subsequent to the religious revolution of the sixteenth cen*tury, religion became less directly social in its action; and if the action and interference of what is now called the State in every department of social life is continually extending, this may not inaptly be said to be due to the fact that it has largely taken up the direct social work and direction from which the Church found herself perhaps compelled to recede, in order to concentrate her efforts more intensely on the promotion of more purely and strictly religious influences. It is impossible to study the available sources of information about the period immediately preceding the change without recognising that, so far from the Church being a merely effete or corrupt agency in the commonwealth, it was an active power for popular good in a very wide sense. At any rate, whatever view we may take of the results of the Reformation, to understand rightly the conditions of religious thought and life on the eve of the religious revolution is a condition of being able really to read aright our own time and to gauge the extent to which present tendencies find their root or their justification in the past.
Abbots, display in elections of, 114 Abraham, religious play, 281 Adrian VI., Pope, 139 Aggeus, Augustine, 272 Aldine press, at Venice, 141 Aldus, printer, 142, 147 Alexander VI„ Pope, 91 Alms, 116
Alton, foundation for obits at, 355-
Amberbach, printer, 146 Amyas Chantry, 354 Andronicus, 22 Angels, devotion to, 270 Anti-clerical spirit, 101, 105 Antoninus, St., Archbishop of Flor- ence, 85
*' Apology " of Sir Thomas More, 64, 65, 102, 108, 127 Archaeology, pagan and Christian, 182
Architecture, pre-Reformation activity in, 8-9, 288 el seq. ; decline of the art, 289
Aretino, 21
Art, great activity of, prior to Re- formation, 9-10 Arundel, Archbishop, 208 Ashley, Mr. W. J., cited, 333, 339 Augmentation, Court of, 338
Badsworth, chantry foundation at,
Baigent, Mr. F. T., 327, note Baker, mediaeval fresco painter, 10 Baptism, 199
Barbaras, Hermolaus, 27, 29, note Barnes, Friar, 79, 104,105, 120, 197- 198
Basle, printing-press at, 146 Baynard's Castle, meeting at, 62 Beccles, foundation at, 359 Becket, Thomas, 388 Bede-roll, 295, 299 Benedict XII., 92
Benedictine Order, average of gra- duates at Oxford, 39
Benefices, 50, 94, 96, note, 311
Benefit of clergy, 50
Bequests, mediaeval, 343 et seq.
Bere, Abbot, of Glastonbury, 36, and note
Berthelet, publisher, 65, note, 66, 87, note, 90, note, 95, note, 98, 121, note, 262
Bible, the Bishops', 218
Bible, Erasmus' translation, 148 et seq.
Bible, English, hostility to, 208; evidence of Catholic acceptance, 209, 213-214, 218; supposed early Catholic version, 209, 213, 218; persecutions for possession ex- amined, 212, and note, 213 ; trans- lations authorised, 213-214, 218- 219 ; not prohibited, 218, 243-244; absence of popular demand for, 220-221; Tyndale's version and Luther's share in it, 222 et seq.; useless without interpretation, 243
Bishops, and ordination, 131; and spiritual jurisdiction, 135; obstacles to Reformation, 390
Blackfriars, meetings at, 61
Bombasius, Paul, 31, and note
Bond, William, 74, 268
Boniface VIII., Pope, 88
Books, heretical, prohibited, 189-191; More on heretical, 193, et seq.
