having seven small buttons and button holes above the waist, and four below.1 The waistcoat shows at the wrists, and discloses a small part of a white shirt, which is seen on the chest through the open coat and waistcoat. A cravat is round the grenadier's neck, but has no hanging ends, as in the case of the grenadiers of the Queen's; nor has the coat the great pockets in the skirts, which we find in the Queen's men's coats. The breeches would be blue, but are not seen. The stockings are white and draw over the knees and over the ends of the breeches; the stockings are gartered below the knee. The coverings for the feet are shoes with buckles. The mitre shaped cap, 1 feet 3 inches high, is of red cloth, and has no tuft or pompon at the top. The letters G. R. are on the frontlet, and above them a star. and above that a crown, all surrounded by thistles (?) hence an idea that this figure represents a grenadier of the 3rd or Scots Guards: it is a little doubtful, if the foliage really represents thistles ; it may represent oak leaves and acorns." The accoutrements are puzzling, no waist belt is shown, but it may be covered by the cuffs and left hand, and the sword suspended by slings from it. The grenado pouch hangs in front of the right skirt of the coat, from a belt over the left shoulder; no buckle is shown in it. The front of the pouch has the letters G.R. and foliage similar to that on the cap, and probably also has the crown, but the butt of the fusil prevents that from being ascertained. The The arms consist of fusil and sword. The sword has a basket hilt, and a black leather scabbard with brass chape of falchion shape.3 fusil has no sling, which was an essential part of a grenadier's equipment, part of the barrel is broken away: no bayonet or scabbard for one is to be seen. The absence of sling and bayonet is puzzling. The drawing of the lock of the fusil is indistinct, apparently it is on the left side of the piece, an impossible position. This must be an error. The position is that of "present arms at the general salute. The face is clean shaven, with strongly marked lines on each side of the nose, and, as in the other two instances, seems a portrait. The figure either wears a wig, or the hair is dressed and powdered to resemble one. From this, and the absence of sling and bayonet, we were inclined to consider the figure was one of an officer carrying a light fusil, but other details are more suitable to a private sentinel, and we have quite abandoned the idea that it represents an officer. This figure is feather edged from the back as the others, and is valuable on account of having the apparatus for placing it free from the wall, viz., a projecting ledge or frame behind, six inches deep. This and the feather-edge add much to the delusion, and life-like appearance of the figure. 1 This waistcoat was made out of the soldier's coat of the previous years, see Grose, 2nd edition, vol. i, p. 317. 2 See the figure of " a Grenadier of the First Regiment of First Guards 1735," by Bernard Lens. Archæological Journal vol. xxiii. 3 See Grose, 2nd edition, vol. i, plate opposite p. 153, titled Infantry," for an engraving of a similar sword, but with a different hilt. 4 Officers occasionally carried fusils instead of spontoons. See in Sir S. Scott's book a picture of "An officer of the Norfolk Militia marching past"; he carries a fusil, and the practice is mentioned in the text. THE KEYS OF S. PETER AT LIEGE AND MAESTRICHT.' By E. W. BECK. To rightly understand what these keys are we must go back to the earliest ages of Christendom, to the Martyrdom, in fact, of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, which it is needless to remind you took place in Rome on June 29th, A.D., 67. The bodies of these Apostles rest in the two Basilicas dedicated in their honour on the Vatican Hill and the Ostian Way respectively; their heads being placed together in the Cathedral of Rome, the Basilica of S. John Lateran omnium ecclesiarum urbis et orbis mater et caput. So great was the veneration of the Roman Christians for these sacred remains that for centuries the Popes themselves did not venture to disturb them.2 Something had to be done, however, to satisfy, the craving of Catholics in other parts of the world, who from time to time asked the Popes to give them some relic of the two great Apostles. For example, early in the sixth century Justinian, nephew to the Emperor Justin I, and himself afterwards Emperor, made such a request to S. Hormisdas; as in due course did the Empress Constantina to S. Gregory the Great. The custom arose of sending brandea, that is linen cloths which had rested on the bodies of the Saints; and perhaps some here present may remember a very beautiful mosaic altarpiece in the Vatican Basilica referring to this subject. Another custom was to send relics of the chains of the Apostles, and this is the one which directly concerns us. 5 The chain which the Prince of the Apostles wore in 1 Read at the Monthly Meeting of the Institute, July 3, 1890. 