For a time the wife of Pestalozzi acted as the minister of peace between the hostile parties, and during her last illness the old teachers refrained from remonstrances out of sympathy for the deep affliction of their venerable friend. This noble woman died on the 11th of December, 1815, aged nearly 80 years. She had been the faithful partner of Pestalozzi for nearly half a century. At the funeral after the hymn had been sung, Pestalozzi, turning toward the coffin, said: "We were shunned by all when sickness and poverty bowed us down, and we ate dry bread with tears. What was it, that in those days of severe trial gave you and me strength to persevere and not lose hope?" Then he took a Bible which lay near at hand, pressed it to the breast of the corpse and said: "From this source you and I drew courage and strength and peace."

Soon after the death of Madame Pestalozzi, many of his old assistants resigned in consequence of the arbritrary proceedings which Pestalozzi, broken in spirit and health, had not resolution to prevent. This proved eventually the ruin of the school. In the midst of these troubles, his heart went longingly back to his former efforts to establish his school upon a system of family government. Ramsauer thus refers to that period at Burgdorf: "So much love and simplicity reigned in that Institution! Life was so simple! so patriarchal! Pestalozzi's morning and evening prayers had such a fervor, that they carried away every one who took part in them. He read and explained the hymns impressively, exhorted each of the pupils to private prayer, and heard them repeat every evening those they learned at home; while at the same time, he taught them that mere reciting prayers by rote was worthless, and that every one should pray from his own heart."

"Such exhortations," continues Ramsauer, "became more and more rare at Yverdon. So long as the institution was small Pestalozzi could, by his amiable character, adjust any slight discordance. He stood in close relation with each individual member of the circle, and could thus observe every peculiarity of disposition and influence it according to the necessity. This ceased when the family life was transformed into that of an organized school. Now the individual was lost in the crowd, and consequently there arose a desire on the part of each to make himself felt and noticed. Every day egotism Envy and jealousy

made its appearance in more prominent forms. rankled in the hearts of many. Pestalozzi, however, remained the same noble-hearted man, living only for the welfare of others."

After a painful struggle for existence, the institution at Yverdon, deserted by its best teachers and by most of its pupils, had to be given up. Pestalozzi's feelings were of a most painful character on leaving a place where he had spent nearly a quarter of a century, and about which clustered so many glorious as well as humiliating associations. In a letter to a friend he writes: "It seemed to me the closing of the Institution was the closing of my life." At the inauguration of a school for destitute children, founded with the money raised by subscription to his works, he thus addressed those who were present: Accept my words as those of your father who is approaching the grave, who has deeply felt the misery of the poor, especially that portion which can be relieved by the blessings of education. Alas! it is only near the end of my life that I am enabled to give a mite for this purpose, and to leave its execution to you. Let my care for the sanctity of education devolve on you. Let every harsh and unkind feeling be banished from your hearts, through the power of faith and love. Let no one say Christ does not love him who has done wrong. He loves him with divine love. He died for him. He did not find the sinner faithful, but He made him so by His own faith. He did not find him humble, but He made him so by His own humility. Friends, if we love one another as Christ loved us, we shall conquer all difficulties and found our house on the eternal rock on which, through Jesus Christ, God has placed the welfare of the human race."

Pestalozzi returned to his beloved Neuhoff, which belonged to his grandson, and there with his family quietly celebrated his eightysecond birthday. Soon after this he was prostrated by a fever, and breathed his last on the morning of February 27th, in the year 1827.

THE JOURNAL OF A GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JESSO.

A

MONG the indications of progressive civilization among the Japanese, few are more noteworthy than the appointment by the government of an officer charged with the development of the economic resources of the empire. The selection of an American to occupy this important station is one of the evidences of the esteem in which our people and institutions are held by this nation of Orientals; and the appointment of our former Commissioner of Agricul

ture, the Hon. Horace Capron, will doubtless be the means of reali- • zation of reasonable expectations. First among the essentials of the proposed enterprise comes a geological survey, in order that an approximate idea of the mineral wealth of the country may be obtained by its citizens. For the conduct of this part of the work Mr. Capron selected Benjamin S. Lyman, of Philadelphia, whose official title is Chief Geologist and Mining Engineer to the Kaitakushi. This gentleman is well known in American scientific circles, by his services in the development of the geological structure and products of the Alleghany region, and is known also abroad by the examination and report on the geology of the Punjaub oil region of Northern India. The few years which have elapsed since his departure for the work in Japan, have added much to our knowledge of the structure of that hitherto geologically unknown region; and first in economic importance is the discovery of very extensive deposits of coal.

In the following pages an account of some of the explorations of the survey under Mr. Lyman, is given in his own words. The extracts are taken from his report to Gen. Capron, which was published the present year at Tokei, in English and Japanese.

