the Parthians, and obtained that honour, after having been led in a triumph himfelf.

I have faid that Ventidius contributed very much to make the Romans amends for the affront they had rel ceived at the battle of Carræ. He had began to revenge the defeat of Craffus and his army, by two fucceffive victories gained over thofe terrible enemies. A third fill greater than the former, completed the work, and was obtained in this manner.

That general, apprehending the Parthians, whofe preparations were much advanced, would prevent him, and pafs the Euphrates before he had time to draw all his troopstogether out of their different quarters, had recourfe to this ftratagem. There was a petty eaftern prince in his camp, under the name of an ally, whom he knew to be entirely in the interests of the Parthians, and that he held fecret intelligence with them, and gave them advice of all the defigns of the Romans, which he could difcover. He refolved to make this man's treachery the means to draw the Parthians into a fnare he had laid for them.

With that view he had contracted a more than ordinary intimacy with this traitor. He converfed frequently with him upon the operations of the campaign. Affecting at length to open himself to him with great confidence, he obferved, that he was much afraid, from advices he had received, that the Parthians did not defign to pass the Euphrates at Zeugma, as ufual, but a great way lower. For, faid he, if they pafs at Zeugina, the country on this fide is fo mountainous, that the cavalry, in which the whole force of their army confifts, can do us no great hurt. But if they pafs below, there are nothing but plains, where they will have all manner of advantages against us, and it will be impoffible for us to make head against them. As foon as he had imparted this fecret to him, the fpy did not fail, as Ventidius had rightly forefeen, to communicate it to the Parthians, with whom

it

P A. M. 3965. Ant. J. C. 39. Jofeph. Antiq. 1. xiv. c. 24. Plut. in Anton. p. 931. Appian. in Parth., p. 156. Dion. Caff. 1. xlix. 403, 404. Juftin. 1. xlii. c. 4.

it had all the effect he could defire. Pacorus inftead of going to Zeugma, immediately took the other route, lost abundance of time in the great compafs he was obliged to take, and in the preparations neceffary for paffing the river there. Ventidius got forty days by this means, which he employed in making Silon of Judæa join him, with the legions quartered on the other fide of mount Taurus, and found himself in a condition to give the Parthians a good reception when they entered Syria.

As they faw that they had not been attacked either in palling the river, or afterwards, they attributed that inactivity to terror and cowardice, and marched directly to charge the enemy in their camp, though fituated very advantageously upon an eminence, not doubting but they thould foon make themselves masters of it, and that with out much refiftance. They were mistaken. The Romans quitted their camp, fell on them with impetuofity, and pufhed them with the utmoft vigour upon the declivity; and as they had the advantage of the ground, and their light-armed troops poured fhowers of darts upon the Parthians, they foon put them into diforder, notwithstanding the vigorous refiftance they made at firft. The flaughter was very great. Pacorus was killed in the battle, and his death was followed immediately with the flight of his whole army. The vanquished made hafte to regain the bridge, in order to return into their own country; but the Romans prevented them, and cut the greatest part of them in pieces. Some few efcaping by flight, retired to Antiochus king of Comagena. Hiftory obferves, that this celebrated battle, which fo well revenged, the defeat of Craffus, was fought exactly on the fame day with the battle of Carræ fourteen years before,

*Orodes was fo ftruck with the lofs of this battle, and

the

*Orodes, repente filii morte & exercitus clade audita, ex dolore in furorem vertitur. Multis diebus non aloqui quenquam, non cibum fumere, non vocem mittere, ita ut etiam mutus videretur. Poft multos deinde dies, ubi dolor vocem laxaverat, nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat. Pacorus illi videri, Pacorus audiri videbatur: cum illo loqui cum illo confiftére, Intérdum quafi amissum flebiliter, dolebat. JUSTIN.

the death of his fon, that he was almoft out of his fenfes. For several days he neither opened his mouth, nor took any nourishment. When the excefs of his grief was a little abated, and would permit him to fpeak, nothing. was heard from him but the name of Pacorus. Heimagined that he faw him, and called to him; he seemed to difcourfe with him, and as if he were living to fpeak to him, and hear him fpeak. At other times he remembered that he was dead; and fhed a torrent of tears.

Never was grief more juft. This was the most fatal blow for the Parthian monarchy it had ever received; nor was the lofs of the prince less than that of the army itself. For he was the most excellent perfon the houfe of the Arfacides had ever produced, for juftice, clemency, valour, and all the qualities which conftitute the truly great prince. He had made himfelf fo much beloved in Syria, during the little time he refided there, that never did the people exprefs more affection for any of their native fovereigns, than for the perfon of this foreign prince.

