with stench and foulness. South. Good men are never so surprised as in the midst of their jollities, nor so fatally overtaken and caught as when the table is made the snare. Id. Crown we the goblet then, and call on Bacchus, Bacchus the jolly god of laughing pleasures. Rowe's Ulysses. My heart was filled with melancholy to see several dropping in the midst of mirth and jollity. Addison's Spectator. A shepherd now along the plain he roves, And with his jolly pipe delights the groves. Prior. Red-speckled trouts, the salmon's silver jole, The jointed lobster, and unscaly soale. Gay's Trivia. A salmon's belly, Helluo, was thy fate : The doctor called, declares all help too late: Mercy! cries Helluo, mercy on my soul! Is there no hope? alas! then bring the jowl. Pope. JOLI, or JOLY (Claudius), was born at Paris in 1607. He applied first to the law, but afterwards entered into orders, and in 1631 obtained a canonry in the cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris. His diplomatic talents attracting the attention of the duke of Longueville, the French plenipotentiary for negociating a general peace, he took him with him to Munster, where he proved a good assistant. On his return, in 1671, he was made precentor and official of Paris. He wrote many works, particularly Maxims for the Education of a Prince; which, giving offence to the despotic court of France, was burnt by the hangman in 1665. He died in 1700, aged ninety-three. JOLI (Guy), king's counsellor to the Chatelet, and syndic of the revenues of the Hotel de Ville at Paris, attached himself for a long time to cardinal de Retz, in the capacity of secretary. Besides other tracts, he wrote Memoirs from 1648 to 1665, including those of Cardinal de Retz; a translation of which into English was published in 1755. Had man been a dwarf, he had scarce been a reasonable creature; for he must then have either had a jolthead, and so there would not have been body and blood enough to supply his brain with spirits; or he must have had a small head, and so there would not have been brain enough for his business. Grew. The symptoms are, bloody water upon a sudden jolt or violent motion. Arbuthnot on Diet. The first jolt had like to have shaken me out; but afterwards the motion was easy. Swift. ION, in fabulous history, a son of Xuthus and Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter of Selinus, king of Ægiale. He succeeded to the throne of his father-in-law; and built a city, which he called Helice after his wife. His subjects from him received the name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. IONIA. See ION, a tragic poet of Chios, who flourished about the eighty-second Olympiad. His tragedies were represented at Athens, where they met with universal applause. He is greatly commended by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. IONA, JONA, or ICOLMKILL, one of the Hebrides. See ICOLMKILL. The east side of Iona is mostly flat; the middle rises into small hills; and the west side is very rude and rocky; the whole forming a singular mixture of rocky and fertile ground. There is in the island only one town or village, consisting of about sixty houses. Near it is the Bay of Martyrs, so named from those slain by the Danes. Beyond the town are ruins of the nunnery of Austin canonesses, dedicated to St. Oran, and said to have been founded by St. Columba: the church was fifty-eight feet by twenty, and the east roof is entire. On the floor is the tomb of the last prioress, with her figure praying to the Virgin Mary, and this inscription on the ledge:-Hic jacet domina Anna Donaldi Terleti filia, quondam priorissa de Jona, quæ obiit an'o M.D.XI. ejus animam Altissimo commendamus. A broad paved way leads hence to the cathedral; and on this way is a large handsome cross called Macleane's, the only one that remains of 360, which were demolished at the Reformation. Reilig Ouran, or the burying place of Oran, is the large enclosure where the kings of Scotland, Ireland, and of the isles, and their descendants, were buried in three several chapels. The dean of the isles, who travelled over them in 1549, says, that in his time, on one of these chapels (or 'tombes of stain, formit like little chapels with ane braid gray marble or quhin stain on the gavil of ilk ane of the tombes'), containing the remains of forty-eight Scotch monarchs, from Fergus II. to Macbeth, was inscribed, Tumulus regum Scotiæ; the next was inscribed, Tumulus regum Hiberniæ, and contained four Irish monarchs; and the third, Tumulus regum Norwegiæ, contained eight Norwegian viceroys of the Hebrides, while they were subject to the crown of Norway. Boece says, that Fergus founded this abbey for the burial place of his successors. Here also stands the chapel of