Books, earliest printed, largely re- *ligious, 277 Bourbon, Duke of, 203 Boyer, Sebastian, Court physician, 141
Brentano, Mr., cited, 319-320 Brethren of St. John's, 329; and Hospital, 330 Brettun, William, 272, and note Brewer, Mr., cited, 129-130,187, 220,
246
Brotherhoods, Parish, 305 Brunfels, Otto, 171 Brygott, Richard, prior of Westacre, 4«
Bucer, 189 Burials, 49
Burnet, historian, cited, 4 Bury St. Edmunds, chantries at, 360 Butley, Priory of, 40
Calendar of papers, domestic and foreign, of reign of Henry VIII., 3
Cambray, Bishop of, 140
Cambridge, portions of Prior Selling's library at, 30; monastic students at, 40; petition of scholars to the king, 43
Camptggio, Cardinal, 158, 159, 160
Canterbury, Archbishop of, on clerical immunity, 62
Canterbury, entertainment of Em- peror Manutl at Christchurch, 20; Selling and Hadley, monks of Chiistchurch, 22 et seq.; Canter- bury College at Oxford, 25, and note; St. Augustine's and the lite- rary movement, 37
Caraffa, Cardinal, afterwards Paul IV., 93, 95. 38S
Carmelites, origin, 104; responsi- bility for Lutheranism, 173
Caxton, 243, note
Chalcocondylas, Demetrius, 22, 26
Chantries, 109, 352, 353
Chapels of ease, 363
Chaplains, evil effects of their posi- tion, 122-123
Charnock, Prior, 36
Chaucer cited, 365
Children, and idols, 257; religious instruction of, 274, 275-276
Christchurch, see Canterbury
Christianity and the classical revival, 179-182
Chrysoloras, Manuel, Greek scholar, 21, and note
Chrysostom, St., cited, 108
Church, position of, prior to Refor- mation, 1, 130, 187; need of re- form in, 5 sei-! attitude to learning, 14, 19, 32-36, 38; hosti- lity to " New Learning" explained, \6,etseq., 18; limits of jurisdiction, 47; and disputations entailed, ibid.; State right to regulate tem- poralities of, 48 et seq.; king as supreme head, 59, 99; rights, 59; what constitutes, 63; riches coveted, 67 ; Pope as head, J^etseq. ; Papal Commission appointed to save, 93; evils in, and how caused, 94; abuses pointed out by Commission, 95, note, 96, note, 97, note; limila- taiions of king's Headship, 99-100; controversy on riches of, 109; Erasmus' attitude to, 148 el seq. , 176 - 178; Erasmus regarded as an enemy to, 154-156; Lutheran tenets concerning, 171: need of Reform obscured by Reformation, 175; attack on, 191; attitude to vernacular Bibles, 208 et seq., 216- 219; but hostility to denied, 213- 214, 217-218, 221 ; religious teach ing prior to Reformation, 245 et seq.; charges against on points of worship, 258, 266-267» bequests to, 343 et !suggested disposal of wealth of, 390; abuses in, 365 Church of Christ, sermon on, 80
Church-building, activity of, 287; contributions of people towards be- quests for, 287, and note, 344; decoration, 288, 292
Church House, 300
Churchyards, trees and grass in, 55
Cicero, and the classical revival, 179- 182
Ciceroniana of Erasmus, 179 Clark,Dr. John, English Ambassador, 84
Classical revival, Erasmus on, 179;absurdities of, 179-180 ! Claymond, John, Greek scholar, 37, I note, 38, note
Clement, John, 34, note Clement, Pope, 97, note Clergy, alleged encouragement of ignorance, 2, 245; mortuary dues, 49, 123-127; "benefit," 50 ; rights and duties, 56, 59-64; ordinations, 57, 131-135 ; exemptions, 57; im- munity, 60 et seq. ; not the Church, 63; position as individuals, 64; attack on their temporalities, 91; laity's grievance against, 101 et seq.; and its causes, 106, 122; defended by More, 106-107 i alleged mercenary spirit, 109; and idle laxity of living, 113; prayers, 116; alms, 116-118; fasting and mortifi- cation, 118; charges of corruption, 120; lack of definite work, 121, note; in households of laity, 122; tithe exactions, 125; faults, 126- 128; alleged immorality, 128-129; charge of simony, 129; Mr. Brewer cited on, 129-130; igno- rance of, 133; hostility to verna- cular scriptures examined, 208 et seq., 214, 217; and reasons for not encouraging, 213, 215; extent and character of their religious teaching, 247 et seq. ; books used by for teaching, 271 et seq.; chantry clergy, 352, 357-360, 364 , pilgrim- ages and relics maintained by, 365; and motives for, 371, 374 "Clericus," 67
Cloth, clerical, State's right to legis- late on, 55
Cochlseus, John, 223, 224, note
Colet, Dean, 6, 18, 27, and note, 31, note, 132, 141, 145, 148 Commerce, progress not due to Re- formation, 7
Commissioners, royal, 334, 338 Compostella, pilgrimages to, 366 Concordat, between Leo X. and Francis I., 69
Concubines, alleged licences for, 128 Confession, 199, 248, 253 Congregation, denoting church, 153, note, 231-234
Conscience, examinations of, 252
Constantine, donation to Pope, 85 Constantine, scholar, 22 Constantine, George, 196
