factions of the Democratic Party, and on at least one occasion, in 1878, it bolted the party's regular State ticket, but for the most part it has controlled a vast majority of the Democratic voters of the city. After 1834, when the mayoralty first became elective, it devoted its attention primarily to securing control of the city government, and from 1834 to 1903 succeeded in electing fully two-thirds of the mayors. Gradually its organization became more and more perfected, and the inrush of immigrants after about 1840 added enormously to its strength, Tammany succeeding largely by its political skill and tact in securing the adhesion of an immense majority of the foreign-born citizens. In order to secure proper compactness and discipline within the organization, great power was necessarily thrown into the hands of a few individuals, and in the history of Tammany many of its officers are alleged to have succumbed to the temptations which such power has brought. From an early period charges of corruption, peculation, and blackmail were made against Tammany leaders by their political opponents, and the climax was reached in 1869-71, when Tweed and his associates were proved to have robbed the city of untold millions. (See TWEED, WILLIAM M.). Damaging disclosures concerning the methods of Tammany were also made during the investigations conducted respectively by the State Committee on Cities, headed by J. Sloat Fassett, in 1890, the special committee of the State Senate, headed by Clarence Lexow, in 1894, and the special committee of the State Assembly, headed by Robert Mazet, in 1899.

Tweed was the first to exercise over Tammany the powers of the modern 'boss.' After the exposure of his colossal frauds, Tammany was reorganized by John Kelly (q.v.), who caused some of the most prominent of Tweed's prosecutors-men like Tilden, Charles O'Conor, Horatio Seymour, and August Belmont-to be chosen as officers, while he, by perfecting the 'machinery' of the organization, gained almost entire control. At his death in 1886 he was succeeded by Richard Croker (q.v.), who, however, did not exercise the powers of a boss' until 1888, and who in 1901 retired. Lewis Nixon (q.v.) was then nominally the leader for several months. Tweed, Kelly, Croker, and Nixon had each been chairman of the finance committee; this committee was reorganized in 1903, after the policy of Tammany had been shaped for a time by a triumvirate,' and Charles F. Murphy was chosen leader, though nominally with greatly curtailed powers.

In organization, Tammany is highly centralized, the power resting ultimately in the hands of one man or of a relatively small number of men. There is a captain for each election district in the city, and a district leader for each Assembly district. The executive committee of the organization is generally made up of these various district leaders; while in addition each district elects a certain number of men to the so-called General Committee, in which ostensibly the power

rests, and in whose name the lease of the building known as Tammany Hall is held. The men elected by each district to the General Committee, whose membership is somewhat in excess of five thousand, form the General Committee for that district, and are presided over by the district leader. The General Committee has standing sub-committees on finance, printing, naturalization, correspondence, and organization.

The power of Tammany is traceable, however, to something more than mere machine organization. It makes a systematic appeal for the votes of the lower classes, and accomplishes its purpose by numerous acts of real charity; by gratifying the social instincts of the tenement dweller, the district leaders giving at their own expense frequent dances, chowder parties, picnics, and excursions; by bailing unfortunates out of jail; by systematically ingratiating itself with the vast numbers of immigrants; by securing work for the unemployed; by an extensive and generally astute use of patronage (when Tammany is in power); and apparently by the application of 'pressure' and by various acts of virtual intimidation. It also gains tens of thousands of votes by virtue of its position as the representative in New York of the Democratic Party; and, by the lax enforcement of sumptuary laws when in power, it wins the support of those voters who on principle or through motives of self-interest oppose such laws. Arrayed against it are a large majority of the cultured and well-to-do classes, the members of the Republican Party, and large numbers, representing various classes, who are convinced that Tammany government means a government of blackmail, of fostered vice, of police corruption, and, if not of outright dishonesty in all respects, at least of general wastefulness and inefficiency.

Consult: Myers, History of Tammany Hall. (New York, 1901); Blake, History of the Tammany Society or Columbian Order (ib., 1901), written from the Tammany standpoint; a chapter by Talcott Williams in Historic New York, vol. i. (ib., 1899); several chapters in defense of Tammany in Thompson, Politics in a Democracy (ib., 1894); a chapter in Bryce, The American Commonwealth (ib., 1895); an article by Davis, "The Most Perfect Political Organization in the World," in Munsey's Magazine, vol. xxiv. (ib., 1901); Jernegan, Tammany Societies in Rhode Island (Providence, 1895); and Cabeen, "The Society of the Sons of St. Tammany of Philadel phia," in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vols. xxv., xxvi., and xxvii. (Philadelphia, 1901, 1902, and 1903).