St. Oran, the first building begun by Columba, and Oran's red grave-stone is near the door. In this chapel are tombs of several chiefs, &c. A little north of this enclosure stands the cathedral, built in form of a cross, 115 feet long by twenty-three, the transept seventy feet: the pillars of the choir have their capitals charged with sculpture and other histories. This church is ascribed to Maldwin in the seventh century; but the present structure is far too magnificent for that age. Most of the walls are built of red granite from the Nun's Island in the Sound. Two parallel walls of a covered way about twelve feet high, and ten wide, reach from the south-east corner to the sea. In the church-yard is a fine cross of a single piece of red granite, fourteen feet high, twenty-two broad, and ten inches thick. The monastery is behind the chapel; of which only a piece of the cloister remains, and some sacred black stones in a corner, on which contracts and alliances were made, and oaths sworn. In former times, this island was the place where the archives of Scotland and many valuable old MSS. were kept. Most of these are supposed to have been destroyed at the Reformation; but many, it is said, were carried to the Scotch college at Douay in France. This once illustrious seat of learning and piety has now no school for education, no temple for worship, no instructor in religion, except when visited once a quarter by the parish minister of Kilfinichen. JONAH, Heb. nan, i. e. a dove, the son of Amittai, one of the twelve minor prophets, and author of the canonical book of the Old Testament bearing his name; in which are recorded, his mission to the Ninevites, his foolish attempt to fly from the presence of the Almighty, his punishment, and miraculous deliverance from the belly of the fish, with his prophecy, discontent, and final reproof afterwards. Some of the rabbies suppose Jonah to have been the son of the widow of Sarepta, restored to life by Elijah; others the son of the Shunammite, restored by Elisha; but the chronology renders at least the first of these opinions improbable, as he prophesied under Joash king of Israel, about A. A. C. 771; and perhaps lived to see his prophecy of relief to the Israelites (2 kings xiv. 25) fulfilled by Jeroboam II. Alstedius says he prophesied about A. M. 3124; about the time of Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, who perished with his capital Nineveh, about forty years, or forty prophetic days, after Jonah had foretold its destruction, and which the prophet himself supposed to mean forty natural days. JONAS ARNAGRIMUS, a learned Icelander, who acquired great reputation by his skill in the sciences, and particularly in astronomy. He was Coadjutor to Gundebran de Thorlac, bishop of Hola in Iceland. He refused that bishopric after the death of Gundebran; and died in 1649. He wrote several, works, the principal of which are, Idea veræ Magistratus, and the History and Description of Iceland. JONATHAN MACCABEUS, Drother of Judas, a renowned general of the Jews. He forced Bacchides, the Syrian general, who made war with the Jews, to accept a peace; conquered Demetrius Soter, and afterwards Apollonius, that prince's general; but being ensnared by Tryphon, was put to death 144 B. C. See Jews. JONES (Inigo), a celebrated English architect, the son of a cloth-worker of London, born in 1572. He was at first put apprentice to a joiner; but early distinguished himself by his inclination to drawing and landscape painting. This recommended him to the favor of William, earl of Pembroke, who sent him abroad with a handsome allowance to perfect himself in that art. He was, however, no sooner at Rome, than he found himself in his proper sphere; he felt that nature had not formed him to decorate cabinets, but to design palaces. He laid aside the pencil, and devoted himself entirely to the study of architecture. He soon acquired fame, and, from his reputation at Venice, Christian IV. invited him to Denmark, and appointed him his architect. James I. met him at Copenhagen, and his queen took him, as her architect, to Scotland. He served prince Henry in the same capacity, and the place of surveyor-general of the works was granted to him in reversion. On the death of that prince Jones travelled once more into Italy, in order to perfect his taste. The surveyor's place became vacant, and he returned to England, but with great disinterestedness gave up the profits of his office, which he found extremely in debt; and prevailed upon the comptroller and paymaster to imitate his example, till the whole arrears were cleared off. In 1620 he was appointed one of the commissioners for repairing St. Paul's; but this was not commenced till 1633, when Laud, then bishop of London, laid the first