cessor for the situation to which he has been called. On this head they are satisfied that your place is amply supplied. Being thus satisfied, you will not be able to shake their well-grounded confidence in their President by such tales as you have yet told, or which your inventive faculty may hereafter compose. Edifying and amusing they undoubtedly will be to that faction who delight in the disgrace of their government and country-but they will excite in the breasts of honest and impartial men no other emotions but those of contempt and indignation.

PHOCION.

Letter from Mr. JEFFERSON, late President
- of the American States, to the EARL OF
BUCHAN, taken from the New York Public
Advertiser of the 24th July, 1811.

forom the dry land of our's, and said; "here at least be there peace." I hope that peace and amity with all nations will long be the charter of our land, and that its prosperity, under this charter, will re-act on the mind of Europe, and profit her by the example. My hope of preserving peace for our country is not founded on the Quaker principle, of nonresistance under every wrong: but in the belief that a just and friendly conduct on our part will procure justice and friendship from others, and that in the existing contest each of the combatants will find an interest in our friendship.-I cannot say we shall be unconcerned spectators of the and we wish the good of all. We shall combat. We feel for human sufferings

which these dispositions and the events of look on therefore with the sensations the war will produce.-I feel a pride in the justice which your lordship's sentiments render to the character of my illustrious countryman, Washington. The moderation of his desires, and the strength of his judgment enabled him to calculate correctly, that the road to that glory which never dies, is to use power for the support of the laws and liberties of our country, not for its destruction, and his will accordingly survive the wreck of every thing now living.

THO. JEFFERson.

To the Earl of Buchan.

ENGLAND AND AMERICA.-Order in Council, published in the Gazette of 7 Sept. 1811, relative to the American Commerce with the West Indies.

Washington, July 10, 1803. My Lord-I received through the hands of Mr. Lenox, on his return to the United States, the valuable volume you were so good as to send me on the life and writings of Fletcher of Salton. The political principles of that patriot were worthy of the purest periods of the British constitution. They are those which were in vigor at the epoch of the American emigration; our ancestors brought them here, and they needed little strengthening to make us what we are.— But in the weakened condition of English Whiggism, at this day, it requires more firmness to publish and advocate them than it did then to act upon them. This merit is peculiarly your lordship's, and no one honors it more than myself; freely admitting at the same time, the right of a nation to change its political principles and constitution at will; and the impropriety" of any but its own citizens censuring that change. I expect your lordship has been disappointed, as I acknowledge I have been, in the issue of the convulsions on the other side of the channel, (in France.) This has certainly lessened the interest which the philanthrophist warmly felt in those struggles. Without befriending human liberty, a gigantic force has risen up which seems to threaten the world-but it hangs on the thread of opinion, which may break from one day to another.-1 feel a real anxiety on the conflict in which your nation is again engaged, and bless the Almighty Being, who in gathering together the waters under the heavens into one place, divided the dry lands of your hemisphere

'It contains an order grounded on an Act of the 46th of his majesty, intituled An Act for authorising his majesty in council to allow, during the present war, and six weeks after the ratification of a definitive treaty of peace, the importation and exportation of certain goods and commodities in neutral ships, into and from his majesty's territories in the West Indies and Continent of South America." By virtue of this Act, Orders in Council have been made at different periods, permitting the importation into the territories abovementioned of certain articles, goods, and commodities specified, for the most part the products of the United States, or of the fisheries of the same; but by this new Order, it is directed, that after the 1st of December, no importation of the undermentioned articles shall take place into

豆

For every quintal of dried or
salted Cod, or Ling Fish,
cured or salted.
For every barrel of cured or
pickled Shads, Alewives, Mac-
karel, or Salmon, a propor-
tionate duty.

Wheat Flour per barrel, not
weighing more than one hun-
dred and ninety-six pounds,
net weight........

Current Money
of Jamaica.

THE following work is, in my opinion, well calculated to be useful to any proprietor of sheep, and particularly to any one who is desirous of raising a flock of Merinos. It is, besides, full of curious matter, and the reading of it produces the pleasing effect of bringing us, as it were, 0 6 8 into a country, which we have only heard of before. But, that which most strongly recommended it to me, and which induced me to re-publish it, was, that it completely settled the very important question, name4ly, whether the American States could dis

....... 0 3

On Bread or Biscuit of Wheat
Flour, or any other Grain, per
barrel, not weighing more
than one hundred pounds net
weight.....
On Bread for every hundred
pounds made from Wheat or
any other Grain whatever, im-
ported in bags or other pack-
ages than barrels, weighing
as aforesaid

On Flour or Meal made from
Rye, Peas, Beans, Indian
Corn, or other Grain than
Wheat, per barrel, not weigh-
ing more than one hundred

