duce of the country can be sufficient to support the vast expensive military and civil establishment kept up in this poor and petty state; and, if not, it is very clear that the government is consuming the capital, in place of the revenue of the nation, and, if so, is rapidly advancing to ruin. The loans advanced for its support have been nearly expended; the money has all disappeared in the hands of soldiers, ministers, and officials, in the purchasing of stores, military accoutrements and necessaries, and which, having been all imported from abroad, have not aroused the native industry of the country.

If the money that has been squandered away in keeping up a useless and expensive army, in paying the salaries of useless officials and government retainers, had been invested in the purchase of agricultural implements, corn and grain, in the building of cottages, and in the hiring of laborers, in the planting of olive trees and vineyards, and in the settlement of industrious families in some of the richest of the plains, Greece would already have presented a rapidly improving instead of a stationary aspect.

When I have seen 500 or 1,000 Bavarian soldiers marching about in hot dusty weather in the neighborhood of Athens, to the sound of the fife and the drum, elevating their arms and legs in the air at the word of command, and moving with conceited strut in long files, I have thought how much more usefully and profitably would they be employed, if, selling their muskets and military accoutrements for wheat and barley, and turning their swords into ploughshares, they were to march to the uncultivated tracts in the distant plain, and were to employ their time and la- ' bor in tilling the ground, sowing the seed, and draining the marshes; and when I have seen the different marble hunters, the inscription readers, the learned antiquarian writers, and the workmen with their excavating tools, and iron hammers, although their labors are very interesting to the learned, and may eventually elucidate many remarkable facts connected with Grecian mythology and Grecian architecture, yet I have often wished that their labors were postponed for a few years to come, and that in the meantime the talents, the enthusiasm, the energy and the industry they display amid the broken marbles and moss-covered stones of the Acropolis, were diverted to the consideration of the description of grain, roots and vegetables most adapted to the different soils of Greece; in devising the best means of conVOL. I.-6

structing canals and rivulets to water and refresh the ground, in forming plantations, gardens and orchards, and in seeking to improve the land by the most judicious mode of cultivation.

There are, I am told, not far short of 6,000 or 8,000 Bavarian troops in Greece, paid by the Greek government. Now let us conceive what would be the result of the labor of 1,000 soldiers employed in cultivating the land, furnished with seed, and raw materials to work upon, bought by one year's expense of 2,000 troops saved with all their equipments. At the end of the first year, the expense of the 1,000 soldiers metamorphosed into cultivators of the soil, would be gained out of the produce of their industry, and the remaining unconsumed fruit of their labor would be more than sufficient to support the expenses of an economical government, after reserving the requisite quantity of seed and raw produce necessary for reproduction in subsequent years.

But here we see these 3,000 troops with arms and accoutrements, bought in Bavaria with money, that ought to have stimulated Grecian rather than Bavarian industry, marching and countermarching across the plains of Greece, consuming corn and grain that is not grown in the country, but is necessarily imported from abroad, through the mischievous measures of the government; and, at the end of the year, what is the result of the labor and exertions, the training and manoeuvring of these 3,000 able-bodied men?— Nothing. Where is the money that has been expended?In Candia, in Sicily and in Egypt. Public tranquillity has been preserved, it may be said, by these troops; we shall see, by and by, how it might have been preserved more effectually without them.

Some of the soldiers, it is true, I have seen making a road from Athens to Piræus, and a road, too, which I was told would cost the government some little money. This is beginning at the wrong end; what is the use of roads when you have no produce to bring to market?

What should we think of a party of colonists going to the coast of New Holland, exhausting their labor and consuming their little capital in cutting roads through an uncultivated country? What is the first impulse that the dictates of common sense force upon the mind of an individual finding himself with capital in his hand, in a country possessing large tracts of waste land, which require industry alone to

make them productive? Why to convert that capital into seed and implements of husbandry, and to employ his industry upon the land, and thus to create to himself property out of it.

Conceive an individual with five hundred pounds in his pocket, situated in the midst of a fine uncultivated country with a productive soil, which only required the employment of industry to yield an annual valuable return-conceive him hiring numerous servants and retainers, and, instead of employing them in the cultivation of the land, teaching them to play at leap-frog, to fence, and study old inscriptions, and importing the corn and grain necessary for their support from some neighboring island; expending one hundred out of his five hundred pounds yearly, without getting any other return for it than the delight he experienced in seeing himself surrounded by so many individuals ready to do his bidding. Would not a sensible man ask, what will this spendthrift do when five years have run out, and what will become of his establishment? Why does he not set all these idle fellows to work upon the ground, and convert some of his cash into corn, and thus get an annual income out of the soil, which, in a few years, would produce him a revenue sufficient to enable him to keep up an expensive establishment without entrenching on his capital?