TAMMERFORS, täm'mer-fôrs. The principal manufacturing city of Finland, Russia, situated in the Government of Tavastehus, close to the falls of Tampereenkoski and 125 miles northwest of Helsingfors by rail (Map: Russia, B 2). It is a modern town with extensive cotton, paper, and iron mills and various other manufacturing establishments, whose motor power is supplied chiefly by the near-by rapids. Population, in 1898, 28,725.

TAM/MUZ. A deity of Babylonian origin whose cult is referred to by the prophet Ezekiel (viii. 14), who describes his horror at seeing women sitting in the north gates of the temple and weeping for Tammuz. The worship of Tammuz (under the form Dumu-zi) may now be traced

back to the oldest period of the Babylonian religion. He appears to have been originally an agricultural deity, whose seat of worship may have been at Eridu on the Persian Gulf. In the developed Babylonian mythology, however, he became the symbol of the decay of vegetation after the close of the summer season, pictured as slain by the goddess Ishtar after she has secured him as her husband. The death of Tammuz gave rise in Babylonia to the mourning ceremonies described by Ezekiel, and from Babylonia as a centre the cult spread to the West. Among the Canaanites and Phoenicians, Tammuz was known as Adonai, 'the lord,' and this name survives under the form Adonis (q.v.). Among the Phoenicians the chief temple and worship of Adonis was at Byblus (or Gebal), and from Phoenicia the Adonis cult was carried to Cyprus and Greece, where he was connected with Aphrodite. His festivals were partly the expressions of joy, partly of mourning. In the latter the women gave themselves up to the most unmitigated grief over the lost Adonis,' shaved off their hair, and sacrificed their chastity in his temples. The days of mourning were completed by a solemn burial of an image of the god. This period was followed by a succession of festive and joyful days, in honor of the resurrection of Adonis. The river Adonis (Nahr Ibrahim), which once a year 'ran purple to the sea' from the Lebanon, was supposed to be tinged by the blood of the god; and a vessel sent off from Alexandria, and carried by the tide to Byblus, used to inform the mourners by letter that he had been found again. These feasts were celebrated during the summer solstice. The fourth month in the Babylonian calendar, known as Tammuz and adopted by the Hebrews, preserves the name of the god and furnishes a valuable testimony as to the time when his festival was celebrated, since the Babylonian year began in the spring. Adonis of Byblus was identified at a later period with Osiris, and the myth underwent various transformations in thus passing from one people to the other. Consult: Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites (London, 1894); Frazer, The Golden Bough (London, 1900).

TAM O' SHANTER. One of the best known poems of Robert Burns, based on the popular belief that no evil spirit can pass the middle of a running stream. The hero is pursued by 'Cutty Sark' for disturbing a dance of imps at Alloway Kirk, and succeeds in crossing the River Doon in safety.

A port of entry and the county TAM/PA. seat of Hillsboro County, Fla., 240 miles south by west of Jacksonville, at the mouth of the Hillsboro River, on Tampa Bay, and on the Atlantic Coast Line and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: Florida, F 4). There is also steamship connection by way of Port Tampa with the principal Atlantic and Gulf ports. Tampa is favored with an attractive situation and a healthful climate, and has become a famous winter resort. Noteworthy are the Tampa Bay Hotel, one of the largest tourist hotels in America; De Soto Park, the scene of the encampment of the United States Volunteers during the Spanish-American War: the old Govern ment reservation; and the Convent of Holy Names. Tampa is an important shipping point

through Port Tampa for phosphate, fruits, vegetables, turpentine, rosin, lumber, fish, cattle, and wheat flour. Tobacco is imported extensively. In the year ending June 30, 1901, the total trade of the customs district amounted to $2,834,871, including exports to the value of $1,321,419. The industrial interests of the city are confined chiefly to the manufacture of cigars, the output of which in 1902 was valued at nearly $10,000,000. Fishing also is largely carried on. Under the charter of 1899, the government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral coun- · cil. Tampa was settled in 1848 as an army post, and was incorporated in 1886. In the latter year it became a port of entry. During the decade 1890-1900 the city had a very rapid growth, the population, in 1890, being 5532; and in 1900, 15,839.