03

pense with European Wool and Woollens; a question of very great interest to the world in general, and to England in particular. Having never seen, in any part of America, an assemblage of sheep wor4thy of the name of flock; and, having, from habit, always looked upon Grass Fields, and Downs and Turnip Fields as being indispensably necessary to the rearing and keeping of sheep in any considerable number, I gave it as my opinion,

and ninety-six pounds......... 0 3 4 about three years ago (when writing about On Peas, Beans, Rye, Indian

Corn, Callivancies, or other

Grain, per bushel............... 0

one
every hundred

On Rice, for

pounds net weight

For every twelve hundred (com-
monly called one thousand)
of Red Oak Staves ......
For every twelve hundred (com
monly called one thousand)
of White Oak Staves, and for
every one thousand pieces of
Heading
Horses, Neat Cattle, or other
Livet Sock, for every one hun-
dred pounds of the value
thereof, at the port or place of
importation

AN

0 3

10

4

100

... 0 15 0

10 0 0

ESSAY ON SHEEP, Intended chiefly to promote the introduction and propagation of Merinos

the then dispute with America), that the
Americans never could do without wool
from other countries, seeing that, for the
want of winter herbage and turnip fields,
which they could not have for feed, in
winter, on account of the deep snows,
they had it not in their power to keep
sheep in number sufficient to supply them
with a tenth part of the wool requisite for
their various uses.
But, upon reading a
French work by C. P. LASTEYRIE, enti
tuled A History of the introduction of Spa-
"nish Sheep into the different States of Eu-

rope, &c. &c." I found that my notion of the absolute necessity of grass or turnip fields, in winter, was quite erroneous; and, that the very finest flock of sheep in all Europe, were kept. at house during five, and sometimes six, months in the year. I found, that in Saxony, in Silesia, in Denmark, in Sweden; I found, that in all these countries, it was the invariable practice to keep the sheep at house and yard, like oxen or other cattle, all the winter;

and, I also found, that, under this treat- | now, if it should become necessary, she ment, the Merino race of sheep as well as could do very well without importing any others had succeeded perfectly well. I wool or woollens from any part of the now find, too, that the very finest wool world. This is a great event. It is a known to the English manufacturer comes great change in the affairs of nations. from Saxony; into which country the The Americans, who, until now, have breed of Spanish sheep has been introduced been obliged to look to England chiefly only forty-six years at the longest; that is for coats, made of wool that came from to say, a little more than twice the length Spain; ten millions of people who got the of time that the present war has been principal articles of their wearing apparel going on. When I learnt, that flocks of in this round-about way, will now grow sheep could be kept for whole winters, those articles upon their own lands, and year after year, in houses and yards, fed will keep at home, for the feeding of upon straw, haulm, dried leaves, horse- cloth-makers, those articles of food, which chesnuts, hay, and potatoes; and, when I they used to raise in order to pay England perceived, that these flocks not only lived and Spain for manufacturing and for wool. but increased most wonderfully, and that The intelligent reader will be at no loss they sent to England even finer wool than to perceive how great must be the advanany that ever was, or that could now be, tage of this change to the American States; obtained from Spain; when I perceived a change which that country owes to the this, I could entertain no doubt of the folly and tyranny of other governments. practicability of multiplying sheep to any But, this change, favourable as I hope it extent in the American States, where ani- may prove, to the interests of mankind in mals of every kind are uncommonly pro- general, could not have been so rapidly lific, and where all the above-mentioned produced, had it not been for the actual means of wintering are found in super-invasion of Spain by the Emperor Napoabundance. Before, therefore, I saw Mr.leon, who, without intending it, perhaps, Livingston's Essay, I was fully convinced, has by this invasion, scattered the inestithat, if the Americans did not speedily mable flocks of Spain over the face of the become independant of all other countries earth. Not the Spanish monarchy only, for wool and woollens, it must be entirely but the Spanish nation, has he broken up, their own fault. It appears that they do dispersing its goods and chattels to all not mean to incur this blame; for, the who were in a condition to take them whole country seems to be animated with away. Its pictures and its plate and its the desire of rearing sheep chiefly for the jewels, all its valuable moveables are, long sake of the wool, as will clearly appear ago, divided amongst its invaders; its from the facts stated by Mr. Livingston. flocks have been driven out, shipped off, Indeed, the circumstance of this Essay or devoured; its houses, after having been having been published by Order of the Legis- pillaged, have, in no small proportion, been luture of New York, and at the public ex-levelled with the ground: and, the ground pence, professedly, (as will be seen from itself is all that seems to have any security the subjoined Resolutions. of the two of remaining. Yet, amidst all this ruin, Houses,) upon the ground of public utility; amidst this general wreck of society, it is this circumstance alone is quite conclusive much to be questioned, whether the great as to the fact, that the increase of sheep mass of the people in Spain are not as and of the manufacture of wool are be well, and even better off, than they forcome objects of great public interest in merly were; for, what interest had they America; objects in the accomplishment in the flocks which composed the riches of which they will have been powerfully of their country? What knew they of assisted by the measures adopted against those flocks but in as much as they were a their commerce by the Governments of scourge to themselves? The exclusive England and France, who, very likely, property of the privileged order, not only were wholly unconscious, that they were, was it impossible for the cultivator of the in this case, acting under the guidance of land to obtain any share in the benefit aristhe genius of freedom.-It is, I think ma-ing from these flocks, but he was compelled nifest, from the following pages, that, in three or four years, at the most, America will be able to supply herself with wool, and also with woollen cloth; and that, even

