The farm laborers of Andalusia, fed by their em ployers, are allowed daily three pounds of bread, some oil, and a little vinegar. A portion of the bread is set aside, with the oil and vinegar, to form the two meals of the gaspacho served to the farm hands. It consists of bread soaked in water, to which the oil and vinegar are added. It is served bot in winter and cold in summer. Any additions, gener ally of vegetables, are supplied by the laborer at his own cost. This cheap ration is generally adopted by the working classes that pay their own board. The consul at Malaga says:

The laborer in the south of Spain is the most frugal of beings. He rarely or never eats meat. Indeed, it would be impossible for him to do so and live on his earnings, as meat is extremely dear; common fresh meat being worth twenty cents and beef. steak thirty cents per pound. The laborer here generally subsists on fish, rice, beans and other veg. etables.

PART I.

Koopmanschap Servile Labor Contracts -The Morey Letter - The Early History in California of Democratic Love for the Chinese Coolie Laborer.

Of late years the Democratic party has made strenuous efforts to have it appear that theirs is the party that favors the free laborer, and in his interest is opposed to coolie labor. The reverse is the case. Democratic statements are notoriously unworthy of credence. It is not very many years ago that certain Democrats of the South made contracts through Koopmanschap & Co. for Chinese labor. Hundreds of Chinese coolies were imported for them, and, but for the fact that the Chinese ran away, and they could not hold them to their servile-labor contracts, the Southern States would to-day be overrun by the Mongolian cheap laborers, and no cordon could have kept them out of the Northern States. Nor is it long ago since the following base forgery was indorsed by Democratic leaders as true, although "its stupid and brutal sentiments" were denounced as a "bold forgery" by the lamented Garfield:

[Personal and Confidential.] HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, WASHINGTON, D.C., January 23, 1880. Dear Sir,-Yours in relation to the Chinese problem came duly to hand.

I take it that the question of employees is only a question of private and corporate economy, and individuals or companies have the right to buy labor

where they can get it cheapest.

We have a treaty with the Chinese Government, which should be religiously kept until its provisions are abrogated by the action of the General Government, and I am not prepared to say that it should be abrogated until our great manufacturing and corporate interests are conserved in the matter of labor. Very truly yours,

J. A. GARfield. H. L. MOREY, Employers' Union, Lynn, Mass. Democratic record in California in 1852 Democracy enforcing and encouraging Chinese labor contracts and opposing Chinese taxation.

To understand the true relations of Democracy to the Chinese question a period of over thirty years must be traversed. It was in California in 1852 that the Chinese problem first obtruded itself, and a brief review of its history from that time down will show clearly that the Democratic Party was always the open friend of Chinese cheap labor until quite recently, when it finds itself forced to disguise its real love for the Asiatic. Here are some "facts and figures crystallized into history -for the American workingman to ponder over, and see who is his friend and who is his enemy:

the

In March. 1852, a bill was introduced in alature (Democratic) to bor made in China, h contracts should

be good for five years and might be made assignable. Any laborer brought under contract who should attempt to leave his master could be arrested and then compelled to work out his term of service. This measure, known as the Peachy bill, passed the lower House. It was supported by the author, Mr. Peachy, and by Mr. Roach and Mr. Hager, all distinguished Democrats.

Shortly after this a bill was introduced into the California legislature taxing Chinamen. This the Democratic majority refused to pass. Mr. Hager also introduced the following

resolution:

Whereas, California is nearer China than any other State, and a valuable commerce has been opened up: Resolved, That a commission be appointed to`go to China.

An amendment to substitute South America was defeated, and the Hagar resolution passed by 16 to 3.

In 1852 a Whig member of the California legislature offered a bill known as the miner's tax, imposing a head-tax on all aliens working mining claims. It was laid on the table by the Democratic majority. At that time there were 25,000 Chinese in the State.

tressed, there was pending before the Democratic legislature of the State a bill granting a large body of tide lands to a railroad corporation. To this an amendment was offered prohibiting the employment of Chinese by the beneficiary. Of the forty-two votes recorded against that amendment thirty-two were cast by Democrats.

PART II.

In Congress-Republican anti-Coolie Legislation of 1861, 1867, 1868, and 1870-Democratic Obstruction in 1871 -Subsequent Republican Legislation - President Grant's Anti-Coolie Message-Democracy Deaf to an Anti-Coolie Appeal.

of Massachusetts (Republican), offered in the In 1861 (December) Mr. Thomas D. Elliott, the importation of coolies, Mr. A. A. Sargent House of Representatives a bill prohibiting (Republican) speaking at length against Chinese immigration. The bill passed both

pats John Chinaman on the back.