TAMPA BAY. An inlet of the Gulf of Mexico on the west coast of Florida (Map: Florida, F 4). It is about 40 miles long, and from 6 to 15 miles in width, the northern part being divided into Old Tampa and Hillsboro bays. Its entrance is protected by a line of keys, or low islands, and it forms an excellent harbor with a depth of 22 feet in the main en

trance. It contains a number of small islands.

TAMPAN. A tick (q.v.), of Southern Africa, remarkable for its very poisonous bite, found in Angola, and southward, and described by Livingstone in his Travels. It attacks by preference the parts between the fingers or toes, attains the size of a pea, and when filled with blood is darkblue, and so tough that it cannot be burst by squeezing with the fingers. The first effect of the bite is a mingled sensation of pain and itching, which ascends the limb until it reaches the abdomen, and causes either violent vomiting and purging, or fever. The tingling sensation lasts for a week.

soon

TAMPICO, tȧm-pe'ko. A Mexican seaport in the State of Tamaulipas, 206 miles northeast of the City of Mexico, on the Pánuco, near its mouth (Map: Mexico, K 6). The town lies only 25 to 50 feet above sea level, and is surrounded by lagoons, which make it very unhealthful. It has broad streets and squares, the largest of the latter, the Plaza Constitución, having a public garden in its centre. The most notable building is the parish church of the Jesuits. The harbor has been improved by the construction of a breakwater and jetty, so that the trade in wool, hemp, hides, honey, drugs, Cuba wood, and mining ores, in exchange for manufactured articles, now

and Mexican Gulf and the Mexican Central surpasses that of Vera Cruz. The Monterey branch of the San Luis Potosí railroads connect the town with the interior States of Northern

Mexico, of which it is the chief outlet. Its population in 1895 was 11,912. Tampico was an Aztec city. In 1683 it was destroyed by the Pirate Lorencillo and was not rebuilt till 1823. It received the name Santa Ana de Tamaulipas in 1834, and was the scene of a Mexican victory over the Spanish in 1827.

exports are tea, rice, sugar, camphor, coal, flax, hemp, jute, etc., chiefly to China, Hong Kong, British India, and the United States, and the imports are salt, flour, kerosene oil, cotton and woolen goods, lead, and other metals, tobacco, joss-sticks, etc. The population is estimated at over 6000.

TAM-TAM (Hind., drum, onomatopoetic in origin). An Indian or Chinese musical instrument. It consists of a metal disk concave in the middle and is suspended by a loop. The tone is produced by striking the disk with a stick having a soft knob made of felt or leather.

TAM/WORTH.

A municipal borough and market town, on the borders of Staffordshire and Warwickshire, England, at the confluence of the Tame and Anker, 13 miles northeast of Birmingham (Map: England E 4). Its chief buildings are the castle built on the site of a Saxon fort and the Church of Saint Editha, founded in the eighth century. It acquired in 1897 the historic castle which had descended through the female line of the Marmions to the Marquis of Townshend. Market gardening, brickmaking, brewing, dyeing, wool-stapling, and manufactures of tapes and small wares are carried on. From the beginning of the eighth century Tamworth was the chief Mercian royal residence. Burned by the Danes in 911, it was rebuilt by Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great. Population, in 1901, 7271. Consult Palmer, History of Tamworth (London, 1871-75).

TANA, tä'nå. A river in British East Africa (Map: Africa, H 5). It rises in numerous headstreams in the southwestern slope of Mount Kenia, and flows southeast after making a long detour to the north, emptying into the Indian Ocean in latitude 2° 47' S. Its length is over 500 miles. Its upper course down to Hameye is that of a mountain stream, full of falls and cataracts. Below that point it runs 360 miles through alluvial plains and is navigable for light-draught vessels in the rainy season. Its importance as a waterway into the interior of Africa is considerably diminished by the bar which obstructs its entrance.

TANAGER (from Neo-Lat. Tanagra, from Brazilian tangara, the native name of the bird). The popular name for the Tanagridæ, a family of birds having a conical beak, triangular at the base, the upper mandible notched toward the tip, and its ridge arched. The family is closely related to the finches and about 350 species are known, all American and nearly all tropical. Only five species occur as far north as the United States and only two of these reach Canada. They are all birds of moderate or small size, six to eight inches long or less, but of surpassingly gaudy plumage, though the brilliancy is frequently confined to the male sex. They are arboreal birds, feeding on fruit and insects, and have little power of song, but a few species are musicians of some merit. The best known of the three North American forms is the scarlet tanager (Piranga erythromelas), the most brilliant bird of the Northern United States. The male is bright scarlet with black wings and tail; the female light olive-green above and greenish yellow beneath. The immature males are like the females, but have the black wings and tail, and the adult male assumes this plumage in winter.