to assist, without payment, in their support, by throwing open his fields and his garden to be devoured by them in their periodical journeys from one part of the

might be employed in making her the articles she now gets from us? This is the true view of it. Men may load the subject as much as they please with fine sounding terms and epithets; but, at last, to this it comes, that we employ clothiers to make coats for the American farmers, and America employs farmers to raise food for our clothiers; and that this is going on, while we have land whence to raise more food than sufficient for all our people, and while America has ample means of raising wool and of making coats for all her people. If, indeed, it was impossible to make cloth in America and also impossible to raise food enough in England for our people, I should be ready to acknowledge the exchange to be advantageous, though carried on at a dis

country to the other!* With this fact before him, what man, who is not either a tyrant or willing slave, can regret that these flocks have been dispersed? And, I think, it must be peculiarly gratifying to the American farmer, to see raised in his own fields and fashioned under his own happy roof, that coat, by his former mode of obtaining which he used to enrich and abet the owner of those flocks whose ravages insured hunger as well as nakedness to the miserable peasant of Spain. I am aware, that there are many persons, who will learn with sorrow, that America is becoming, if not actually become, in dependent of England. Such is not the feeling, with which I have learnt the fact, being of opinion, that what has generally been called commercial greatness may be fairly numbered amongst the most griev-tance of three thousand miles, with all the ous of our country's calamities. And, indeed, it does appear to me to require a pretty complete perversion of intellect, to make men regard such a traffic as that which has existed between America and England, as conducive to the happiness of their people. Is there not, upon the face of it, something offensive to reason in the proposition, that the mutual happiness of two nations is promoted by the clothing of the one being made by the other in return for food supplied to the latter by the former; and that this interchange takes place across a sea of three thousand miles broad, while, at the same time, each nation has the means of making the whole of its own clothing and raising the whole of its own food within its own territory? What we receive from America, in payment of our cloth, is the produce of her lands. We sell our wool and the labour of our manufacturers for the produce of American lands. Now, why not employ this labour upon our own lands, and produce thereby (as we can as far as her commodities are useful to us) those articles we now receive from the American lands? And why should not she keep her food at home for the use of those persons who

* I have heard of but one species of oppression to exceed this; and that is the instance which the Rev. MR. BUCHANNAN gives us of the poor people in the Western Islands of Scotland being compelled to rear and feed the children of the rich; and also to give part of their goods to their landlord's bride at the time of her marriage!

expences and uncertainties of maritime
commerce. But, situated as the two
countries are, each possessing within it-
self ample means of being independent of
the other, it appears to me, that the ex-
change operates, and can operate, solely
to the advantage of monopolizing indivi-
duals and companies, who thrive not from
administering to the necessities of the two
countries, but from the supplying of wants
created solely by folly.-There is another
light, in which the change, now taking
place, is of great importance. It will, for
a while at least, diminish the power of
taxation. The American farmer now pays,
upon his coat, not only all the duty laid
on by his own government, but all the
duty laid on by foreign governments.
The arm of foreign governments can never
reach his coat, if raised and wove in his
own country; and, as to his own govern-
ment, it will be, at least some years before
it will have power to tax the produce of
the land or any domestic manufacture: so
that, as Mr. LIVINGSTON has shown, the
American farmer will obtain his coat at a
third part of the expence that it has hitherto
cost him; while he will have the satisfac-
tion to reflect, that he is no longer clad by
the labour of the ragged and the naked;
that he does not owe these, which are
amongst the greatest of his comforts, to
the ingenuity and the toils of misery; that,
"For him no wretches, born to work and weep,
"Pine at the loom, or tempt the dang'rous deep."

When we reflect on the vices and misery, on the degradation of the human character, generally attendant on a seafaring life, it is impossible not to feel plea