What is true of a solitary individual, is true of a government placed in the position of the Greek government. They came to an impoverished country destitute of capital, possessing a few idle inhabitants and large tracts of uncultivated land, whose productive power required seed and industry alone to render them available for the support of a large population.

England, France and Russia, guaranteed the payment of the principal and interest of a loan of two millions and a half, to be raised for the service of the young King Otho, quite sufficient if it had been properly expended to have raised the country to a highly flourishing state in the space of a few years.

The young king was an inexperienced minor; the great powers exercised no control over the expenditure of this money, and it was handed over to a set of hungry Bavarians who invented a cumbrous machine of civil government, and found out a vast variety of new posts necessary to be created, with salaries attached to them, which they crowded to fill with greedy expectation.

The king, who was going to reign over a poor, halfstarved people, scanty in numbers, required only a small establishment of civil officers and an economical government. His expenses first began with 3,600 troops, sent to Greece, by the king of Bavaria, whose costs and equipments were to be paid by the Greek government; and these were followed, I am told, very shortly, by as many more. Otho thus came to the country as a foreign prince, supported by foreign arms, a circumstance not likley to be very popular with the Greeks.

The Greek irregular troops were disbanded and thrown loose upon society, instead of being employed in the cultivation of the land, a measure not very likely to contribute to the preservation of public tranquillity; numerous civil offices were created, and the machinery of civil government put upon the same footing as if the king had to reign over a highly populous and wealthy community, where law suits were every day arising concerning the transfer of property and the talents of judges were required for the settlement of intricate points connected with proprietary rights.

Otho being a minor, the government began its career with an expensive regency. Three councillors were appointed by the king of Bavaria:

M. Maurer, Professor of Jurisprudence, who was expected to frame a code of laws which were to equal the labors of Solon, and to organise a complex machinery of civil jurisprudence for a wasted and depopulated country:

General Heideck, a Swiss, whose great military talents were to be employed in organising an expensive army, to create discontent and consume the produce and capital of the land. And

Count Armansperg, a Bavarian minister, who was made president of the council.

To these were added M. Abel, formerly a Bavarian commissary of police, but who, having married into an influential family, succeeded in obtaining an appointment as a supplementary member of the council, and was only to be called on to act in case of the sickness or absence of one of the other three members.

In 1833, the young king Otho landed in Greece: he was expected with the greatest enthusiasm, and he was welcomed by the Greeks as the restorer of the country; all was hope and confidence, and it was thought that by wise measures he would soon restore prosperity to the land.

The Greek revolutionary chiefs, although unaccustomed to subordination, received him with respect and obedience, and all classes appeared to unite together for the support of his throne and government.

The first excitement and joy on his arrival, however, had scarcely subsided, when all sorts of political intrigues broke out among the Bavarian officials; the wives of the members of the regency quarrelled; Professor Maurer and General Heideck, influenced by the intriguing spirit of the commissary Abel, formed a party against the president and being the majority of the council of regency, they succeeded in depriving Count Armansperg of his pay and the emoluments attending his official situation. Their overbearing insolence was extended to the person of the young king, who had been placed, by his father, under the control of the regency; they forbade him to visit Count Armansperg's family, lest the poor youth, who had so few female faces to gladden him with their smiles, should fall in love with one of the Count's daughters, a circumstance pretended to be greatly feared by their high and mighty excellencies. Faction and party spirit at last ran so high that the government came to a stand still, and an appeal was obliged to be made to the king of Bavaria, who recalled Maurer and Abel, and sent a Bavarian gentleman, called Knobel, to act in their places.

The government proceeded to disband the native bands of Palicharis, and quartered Bavarian soldiers in the principal towns and villages, whose presence excited great jealousy and a bad feeling among the population.

The Bavarian functionaries then set their brains to work in framing a cumbrous machinery of civil government, for the poor and scanty Grecian population.

The kingdom was divided into ten departments; at the head of each department was placed a governor, called an Eparch, with a board under him. These several departments were again subdivided into districts, and at the head of each district was placed a Nomarch, assisted by a council, whose proceedings were under the correction of the Eparch. There were hosts of public departments created, and a set of civil officers called Demogerentes.

The great majority of the offices were crowded by Bavarians; and the Greeks saw they had merely changed a Turkish for a Bavarian domination. They saw no happy result in the change-no brightening prospects-they saw their