The

scarlet tanager breeds as far north as New Brunswick and as far west as Kansas, but winters in Central and South America. It builds its nest near the end of a horizontal limb; the nest is a rather loose, shallow structure of twigs, weeds, and rootlets. The eggs are pale bluish with numerous reddishbrown spots. The scarlet tanager is not a notable musician, but its song is pleasing. From New Jersey southward there is found from April to September the summer tanager (Piranga rubra), which is rose-red, brighter below, the wings fuscous margined with rose. The female is orange olive-green above, buffy yellowish green below. In habits, nesting, and song it resembles the scarlet tanager. From the eastern foothills of the Rockies to the Pacific there is found in summer a beautiful bird, the Louisiana or crimson-headed tanager (Piranga Ludoviciana). The male is bright yellow, with the whole head crimson or scarlet, and the back, wings, and tail black. The female is exactly like the female scarlet tanager, except for the white or yellowish markings on the wings. In nesting and other habits this exquisite bird resembles the others. Consult Ridgway, Birds of North and Middle America, part ii. (Washington, 1902). See Colored Plate with THRUSH.

It did

TAN'AGRA (Lat., from Gk. Távaypa, modern Grimadha). An ancient city in eastern Boeotia close to the Athenian border. not play any part in ancient history, but near it was fought an important battle between the Athenians and Spartans in B.C. 457. Through the treacherous desertion of the Thessalian cav

alry the Athenians were defeated, but later in the same year at Enophyta in the same district they won a great victory which made them masters of Boeotia. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods Tanagra was a flourishing agricultural community, said to produce the best wine in Boeotia. It is now deserted, though the line of ancient walls is marked by mounds of rubbish, and there are remains of the theatre and other ancient buildings. The chief fame of the town is due to its extensive necropolis, first opened in 1874, and since then the scene of countless open and clandestine excavations. tombs or graves have yielded the long series of graceful and charming terra-cotta statuettes, known as Tanagra figurines. In many cases these were broken before being cast into the grave, and their significance has caused much discussion, in which an occult symbolism has not been proved. The high value attached to these little figures has led to much modern forgery and it is often hard even for an expert to detect the imitations.

TA'NAIS. The ancient name of the Don.

The

TANANA, tå-nä'nå (South American name). One of the singing grasshoppers of the genus Locusta, common in Brazil, whose music is much admired by the natives, who keep it in little cages much as the Japanese keep crickets.

TANANARIVO, tå-nä’nå-re'vô. The capital of Madagascar. See ANTANANARIVO.

TAN'AQUIL. The wife of Tarquinius Priscus. TANAUAN, tå-nä'wån. A town of Leyte, Philippines, situated 10 miles from Tacloban (Map: Philippines, J 8). Population, 18,500.

TANAUAN. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Batangas (Map: Luzon, F 10). It is situated on the principal highway from Batangas to Manila, about 27 miles north of Batangas. The town was founded in 1584, on the shore of Lake Taal, but was destroyed in 1754 by an eruption of the volcano Taal (q.v.), and later rebuilt in its present position not far from the lake. Population, over 21,000.

TAN/CRED (c.1050-1112). Prince of Antioch, a hero of the First Crusade. The first authentic information respecting him is that he joined his cousin Bohemund in the First Crusade in 1096. They landed in Epirus, and took the oath of allegiance to the Greek Emperor, Alexius (q.v.). Tancred's exploits on the way to Syria; his quarrel with Baldwin for the possession of Tarsus; his valor before Antioch, where he took an oath that as long as he had forty knights he would never withdraw from the expedition to Jerusalem; and the praises of his biographer, Radulph of Caen, have given him a fictitious importance. After the conquest of Jerusalem he became Prince of Galilee. A quarrel with Baldwin, after Godfrey's death, caused him to give up his possessions in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. While Bohemund was in captivity he ruled over Antioch. When Bohemund died in 1111, Tancred became Prince of Antioch, where he died in 1112. Tancred has been made famous by Tasso in his Gerusalemme Liberata. For the actual facts during the most important period of his life, consult Kugler, Boemund und Tankred (Tübingen, 1862).