stone, and Inigo the fourth. The Banqueting House, according to Nicholas Stone, was begun in 1619, and finished in two years-a small part of the pile designed for the palace of our kings; but so complete in itself, that it stands a model of the most pure and beautiful taste. Several plates of the intended palace at Whitehall have been given; but Mr. Walpole thinks from no finished design. In 1623 he was employed at Somerset House, where a chapel was fitted up for the infanta, the intended bride of the prince. On the accession of Charles I. Jones was continued in his post. His fee as surveyor was 8s. 4d. a day, with an allowance of £46 a year for house-rent, besides a clerk and incidental expenses. During the prosperous state of the king's affairs the pleasures of the court were carried on with much taste and magnificence. Lord Burlington had a folio of the designs for these solemnities, by Inigo's own hand, consisting of habits, masks, scenes, &c. The works of Inigo Jones are not scarce; Surgeon's Hall is one of his best works. One of the most beautiful of his works is the queen's house at Greenwich. Inigo early shared the misfortunes of his royal master. He was not only a favorite but a Roman Catholic: in 1646 he paid £544 for his delinquency and sequestration. Grief, misfortunes, and age, put an end to Jones's life at Somerset-house, July 21st, 1651. Several of his designs have been published. He left in MS. some curious notes on Palladio's architecture, which are inserted in an edition published in 1714. JONES (Richards), a Welsh author of the seventeenth century, who wrote in his native language a curious work, entitled Gemma Cambricum, containing all the books and chapters of the Bible. He was matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford, in 1621, and died in Ireland. JONES (William), F. R. S., an eminent mathematician, born in Anglesea in 1675. He taught mathematics in London, and was intimate with Newton. He wrote A Compendium of Navigation, 8vo. 1702; Synopsis Matheseos, 8vo. 1706; Analysis per Quantitatem Series, &c. He died rich in 1749. JONES (Rev. William), a modern divine of the church of England, was born at Lowick in Northamptonshire, July 30th, 1726, and educated at the Charter House. Hence he removed to University College, Oxford, where he contracted a friendship with Mr. Horne, afterwards bishop of Norwich. He became, on leaving the university, curate of Finedon, then of Wadenhoe, Northamp tonshire, where he wrote his Catholic doctrine of the Trinity. In 1762 he published An Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy, which much pleased lord Bute; and, in 1764, the archbishop of Canterbury gave him the vicarage of Bethersden, in Kent, to which was afterwards added the rectory of Pluckley. He next obtained the perpetual curacy of Nayland, in Suffolk; soon after which he exchanged Pluckley for Paston, in Northamptonshire. On the breaking out of the French revolution, Mr. Jones printed A Letter from Thomas Bull to his brother John, which had considerable effect. He was also concerned in establishing the British Critic; and published The Scholar armed against the Errors of the Times. On the death of his friend, bishop Horne, he paid an affectionate tribute to his memory in an account of his life. In 1798 archbishop Cornwallis presented him to the sinecure rectory of Hollingbourne, Kent, which he did not long enjoy; for the loss of his wife was followed by a paralytic stroke, of which he died February 6th, 1800. His works have been published in 12 vols. 8vo. JONES (Paul), a naval officer in the service of the United States of America, during the war of independence. He was born in 1736 at Selkirk, in Scotland, and in 1775 obtained a commission from the congress, on which he sailed in a squadron commanded by commodore Hopkins, destined against New York. Here he obtained the rank of captain, and was appointed to the command of a frigate of thirty-six guns. In 1777 he made a descent at Whitehaven, where he destroyed the shipping in the harbour; and afterwards, landing in Scotland, attacked the mansion of lord Selkirk, and carried off the plate and furniture. It is said, however, that he afterwards restored the property to his lordship, whose person was the object of this attack. After taking the Drake sloop of war, off Carrickfergus, he sailed for Brest, and, obtaining a reinforcement of three ships, scoured the English seas. Near Flamborough Head he fell in with the Baltic fleet, convoyed by the Serapis frigate and the Countess of Scarborough, when a severe action took place, in which he was victorious, and captured the Serapis. Arriving at L'Orient in February 1780, he was invited to Paris, and presented, by Louis XVI. with a valuable sword. He returned to America