On the 18th of May last, we left Yedo and went on board the steamer New York, at Yokohama; on the 19th at daybreak, we sailed for Hakodate; arrived there late in the evening of the next day; and landed on the 21st, and began preparations for the journey to Sapporo, and I gave written instructions to my assistants. The 23d of May, I accompanied you on a visit to the Government farms at Nanai 101⁄2 miles (41⁄2 ri) distant, and returned to Hakodate the same day. The 24th was Sunday, but one party of my assistants Started for Sapporo; on the 25th further preparations for departure were made; and on the 26th I set out in your company for Sapporo, and we reached Mori, 2834 miles (111⁄2 ri), the same day.

On the 2d of June, we rode by Shiraoi to Tomakomai, 31 miles (121⁄2 ri); passing on the way the Tarumai Volcano to our left. A man at a a tea-house on the road opposite the Volcano told us that the late eruption began at noon on the 8th of February last, and continued until noon the next day; but that it was most active from five in the afternoon until two o'clock in the morning. The woods and bushes were set on fire to a distance about half way from the crater to the tea-house. The material thrown out was pumice of a

light brown color in pebbles about the size of a filbert; and it covers the ground, partly burying the grass, and rests on the roofs of houses along the road to a depth of about three-tenths of a foot, but is confined to a short space only. The smoke rising from the volcano when we passed was much more conspicuous than it was last year, and about ten times greater in quantity, the man said. Nobody had yet gone up to the crater since the eruption.

On the 3d of June, we left the sea-shore, which we had so far followed with its narrow plain of pumice and with its mountains to our left; and rode inland, still on the New Road by Stose (Chitose) as far as Shimamap, about twenty-seven miles and half (11 ri). Near the hotel there was the first rock exposure, a layer of compacter pumice than usual, or perhaps trachyte, some ten feet thick, in small cliffs and in a cutting on the road. On the morning of the 4th, we rode on to Sapporo, thirteen miles and three quarters (51⁄2 ri), over a rather broken country most of the way, as indeed it had been since leaving Chitose.

On the morning of the 17th, the weather seemed finally to have cleared off, and my assistant, Mr. Akiyama, and my interpreter and I started in boats on the Toyohira, about a ri from Sapporo. We had two large row boats and eleven canoes manned by Japanese coolies and by Ainos, and loaded with our baggage and large supplies of rice and other food, enough for our trip up the Ishcari and some of its branches and across the mountains, until we should meet some boats sent up the Tokachi river with food for us, a journey that it was reckoned might last seventy-five days. We had with us, besides the crews, two servants and two Japanese coolies. The river where we started was said to be about half a foot higher than common.

The next morning (18th June) the interpreter and I went on up the Ebets with seven canoes and three Ainos in each, besides my two servants and the two Japanese coolies and ten days' provisions. We paddled along most of the way among the trees that bordered the river, for the banks were overflowed. At noon we reached the Yubaribets branch, and went up it several miles that afternoon, passing through a wide lake-like expanse of water. The next day (19th June) we went on some miles further in the morning, finding the river now within banks, and having here and there pebbly beaches which contained pebbles of coal. The afternoon was very rainy and we stayed in camp.

The timber that we saw on the way did not on the whole seem

very valuable, especially on the lower waters, where it was chiefly willow. On the upper waters was some good timber. On the other hand there was a great deal of open prairie land, particularly one very long prairie on the left bank of the Ebets, which must contain some five thousand acres or more. If a road should be built straight from Sapporo to the coal we surveyed up here last July, it would pass right through that prairie. Near the mouth of the Yubaribets there is on that stream a great deal of low wet land.

The next day, 21st June, we came back rapidly with the current to the mouth of the Ebets, where we had left Mr. Akiyama with the rest of the boats and men and baggage. On the evening of our first arrival there, some additional Ainos from Ishcari that had been engaged joined us. Night before last, before dark, the Ainos played an interesting game; two parties some twenty yards apart threw back and forth a ring some six inches in diameter which the opposite party tried to catch upon long poles (like lances), probably the ones they had been poling the canoes with. It was a very picturesque sight to see them rushing forward eagerly with spears high in air, trying to catch the ring.

On the 30th of June the weather improved, and we set out at once up the Ishcari; and that afternoon reached the narrow neck of only seventy feet in width where the Ishcari winds around for a couple of miles at the mouth of the Bibai river. We camped on the neck (called Bibaidap), and the empty boats were all hauled across within ten minutes, except one boat, which being in advance and manned by strangers did not notice the neck, and went all the way round and was astonished to find our tents already pitched on the shore far in advance of them when they came in sight. With the hand level we found the difference of level of the water on the two sides of the neck to be 1.9 ft. The bank is already cut down by the floods to within about two feet of the level of the water on the upper side.

The 2d July brought us some distance above Naye brook, and on the way we passed an Aino village of some five houses at Urashinai, and picked up some Ainos of the Middle River region. Their salutations with some of our former men at the first resting place we came to were very elaborate and grave and silent, and were not even followed by any talk at first; and evidently there was no desire to learn the latest news on either side. That afternoon we passed Kabato river on our left, but it was so insignificantly small