In 1856 there were 30,000 Chinese in California. Labor demanded their exclusion. The Democratic legislature appointed a Democratic committee of inquiry, which reported as follows:

"We say the tendency is not toward corruption. WE THINK THEY HAVE DONE US NO HARM.'

In 1859 Mr. Weller, a Democratic governor of California, declared that

"We have cause to rejoice that this great nation (China) has been subjected to the law of nations."

The cause of this rejoicing was the treaty with China, concluded a year previous by Mr. Reed, a Democratic minister to China, ratified by a Democratic Senate, and proclaimed by Buchanan, a Democratic President.

In 1862 and 1869 Democracy refuses to protect white labor, embraces the Celestial Embassy, but is blind to white distress.

In 1862 the first Republican governor of California, in his first annual message, said: "Asia, with her immense population, is sending her people here, and I will be glad to co-operate with any movement having for its object the prohibition of Chinese immigration."

Mr. W. H. Sears, a leading Republican, offered a bill to protect white labor. A bill was substituted to levy a miner's tax. This measure a Democratic supreme court subsequently declared unconstitutional.

A bill to levy a tax on all Chinese in the State was also defeated by Democratic votes. The Burlingame treaty was negotiated during Andrew Johnson's term, and a Democratic governor of California (Haight) welcomed the embassy to our shores in terms of extravagant eulogy.

In 1869, when labor in California was dis

President Lincoln February 15, 1862.

Sumner (Republican) secured the passage of On January 16, 1867, Senator Charles a resolution asking other nations to join us in attempts to suppress the coolie traffic, and in May, 1868, he secured the passage of a bill extending the provisions of the Elliott act to all Oriental nations.

In 1870 Mr. Henry Wilson (Republican), introduced into the Senate a bill to prohibit the introduction of coolie labor.

In July, 1870, Senator Stewart of Nevada (Republican), secured the passage of a resolution calling for further information on the coolie traffic.

In the House, the same year, Mr. Sargent offered a bill aimed at contracts for servile

labor.

In 1871, in the House, Mr. Coglan (Republican) offered a bill prohibiting the migration and employment of coolies, which was defeated by the action of Mr. Beck of Kentucky, then a Democratic member of the House. Republican Legislation from 1873 to 1875President Grant's Message on the Coolie Traffic.

In December, 1873, Representative Page of California (Republican) offered a bill prohibiting the importation of Chinese coolies and prostitutes, which bill passed a Republican Ilouse and Senate, and became a law March 3, 1875.

In 1874, in the House, Mr. Page offered a resolution of inquiry, following the President's message on the subject. In that paper (December 7, 1874) President Grant urged the passage of measures to suppress the importation of coolies. He said:

I call the attention of Congress to a generally conceded fact, that the greater proportion of Chinese

immigrants do not come voluntarily, . . . but come under contracts with head-men who own them almost absolutely. In a worse form does this apply to Chinese women. . If this evil practice can be legislated against, it will be my pleasure as well as duty to enforce any regulations to secure so desirable an end.

In the following year President Grant again referred to the subject.

On January 16, 1874, Representative Page, of California, offered a joint resolution abrogating the Burlingame treaty.

January 13, 1874, Senator Sargent offered a bill excluding the Chinese from naturalization; and in April, 1876, offered a resolution providing for a modification of the treaty with China. In 1878, through the exertions of Senator Sargent, aided by others of the Pacific coast delegations in Congress, a resolution was passed calling upon the Executive to open negotiations at once for such modifications of the Burlingame treaty as would exclude Chinese immigrants.

Mr. Sargent offered bills in 1876 to check Chinese immigration; Mr. Page also, in 1874, to protect persons against forcible restraint and involuntary servitude. He also offered bills in 1878 forbidding the carrying of Chinese passengers on vessels paid for carrying the United States mails; also levying a per capita tax on each passenger of an amount sufficient to be prohibitory.

Representative Davis, of California (Republican), in 1878, offered a bill restricting the Chinese immigrant traffic, by not allowing more than ten persons on any one vessel.

"It is the immediate duty of Congress fully to investigate the effect of the immigration and importation of Mongolians on the moral and material interests of the country."

This was the first declaration ever made on national platform of either of the two great the subject of Chinese immigration in a political parties.