in 1781, when the congress voted him a medal of gold, and ap pointed him to the command of a seventy-four. He afterwards served under d'Estaing against Jamaica, and in 1792 offered his services to the French government, but they were declined. He died at Paris in July 1792. JONES (Griffith), a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1726, and was a coadjutor with Dr. Johnson for some years in the Literary Magazine; and with Smollett and Goldsmith in the British. He also translated and published anonymous works from the French, and was the author of several publications for the use of children, published by Mr. Newbury. He died in 1786. JONES (Sir William), the son of Wm. Jones, F. R. S., was born September 28th, 1746, and educated at Harrow, under the celebrated Dr. Sumner, who early observed his superior abilities. He was thence removed to University College, Oxford, where the rapidity of his literary acquisitions excited general admiration; while his generous disposition and irreproachable morals procured him universal esteem. In 1769 he made a tour through France, and resided some time at Nice, where he employed himself in investigating the influence of the various forms of government on mankind. His first publication was a translation into French of a Persian MS., entitled The history of Nadir Shah, known. by the name of Thamas Kouli Khan, Emperor of Persia. In 1771 he met with an additional disappointment by the death of his friend and preceptor, Dr. Sumner, upon whom he wrote an elegant Latin elegy. This year he published Dissertation sur la Literature Orientale, 8vo. A Grammar of the Persian Language, in 4to., and Lettre à M. A du P, dans laquelle est compris l'Examen de sa Traduction des Livres attribués à Zoroastre, 8vo.; containing a spirited vindication of the University of Oxford, from the scurrilous reproaches of the translator of Zoroaster's supposed works. In 1772 he published Poems, chiefly translated from the Asiatic languages; with Two Essays subjoined on the Eastern Poetry, and on the Imitative Arts. In 1773 he took the degree of M. A., and published an English translation of his first work, the History of Nadir Shah, with an introduction, containing A Description of Asia, according to the Oriental Geographers. A Short History of Persia, from the Earliest Times to the present; and an Appendix containing an Essay on Asiatic Poetry, and the History of the Persian Language, &c., 8vo. In 1774 he published Poeseos Asiatice Commentariorum, Libri Sex, cum Appendice, &c., 8vo. From 1773 he pursued the study of the law, and, being called to the bar about 1779, was appointed a ommissioner of bankrupts by lord Bathurst. In 1779 he published the Speeches of Isæus in causes concerning the Law of Succession to Property at Athens; with a preparatory discourse, notes, and a commentary; dedicated to lord Bathurst, 4to. The disgraceful riots this year in London led him to publish An Enquiry concerning the Legal Mode of Suppressing Riots, with a Constitutional Plan of Future Defence, 8vo. ; and in 1781 An Essay on the Law of Bailments; a masterly treatise. About this time Mr. Jones became a zealous member of the Constitutional Society, as he did not approve of the measures then carrying on by the ministry. In 1782 he published The Mahommedan Law of Succession to the Property of Intestates, in Arabic, with a Verbal Translation and Explanatory Notes, 4to. On the 4th March 1783 he was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Bengal, and was knighted on the 20th. On the 8th of April he married Miss Shipley, eldest daughter of the bishop of St. Asaph, and soon after embarked for India; but previously published the Moallakat, or Seven Arabian Poems, which were suspended on the temple at Mecca, with a translation and arguments, 4to. He left with his brother-in-law, the dean of St. Asaph, a small tract in MS., entitled The Principles of Government, in a Dialogue between a Scholar and a Peasant; which being afterwards published by the dean, and widely circulated by the society for constitutional information, the dean was prosecuted for a libel, and found guilty. Sir William, during his voyage, formed the plan of the Asiatic Society, afterwards established at Calcutta, of which he became the active president, and of whose transactions several volumes have since been published, replete with much useful information. His conduct as a judge was most exemplary, and, while his literary researches continued indefatigable, his integrity remained unimpeachable. After residing fifteen years in India, he was preparing to return to his native country, when he died April 27th 1794, in the forty-eighth year of his age. It is to the shame of scepticism,' says one of his biographers, 'to the encouragement of hope, and to the honor of genius, that this great man was a sincere believer in the doctrines of Christianity, and that he was found dead in his closet, in the attitude of addressing his prayer to God.' Sir John Shore, bart., now lord Teignmouth, delivered an elegant funeral oration at a meeting of the Asiatic Society on Sir William. 