TANCRED AND GISMUNDA. A tragedy played before Queen Elizabeth in 1586, published by Robert Wilmot in 1591. Its title page explains that it was "compiled by the Gentlemen of the Inner Temple, and by them presented before her Majestie." The authors were probably five in number. It was founded on a story by Boccaccio, the substance of which makes the plot of Tale 39 in Painter's Palace of Pleasure (London, 1566-67). It was originally written in rhymed quatrains, which Wilmot, however, changed to blank verse on publication,

TANCRED OF HAUTEVILLE, ôt'vêl'. A Norman noble, father of several sons who established by force of arms the Norman power in Southern Italy and Sicily. The most celebrated of the brothers were Robert Guiscard and Roger

I. (qq.v.).

TANDOLANO, tän'dô-läʼno. A wild Malay tribe in Palawan Island. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

TAN'DY, JAMES NAPPER (1740-1803). An Irish agitator, born in Dublin. During the American Revolution he took an active part in the effort to prevent the use of English goods in Ireland; was an enthusiast in the 'volunteer movement;' on May 27, 1782, commanded the corps of artillery that guarded the approaches to the Irish Parliament when that body met to receive the answer of the Ministry to the demand for legislative independence; and was one of the foremost in the volunteer convention of November, 1783. Ten years afterwards when he was about to be tried for writing a seditious pamphlet called "Common Sense," he fled to the United States. In 1798 he went to Paris and was put in command of a vessel for an invasion of

Ireland. He remained on Irish soil, however, but eight hours, and then went to Bergen, and from there by land to Hamburg. At the latter place he was seized and was delivered to the English, and upon his arrival in Ireland was condemned to death. Bonaparte, however, brought such pressure to bear in his favor that the prisoner was released. He soon after went to France and was made a general of division. He was the hero of the famous ballad, "The Wearing of the Green." Consult: Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1878-90).

TANERA, tà-nāʼrå, KABL (1849-1904). A German military writer and novelist, born at Landshut, Bavaria. He entered the Bavarian army in 1866, took part in the campaign of 1870-71, and was severely wounded during the siege of Paris. Having frequented the Kriegsakademie in Berlin, in 1877-80, he was detailed to the department of military history in the great general staff, in 1882, but retired as captain in 1887 to devote himself exclusively to his literary work. To the collective work Der Krieg von 1870-71, dargestellt von Mitkämpfern (1888-91) he contributed vols. i., iii., v., and vii.; and next published Deutschlands Kriege von Fehrbellin bis Königgrätz (1891-94). His novels, military sketches, essays and reminiscences of his extensive travels in the East and North Africa include: Durch ein Jahrhundert, Drei Kriegsgeschichtliche Romane (1892); Schwere Kämpfe (1897); Aus zwei Lagern, Kriegsroman (1899); Die Eurasierin (1900); Ernste und heitere Erinnerungen eines Ordonnanzoffiziers (1887, 8th ed., 1902); Ofteres und Ernstes aus Altbayern (1895); Aus fiziersleben in Krieg und Frieden (1889); Hei

drei Weltteilen, Reiseskizzen (1898); Deutschlands Kämpfe in Ostasien (1901); and Eine Weltreise (1902).

TANEY, ta'ni, ROGER BROOKE (1777-1864). An eminent American jurist, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was born in Calvert County, Md.; graduated at Dickinson College, Pa.; studied law at Annapolis; and in 1799

was admitted to the bar. In 1823 he removed to and Luther Martin as head of the Maryland bar. Baltimore, where he succeeded William Pinkney In 1827 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, and, having become a Democrat and a supporter of Andrew Jackson, was appointed Attorney-General of the United States in 1831. In this capacity he became one of Jackson's most trusted counselors, encouraged him to remove the United States Bank deposits, and upon the refusal of William J. Duane, then Secretary of the Treasury, to obey Jackson's orders to this effect, was appointed in Duane's stead, though his appointment was never confirmed by the Senate. Taney promptly removed the deposits and thus further won the confidence of his chief. In 1836 he succeeded John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. In this capacity he sustained in the main the high reputation of his distinguished predecessor for legal learning and acumen, though as a result of the passions engendered by the approaching civil strife some of his opinions were severely criticised. He wrote the opinion of the court in many important cases, the most notable being that of Dred Scott. (See DRED SCOTT CASE.) During the Civil War Chief Justice Taney gave opinion