Subsequently, when the Democratic National Convention of 1876 met, it adopted (June 28) the following plank, which was at the time thoroughly understood as a mere demagogical bid for votes-"seeing the Republican hand, and going one better, so to speak:'

"Reform is necessary to correct the omissions of a Republican Congress and the errors of our treaties and our diplomacy, which.. have exposed our brethren of the Pacific Coast to the incursions of a race not sprung from the same great parent stock, and, in fact, now by law denied citizenship through naturalization as being neither accustomed to the traditions of a progressive civilization nor exercised in liberty under equal laws. We denounce the policy which thus. tolerates a revival of the coolie trade in Mongolian women imported for immoral purposes, and Mongolian men held to perform servile-labor contracts, and demand such modification of the treaty with the Chinese empire or such legislation within constitutional limitations as shall prevent further importation or immigration of the Mongolian race."

twenty-four years, as the above record shows, the Republican party had done all that had been done, both in State and National Legislation, to abate the Chinese evil, while the lature of California, favored Chinese immiDemocratic party had, in the State Legisgration, and in Congress had treated the memorial of a California Legislature praying relief from the Chinese curse with the contempt of tabling it.

A Republican Committee of Investigation.

vote of 532 to 215

But the Republican party was acting upon principle. It wanted, first, an investigation of the facts; and, second, action upon the facts thus brought out. That plank in its platform had been adopted by a convention on June 15, 1876. The Republican party in Congress immediately responded, and a joint special committee to investigate Chinese immigration, consisting of three Senators and three Representatives, was immediately formed, and at once proceeded to the Pacific Coast to investigate. How thoroughly and well it performed its labors the able and voluminous report (Sen. Rep. 689, second sessi arth Congress) presented to

more than two to one

v. 1877, by Senator Sar

PART IV.

The "Fifteen-Passenger Act" - Presidential Veto - The Second National Republican Declaration - Democracy again Follows-The Treaty Commission and Treaty.

In 1879, Mr. Sargent in the Senate and Mr. Page in the House succeeded in securing the passage of a bill prohibiting the owner or master of any vessel from landing in the United States more than fifteen Chinese passengers on one voyage. This bill was vetoed by President Hayes on the ground that Congress had no authority to abrogate at will a treaty entered into with a foreign nation; that the proposed law would contravene the sixth article of the Burlingame treaty, "by whose reciprocal engagements the citizens and subjects of the two governments, respectively visiting or residing in the country of the other, are secured the same privileges, immunities, or exemptions there enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nations;" that the denunciation of one part of the treaty necessarily liberates the other party from the whole treaty; and that, consequently, the immediate withdrawal of our treaty protection of the Chinese already in this country would expose our citizens in China, merchants, missionaries, and visitors, to the tender mercies of the people of China, with no treaty obligations to afford them any protection whatever to person or property.

The Second National Republican Convention declaration - The Pecksniffian Democracy again boldly follow.

June 5, 1880, the Republican National Convention - now thoroughly enlightened by the investigation which its convention of 1876 had demanded, and the views of Congress and the Executive thereon - adopted the following plank in its platform:

Since the authority to regulate immigration and intercourse between the United States and foreign nations rests with the Congress of the United States and the treaty-making power, the Republican Party, regarding the unrestricted immigration of Chinese as a matter of grave concernment under the exercise of both of these powers, would limit and restrict that immigration by the enactment of such just, humane, and reasonable laws and treaties as will produce that

result.

The Republican Treaty Commission and the treaty with China making effective legislation possible.

With the Republicans, promise and performance are never far apart. In 1880, therefore, a joint resolution was passed by Congress authorizing such action, and President Hayes appointed a commission, consisting of James B. Angell of Michigan, John F. Swift of California, and William H. Trescott of South Carolina (all Republicans), with full powers to negotiate a treaty with China in modification of the Burlingame treaty; and Nov. 5, 1880, a treaty was agreed upon, as follows:

ARTICLE I. Whenever in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States, or their residence therein, affects or threatens to affect the interests of that country, or to endanger the good order of the said country, or of any locality within the territory thereof, the government of China agrees that the government of the United States may regulate, limit, or suspend such coming or residence, but may not absolutely proable, and shall apply only to Chinese who may go to hibit it. The limitation or suspension shall be reasonthe United States as laborers, other classes not being included in the limitations. Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessray to enforce the regulation, limitation, or suspension of immigration, and immigrants shall not be subjected to personal maltreatment or abuse.

ART. II. Chinese subjects, whether proceeding to the United States as teachers, students, merchants, or from curiosity, together with their body and household servants, and Chinese laborers who are now in the United States, shall be allowed to go and come of their own free will and accord, and shall be accorded all the rights, privileges, and immunities and exemptions which are accorded to the citizens and subjects of the most favored nation.