'His capapacity for the acquisition of languages,' said he, 'has never been excelled. In Greek and Roman literature his early proficiency was the subject of admiration. The French, the Spanish, and Italian, he spoke and wrote with fluency and precision, and the German and Portuguese were familiar to him. At an early period of life his application to oriental literature commenced. He studied the Hebrew with ease and success; and many of the most learned Asiatics avow, that his knowledge of Arabic and Persian was as accurate and extensive as their own. He was also conVersant in the Turkish idiom, and the Chinese had ever attracted his notice so far as to learn the radical characters of that language. It was to be expected after his arrival in India, that he would make himself master of the Sanscrit; and the most enlightened professors of the doctrines of Brahma confessing that his know ledge of that sacred dialect was most critically correct and profound, could not suppress their tears for his loss, nor find terms to express their admiration at the wonderful progress he had made in their sciences. But Sir William was too discerning to consider language in any other light than as the key of science. He was led to study the works of Menu, reputed by the Hindoos the oldest and holiest of legislators; and finding them to comprise a system of laws, so comprehensive and minutely exact, that it might be considered as the Institutes of Hindu Law, he presented a translation of them to the government of Bengal. During the same period he gave the public an English version of the Sirajiyah, or Mahommedan Law of Inheritance, with a commentary. The latter was published at his own expense, and sold for the benefit of insolvent debtors; as well as a former work on the same subject in London. The following is an Epitaph which he wrote for himself while in Asia : Here was deposited the mortal part of a man but sought not riches; none below him but the base and unjust, none above him but the wise and virtuous; who loved his parents, kindred, friends, and country, which was the chief source of the improvement of his mind, good will to all creatures, on the [Twenty-seventh] day of [April] in the year of our blessed Redeemer One thousand seven hundred [and ninety-four]. JONES (Owen), a respectable tradesman and antiquary of the metropolis. He carried on for many years the trade of a furrier in Thamesstreet, where he died in 1814, aged seventy-four. He was a native of Denbighshire, and enthusiastically attached to the antiquities of the principality. He published, at his own expense, The Archæology of Wales, 3 vols. 4to.; and the entire works of the celebrated Cambrian bard, Dafydd ab Gwilym. He also procured copies of the unpublished Welsh poetry anterior to the end of the seventeenth century, forming about 60 vols. 4to. Mr. Jones, in 1772, succeeded in forming the Gwyneddigion (or Cambrian) Society, for the purpose of patronising the Welsh bards, and promoting the study of the ancient British language, and music. JONES, in geography, a county of north Carolina, in Newbern, bounded on the north by Craven, east by Carteret, south by Onslow, and north-west by Lenoire counties: containing 3141 citizens, and 1681 slaves, in 1795. It is watered by the Trent, and the chief town is Trenton. IONESIA, a genus of plants first discovered at Calcutta, and belonging to the class heptandria, order monogynia. It was so named by the Asiatic Society, in honor of Sir W.Jones. Dr. Roxburgh, a member of the society, thus describes it: CAL. two-leaved: COR. one petalled, pistal bearing; base of the tube impervious; stamens long, ascending, inserted into the margin of a glandulous nectarial ring, which crowns the mouth of the tube, the uppermost two of which more distant; style declining: legume turgid: trunk erect, though not straight: bark dark brown, pretty smooth branches numerous, spreading in every direction, so as to form a most elegant shady head: leaves alternate, abruptly feathered, sessile, more than a foot long, when young, pendulous, and colored leaflets opposite, from four to six pairs, the lowermost broad lanced, the upper lanced; smooth, shining, firm, a little waved, from four to eight inches long petiole common, round, and smooth: stipule axillary, solitary, a process from the base of the petiole umbels terminal and axillary; between the stipule and branchlet, globular, crowded, subsessile, erect: bracts, a smallhearted one under each division of the umbel: peduncle and pedicles, smooth, colored: flowers very numerous, pretty large; when they first expand they are of a beautiful orange color, gradually changing to red, forming a variety of lovely shades; fragrant during night: SEEDS generally from four to eight, smooth, gray, size of a large chestnut.' The Ionesia flowers at the beginning of the hot season, and its seeds ripen during the rains. The plants and seeds were brought to Calcutta from the interior parts of the country, where it is indigenous. IONIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on the west by the Egean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into twelve small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy often mentioned by the ancients. These twelve states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomena, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple which they called Pan Ionium, i. e. all Ionia, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every part of Ionia. The IONIAN ISLANDS are situated in the Ionian Sea, near the coasts of South Albania and the Morea, and consist of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, or Thiaki, Cerigo, and Paxo, and a number of smaller islands. Corfu is the most northerly, and lies opposite to Albania; Paxo, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cephalonia, and Zante, follow each other in succession to the southward, lying along the coasts of Albania and the ancient Elis: Cerigo is detached, being 150 miles to the south-east of Zante and opposite to the coast of Laconia. The territorial extent of this small state is estimated at about 1500 square miles, and the population, by a return made in 1807, is 206,000. lands extend from 19° 30′ to 23° 10′ E. long. Prior to the French revolution these islands were subject to Venice, but were ceded to France by the treaty of Campo Formio (1797). 1799 they were taken by a Russian and Turkish fleet, and were erected into an independent republic by the name of the Seven Islands (Cerigo being included) and acknowledged as such by the different powers, at the general peace of Amiens. During the succeeding wars these islands were occupied by the different belli The is In gerents in succession; and France long snoceeded in keeping possession of Corfu with a strong garrison. In the arrangements at the congress of Vienna in 1815, it was agreed that the Ionian republic should be put under the protection, not of Turkey, which was too near a neighbour, nor of Russia, whose hostility to Turkey would have kept alive the flame of war, but of Great Britain, a power which might derive advantage from the naval stations and commercial resources of the islands, without indulging schemes of aggrandisement on the adjacent continent. A constitution for this small state was soon after drawn up and ratified by the British government in July, 1817. These islands will be each found described in their alphabetical places. We may here observe of them generally, that their coasts are rugged and difficult of access, and their harbours insecure, with the exception of those of Ithaca and Cephalonia. The climate is in general mild, but the transitions from heat to cold are sudden : hot and scorching winds are sometimes destructive to vegetation; and at certain seasons there are violent rains and thunder. They are all subject to slight earthquakes, which are sometimes confined to a single island. The soil in the plains and valleys is fertile in vines, corn, olives, currants, cotton, honey, wax, &c. But of corn the quantity is not adequate to the consumption. Vines and olives are the chief objects of agriculture. Cotton also is raised in large quantities; and advantage is taken of the smallest portions of soil; but the general ruggedness of the surface leaves little scope for agricultural improvement. Pasturage is in general scanty; goats and sheep are reared in considerable number; but horses and cattle are brought from the continent. The wild animals are foxes, hares, and rabbits. Fishing is prosecuted on the coasts. Salt is the only extensive manufacture: next to it is olive oil. Wine, brandy, and various kinds of liquors, are likewise made in quantity. The imports are salt fish (which sells largely for diet during the holydays of the Greek church); next sugar and drugs; also a limited quantity of woollen, liner, and hardware. Thousands of laborers anually cross from Zante to the Morea, to assist in getting in the harvest, and are paid for their service in corn, which they bring back, and keep as a family stock. The constitution alluded to vests the legislative power of this republic in a senate of twentynine representatives, named as follows — |