2 Cf. Epp. S. Greg. M. iv., 30 (Migne's edition.) 3 Epp. Et Decreta Hormisda Papæ in Migne's Patrol. Lat., vol. 63, col. 475 Epp. S. Greg. iv., 30. 5 lbid. the Mamertine Prison was treasured among the most sacred relics of Christian Rome. Of the veneration paid to it we have evidence in the Acts of S. Alexander, who was martyred in the second century; acts which though probably not by a contemporary are yet of early date. To this chain was in time added one of those which the Apostle wore in Jerusalem when he lay bound by order of Herod the King. When this chain was brought to Rome is unknown, but it was certainly not later than the beginning of the sixth century; for, in the reign of Justinian, Arator, subdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, wrote a poem on the Acts of the Apostles, in which he mentioned that one of the Jerusalem chains was in Rome: His solidata fides, his est tibi, Roma, catenis Libera semper eris; quid enim non vincula præstent, Moenia non ullo penitus quatientur ab hoste It is commonly believed "that Eudocia, wife of Theodo · sius the younger, in 439 brought from Jerusalem the two chains. and having given one to a church in Constantinople sent the other to Rome to her daughter Eudoxia, who was married to Valentinian III." But the evidence of this is not of a very satisfactory nature. Since the fifth century they have been kept in the church of S. Peter's Chains; more commonly called the Eudoxian Basilica after the Empress Eudoxia who built it. The chest which contains them has three locks. One of the keys is kept by the Pope; the second by the Cardinal Titular of the Church; and the third by the Abbot General of the Austin Canons of the Lateran congregation, to whom the Basilica belongs. They are exposed to public veneration on July 3rd and during the octave of the feast of S. Peter's Chains; which feast is kept in the West on August 1st, though in the East from early times January 16th has been assigned to it. 1 Arator, de Actibus App. lib. i., vv. 1070 ss. (Migne's edition). Among the poems of Blessed Alcuin, O.S.B. (Migne's edition) is one almost identical with the above; in fact the only differences are that the second line runs as follows, Simplicio nunc ipse dedit sacra jure tenere, and in the fifth we have manus for manu (Aluini opp., vol. ii., col. 770). 2 Butler, Lives of the Saints, Aug. 1st. The chains of S. Paul do not so much concern us, though, as relics of them were sometimes placed with those of the chains of S. Peter, it may be well to mention that they are preserved in the sacristy of the Basilica of S. Paul-without-the-walls on the Ostian Way. They are exposed on January 25th and June 30th; but permission to see them may at all times be easily obtained from the Abbot of the Benedictine convent adjoining the Basilica. The earliest written evidence we have of a gift of a relic of S. Peter's chains relates to that made by S. Hormisdas to Justinian, at the same time that he refused him a part of the body. The practice of sending such a relic in a key must have been in vogue before the end of the sixth century; for S. Gregory the Great (the thirteenth centenary of whose ordination occurs on September 3rd of this year) mentions that one was sent back to Rome, to Pelagius II., by a pagan Lombard king named Autharith who had been struck with fear on account of the sudden and, as he believed, miraculous death of another Lombard chieftain who had wished to profane it.' S. Gregory himself sent a small cross containing relics of the chains of one or both apostles to Eulogius Patriarch of Alexandria ;2 and to the Patrician Dynamius.3 The same Pope also sent a number of keys to various dignitaries; but to pass over for the present these and other instances in which the relic was enclosed in a key, we find that early in the eighth century Pope Constantine sent a relic of the chains to Evaldus, Archbishop of Vienne, though there is no evidence to show what form the reliquary took. And then to come to more modern times a few instances can be given on the authority of Monsacrati, an Austin Canon, whose classical work de catenis Sancti Petri was dedicated to the erudite Benedict XIV. Leo X. it seems gave a link of one of the chains to the Cardinal Albert of Magdeburg, Archbishop-Elector of Maintz; Paul III. gave another to Cardinal Gambara; in the last century Cardinal Albano, presumably the Titular of the Church, gave one to Frederic, Prince Royal of Poland; and Benedict |