ART. III. It Chinese laborers or Chinese of any other class, now either permanently or temporarily residing in the territory of the United States, meet with ill treatment at the hands of any other persons, the Government of the United States will exert all

its power to devise measures for their protection and ties, and exemptions as may be enjoyed by the citizens to secure to them the same rights, privileges, immunior subjects of the most favored nation, and to which they are entitled by treaty.

ART. IV. The high contracting powers having agreed upon the foregoing articles, whenever the Government of the United States shall adopt legislative measures in accordance therewith, such measures will be communicated to the Government of China. If the measures as enacted are found to work hardships upon the subjects of China, the Chinese Minister at Washington may bring the matter to the notice of the Secretary of State of the United States, who will consider the subject with him, and the Chinese Foreign Office may also bring the matter to the notice of the United States Minister at Peking, and consider the subject with him, to the end that mutual and unqualified benefit may result.

Thereupon-after waiting as usual to "see how the cat jumped -the Democratic National Convention of 1880 subsequently (June 23) adopted the following plank:

ment of the Burlingame treaty. No more igration, except for travel, education, merce, and therein carefully guarded.

the opium traffic between the two countries, regulated the tonnage dues and duties for imports on the basis of similar dues or duties imposed on the vessels and goods of other nations, and provided that controversies arising in China between citizens of the United States and Chinese subjects should be tried by the proper official of the nationality of the defendant.

PART V.

The President's veto-His principal objection the twenty-year clause.

March 9, 1882, the Senate, after amending it, passed a bill introduced by Mr. Miller (Republican), of California, and reported by a Republican committee, suspending for twenty years the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States, construing the words "Chinese laborers" to mean "both skilled and unskilled laborers,' ," and prohibiting the admission of Chinese to citizenship. The unanswerable speeches of Senator Jones, of Nevada, and Miller, of California, secured the passage of this bill in the Senate. In the House Mr. Page managed the bill through a long debate to success, the main opposition springing from a repugnance to the twenty-year term of exclusion, when ten years, in the opinion of many Republicans, was within the definition of a "just, humane, and reasonable law." The Democrats, learning that the President thought twenty years an unreasonable" term for an experimental law of this character, voted strongly for it in both Houses. They thus voted to pass a bill likely to be vetoed, in the hope that political capital for their party might be made out of the probable veto, but without the slightest idea that any other bill could be put through at this session, and that is why they voted almost solidly in both houses against inserting ten years for "twenty," and for the passage of the bill.

66

66

Main Provisions of the Bill as Passed.

The preamble and first section of this bill as it was passed read as follows:

Whereas, in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof: therefore,

The examination which I have made of the treaty, and of the declarations which its negotiators have left on record of the meaning of its language, leaves no doubt in my mind that neither contracting party, in sage of an act prohibiting immigration for twenty concluding the treaty of 1880, contemplated the pas years, which is nearly a generation, or thought that such a period would be a reasonable suspension or limitation, or intended to change the provisions of the Burlingame treaty to that extent. Iregard this provision of the act as a breach of our national faith; and being unable to bring myself in harmony with the views of Congress on this vital point, the honor of the country constrains me to return the act with this objection to its passage.

Republican ten-years' Chinese exclusion bill passes both Houses and signed by a Republican President.

bill in the House to obviate the objections
Mr. Page immediately introduced another
of the President and other Republicans, and
it was reported back by him at once favor-
cation and Labor. On April 17 he moved
ably by the Rupublican Committee on Edu-
to suspend the rules and pass the bill. The
if possible, so as to leave the onus of no anti-
Democrats at first talked of voting it down,
Chinese legislation upon the Republicans;
but they soon perceived that
the people
would not swallow any whale of that size,
and that Democratic chicanery had again
gotten itself into a trap of its own making.
So they concluded to vote almost solidly for
it, and accordingly the rules were suspended
and the bill passed by a two-thirds vote
the Republican vote being nearly two to one
for this bill, while upon the other it was
equally divided. The Senate subsequently
amended and passed the bill. The amend-
ments were concurred in, in the House, May
2d, without division, and the bill was ap-
proved by the President at once.

Chief provisions of this Republican anti-
Coolie importation act.
The chief provisions of this Republican
anti-coolie act are as follows:

tion, one section

tion of such C

or remain in ti

of the bill.

istra

er,

An act to execute certain treaty stipulations relat

Whereas, in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof: therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre sentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, and unti! the expiration of ten years next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any expiration of said ninety days, to remain within the Chinese laborer to come, or, having so come after the United States.

SEC. 4. That for the purpose of properly identify ing Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the