Constantinople, effect of fall of, 22 Constitution, Provincial, 209-211,
214, 247 Contarini, Cardinal, 95, 97, note Convocation, grant of Headship of Church to the king, 99 ; enactment regarding ordination, 131-132;powers of legislation transferred to the Crown, 135; draws up list of heretical books, 190 Corpus Christi, feast of, 328; proces- sion of guilds, 329; at Corunna, 366-367 Council of Trent, 5, 97, note, 386 Courts, ecclesiastical, subject to Pope, 72 Coverdale, Myles, 91, 228 Cranmer, and the English Bible, 208,
218; on hearing mass, 286 Creeping to the Cross, 266 Criticism in the Church, 137, 151 Croke, Richard, 33, note, 90, note Cross, honour to on Good Friday,
266 Crowley, quoted, 336 Crucifix, reverence of image of, 254-
255, 264, 269; not an idol, 258 Crumwell, Thomas, 100, 135 Curates and mortuaries, 123-125 ; and
tithes, 125 Cuthbert (Tunstall), Bishop, 194
Dalton, John, of Hull, will of, 344
Dead, prayers for, 341, 352
De Athegua, George, Bishop, 157,
and note De Burgo, John, 272 Dee, Dr., supplication to Queen
Mary, 44 Defence of Peace, 91, 92, note Degree, advantage of, to religious, 41 De Melton, William, Chancellor of
York, 131 De Ribbe, M. Charles, on wills, 342,
note Determinations of the Universities,
90, note Deventer, school, 138-139 De Worde, Wynkyn, 74, 131, 243,
note, 251, and note, 262, 275 Digon, John, Canterbury monk, 38,
and note
- Dislike of clergy, alleged, 101;reasons for, 112, 122 Dispensations, 94
Dives et Pauper, 250, 262, 311, 312 Division between spirituality and
temporality, Saint-German's work
on, 102 et seq., 108, 112, 123 Divorce question, the, and its share
in the Reformation, 184, and note Doctors of Divinity, Erasmus's satire
on, 177 Dollinger, Dr., cited, 20 Dominicans, the, and Erasmus, 165;
responsibility for Lutheranism, 173 Dorpius, Marten, 149-150 Dues of clergy, 49 Dunstan's, St., Canterbury, 304;
parish accounts, 305 Dialogue of Saint-German, epetseq.,
102, 123; of More, 231, 237,255
Ecclesiastical authority, alleged discontent of laity under, I, 101, 184, et seq., 366; limits of, 47
Ecclesiastical discipline, inquiry into, 385 .
Ecclesiastics, attitude to revival of learning, 33-35, 38; resistance to encroachment, 47, 49; Erasmus' satire on, 177 et seq.; attitude to English Bible, 208 et seq.; alleged encouragement of ignorance, 2,245
Edgworth, Roger, preacher, 15, 42, 188, 215, 239, 240, note, 257, 316
Education, fostered by monasteries, 41
Encomium Moria, of Erasmus, 142, 177, et seq.; 378
Erasmus, attitude to Reformation, 6, 19; made responsible for "New Learning," 14, note ; but attitude to defined, 18, 19; his chief support in England, 35 ; position and views, 137; considered a Reformer, 138, 157, 159-160; birth and education, •38-139; joins order of St. Augus- tine, 139; ordained, ibid.; unfitness for religious life, ibid.; hostility to religious orders, 139, 159, 165, 177; denounces enticing of youths into cloister, 140; leaves the religious life, 140-141; takes pupils, 141 ; at Oxford, ibid.
Erasmus— In London, 141 ; visits Italy, ibid.; his Adagia, ibid.; visits Venice, ibid. ; returns to London, 142; his Encomium Aforia, 142, 177 et seq., 378; at Cambridge, 142-143 ; testimony to Archbishop Warham's kindness, 143; praise of English ecclesiastics, 144, note; amounts received from English friends, 145; again leaves England, 146; settles at Basle, ibid.; superintends Fro- ben's press, 146; death, 147; atti- tude to Church, 148 et seq., 176- 177; translation of New Testa- ment, 148, et seq.; attacks on, 153 et seq.; regarded as an enemy to the Church, 154-156: opposition to his revival of Greek, 156-157; defends himself to the Pope, 158, 160-161; disclaims connection with Luther, 159-161, 164, 172-175; opposition to national churches, 161, note; attitude to Luther, 163, '72, 173-175! attacks Luther, 164; replies to von Hutten's at- tacks, 165 et seq.; attitude to the Pope, 167-168, and note, 170, 171- 172, 174; attacks Lutheran mo- tives, 169-170; letter to Bishop Marlianus on attitude to Luther, 174; general attitude to religious movement of his age, 177 et seq.; and to the classical revival, 179; on pilgrimages and relics, 365, 367, 378; on devotion to saints, 379 et seq.
Eton College Chapel, wall paintings of, 10
Evensong, said before noon, 118 Exemptions of clergy, 57, 68
Fairs, 333 et seq.; at Winchester, 333
Faith, The Olde, of Great Brilaynt and the New Learning of England, 16, and note
Fasting, 118
Ferguson, Mr., quoted on architec- tural art, 289
Fineux, Chief-Justice, tries John Savage, 52 et seq.; opinion on SDiritual courts, 62; 306
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