When Orodes had a little recovered the dejection, into which the death of his dear fon Pacorus had thrown him, he found himself extremely embarraffed about the choice of his fucceffor out of his other children. He had thirty by different women, each of whom folicited him in favour of her own, and made ufe of all the afcendancy fhe had over a fpirit impaired by age and affliction. At laft he determined however to follow the order of birth and nominated PHRAATES, the eldeft and moft. vicious of them all. He had fcarce taken poffeffion of the throne, when he caufed all his brothers, whom his father had by the daughter of Antiochus Eufebes, king of Syria, to be mur. dered, and that only because their mother was of a better family than his, and they had more merit than himself. The father, who was ftill alive, not being able to avoid profeffing extreme difpleasure upon that occafion, that unnatural fon ordered him also to be put to death. He treated the reft of his brothers in the fame manner, and did not spare his own fon, from the apprehenfion that the

P 5

9 A. M; 3967; Ant, J. C. 37,

people

people would fet him upon the throne in his ftead. It was this prince, so cruel in regard to all his own fanrily, that treated Hyrcanus, king of the Jews, with peculiar favour and clemency.

ARTICLE MI.

Abridgement of the history of the kings of Cappadocia, from the foundation of that kingdom to the time when it became a province of the Roman empire.

I Have spoken in feveral parts of this hiftory of the kings of Cappadocia, according as I had occafion, but without mentioning, either their beginning or fucceffion. I fhall here unite in one point of view all that relates to that kingdom.

r

Cappadocia is a great country of Afia Minor.. Tho Perfians, under whom it was at firft, had divided it into two parts, and eflablifhed two fatrapies or governments in it. The Macedonians, into whofe poffeffion it fell, fuffered thofe two governments to be changed into kingdoms. The one extended towards mount Taurus and was properly called Cappadocia, or Cappadocia Major, the other towards Pontus and was called Cappadocia Pontica, or Cappadocia Minor; they were at length united into one kingdom.

Strabo fays, that Ariarathes was the firft king of Cap. padocia, but does not mention at what time he began to reign. It is probable, that it was about the time Philip, father of Alexander the Great, began to reign in Macedo nia, and Ochus in Perfia; admitting that the kingdom of Cappadocia continued three hundred threefcore and fixteen years, before it was reduced into a province of the Roman empire under Tiberius.

It was governed at firft by a long fucceffion of kings named Ariarathes, then by kings called Ariobarzanes, who did not exceed the third generation; and at length

Strabo. I. xii. p. 533, $34. • Á, M. 3644. Ant. J. C. 360.

by

by the laft, Archelaus. According to Diodorus Siculus, there were many kings of Cappadocia before Ariarathes; but as their history is almost entirely unknown, I shall make no mention of it in this place.

ARIARATHES I. He reigned jointly with his brother Holofernes, for whom he had a particular affection.

f

"Having joined the Perfians in the expedition againft Egypt, he acquired great glory, and returned home laden with honours by king Ochus.

x

* ARIARATHES II. fon of the former, had lived at peace in his dominions, during the wais of Alexander the Great, who out of impatience to come to blows with Darius, was unwilling to be delayed for the conqueft of Cappadocia, and had contented himfelf with fome inftances of fubmiffion.

After that prince's death, Cappadocia, in the partition made of the provinces of his empire by his generals, fell to Eumenes. Perdiccas, to put him into poffeffion of it, conducted him thither at the head of a powerful army.. Ariarathes on his fide prepared for a vigorous defence. He had thirty thousand foot and a numerous cavalry. They came to a battle.. Ariarathes was defeated and taken prifoner. Perdiccas caufed him, with his principal officers, to be crucified, and put Eumenes into poffeffion of his dominions.

ARTARATHES III. after the death of his father, efcaped into Armenia.

As foon as he was apprifed of the death of y Perdiccas and Eumenes and the employment the other wars gave Antiochus and Seleucus, he entered Cappadocia with. troops lent him by Ardoates king of Armenia. He defeated Amyntas, general of the Macedonians, drove him out of the country, and re-afcended the throne of his ancestors..

ARIAMNES

A. M. 3644. Ant. J. C. 360. A. M. 3653, Ant. J. C. 351. * M. A. 3668. Ant. J. C. 336. Plut. id Eumen. p. 548. Diod. I. xviii. p. 599. Y.A. M. 3689. Ant. ]. C. 315,