stances.

In the third chapter, Dr. P. proceeds to adduce proofs of common origin in the vocabulary of the Celtic and other IndoEuropean languages.' Col. Vans Kennedy has collected 100 words in eight languages, in order to shew that the Celtic is totally dissimilar to any other. We shall give three of his inSans. Greek. Latin. Welsh. Irish. Germ. Arab. Pcrs. Woman. stri. γύνη. mulier. guraig. bean. weib. nisa. zăn. Man. nara. Owos. homo. dyn. duine. mann. rajul. mărd. Sun. suria. ἥλιος. sol. haul. grioth. sonne. shams. aftāb. Now the first of these is selected by Dr. Prichard as an instance of the common origin of words in the Celtic and other languages; and he gives the variations as follows.

Bean becomes bhean, or vean, in Erse; as, in Welsh, benw becomes in regimen, venw. In Cornish, woman is benen, which answers to the Gaelic diminutive, beanag, a term of endearment. Gwraig and wraig, cited by Vans Kennedy as the Welsh for woman, is the feminine of gŵr, and wr, a man; and corresponds to the Latin virago, from vir. The latter word may be thus traced in the different dialects.

Once more, the word signifying sun, takes the following forms in the different dialects.

Sanscrit. Greek. Welsh. Cornish. Armor. Lat. Russ. hailih or hailis. Αελιος. haul. houl, heul. heol. sol. solnste.

(prond haïl.)

Another Sanscrit word for sun, is sunuh; in which we have the original of the Moso-Gothic and German sunno and sonne. The Gaelic furnishes the word ial, signifying light or sunshine; and the word sol, though sunk into disuse, is preserved in the compound solas, sun-light. Grioth, another name for the sun, both in Gaelic and in Erse, and grian, which has the same signification, are possibly related to the Sanscrit suria, and the Greek πυρ. These instances may suffice to shew, how much closer affinity there may be in the vocabularies of different languages, than a superficial etymologist is able to detect; and how easy it is, by the artifice which Col. Vans Kennedy has employed,-that of selecting the most dissimilar words for the same object, which the various languages will furnish,-to make cognate dialects seem to have little in common.

In his fourth chapter, Dr. Prichard proceeds to adduce further proofs of a common origin, derived from the grammatical structure of the Celtic, as compared with other Indo-European dialects. In the fifth chapter, the comparison is pursued with regard to the personal pronouns, and the personal terminations of verbs; in the sixth, in relation to the inflection of verbs through tenses and moods; and in the seventh, a very interesting analysis is given of the verb substantive, which, in all the Indo-European languages, is derived from two different roots, and consists, in fact, of two defective verbs; the one expressing present existence, and the other being used to denote the past tenses. There is no language in which both of these verbs are extant in a complete state, but they are least defective in Sanscrit; which has lost many tenses of the verb asmi, from the root as, corresponding to siu and sum or esse, but has preserved the whole of the verb bhavami, from the root bhu, allied to the old Latin verb fuo, and the Greek púw. The Persian, Slavonian, and Teutonic display, in the substantive verb, the same double formation; but the Celtic has one of these verbs, bôd or bydh, in a more perfect state than any other language except the Sanscrit; while fragments of other defective verbs are in use, in the present tense. Thus, sydh, ys, oes, and yu, are all used in the sense of est, is; besides mae, est, and maent, sunt. In the number of tenses in the active voice, and in having a proper passive voice, the Celtic is richer than the Teutonic.

Dr. Prichard's conclusion, which is as modestly stated as it is ably supported, we give in his own words.

I have thus laid before my readers the most obvious and striking analogies between the Celtic dialects and the languages which are more generally allowed to be of cognate origin with the Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin. On the facts submitted to them, they will form their own conclusion. Probably, few persons will hesitate in adopting the opinion, that the marks of connexion are too decided and extensive to be referred to accident or casual intercourse; that they are too deeply interwoven with the intimate structure of the languages compared, to be explained on any other principle than that which has been admitted by so many writers in respect to the other great families of languages belonging to the ancient population of Europe; and that the Celtic people themselves are therefore of Eastern origin, a kindred tribe with the nations who settled on the banks of the Indus, and on the shores of the Mediterranean and of the Baltic. It is probable, that several tribes emigrated from their original seat in different stages of advancement in respect to civilization and language; and we accordingly find their idioms in very different degrees of refinement; but an accurate examination and analysis of the intimate structure and component materials of these languages, is still capable of affording ample proofs of a common origin.' pp. 186, 7.

We have only to add, that, irrespective of the conclusion to

which the Author has conducted us, the volume is highly valuable from the light which it throws upon the European idioms in general, and on the laws, if not the origin, of those variations which form a principal source of perplexity in philological inquiries.

Art. III.-1. The Family Cabinet Atlas, constructed upon an Original Plan, and engraved on Steel by Mr. Thomas Starling. Cabinet size. 97 maps. Price 30s. plain. 42s. coloured. London, 1831. 2. The Biblical Series of the Family Cabinet Atlas. Parts I. to VI. 2s. 6d. each; 3s. 6d. coloured. London, 1831, 1832.

THE first Number of this Cabinet Atlas was noticed in our

Journal on its publication; and we then gave our opinion as to the merits of the plan. We are now able to speak with entire approbation of the admirable care, taste, and skill displayed in the execution. The distinctness of delineation preserved in these geographical miniatures, is surprising. Nothing contributes so much to give a clear idea of the general structure of a country, as a boldness and precision in marking the course of the rivers; and this forms a striking feature of these little maps. The character of the surface, as plain or mountainous, is also carefully indicated. But the great advantage of this cabinet atlas, is, that it brings at once within the compass of the eye, the general outline, situation, and relative geography of a country or kingdom, so as to imprint it on the memory of a tyro or youthful learner, better than by the bewildering expanse of a map of larger dimensions. It serves also as a sort of geographical remembrancer of easy reference; and though, of course, it will not render larger maps less indispensable for the purposes of historical illustration and topographical study, it is well adapted to promote a taste for the study of geography, by the attractive shape so cleverly given to these delineations of its outlines. It will thus not only diffuse very widely a certain degree of important general information, but may lead to a more intelligent and frequent use of maps on a larger scale. We have been particularly pleased with the Tabular Maps, exhibiting the comparative heights of mountains, lengths of rivers, and extent of inland seas and lakes. These have been carefully reduced from large drawings; and small as is the scale, they give an admirable view of the relative proportions. The volume forms a very elegant and useful present; but we cannot understand why a work of such perennial use, should have been advertised as a geographical annual.'

6

The Biblical Series has been apparently compiled with equal pains; and it is not Mr. Starling's fault, if they are more ornamental than useful. From the imposing effect of light and shade,

the tasteful distribution of chains and groupes of mountains, and the pretty meanders of black line all over the country, the uninformed reader might be led to suppose, that Syria, Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia had been subjected to an accurate survey, the ancient sites all identified, and the true bearings and elevations ascertained by scientific observation. How great must be his surprise at learning, that scarcely any part of the whole country has been actually surveyed, and only a small portion of it even traversed by Europeans!-that the sites of Gath, Eleutheropolis (from which Jerome and Eusebius estimate the distances of other cities), Beersheba, Dan, Zabulon, Jotapata, and other important places, have not been ascertained;-that the widest discrepancies occur in the accounts given by travellers, of the extent of the Dead Sea and the Sea of Tiberias, and of other equally important features of the holy land;-that Dr. E. D. Clarke could not find his way to Sebaste, the capital of Samaria;-that, as the greater part of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Armenia remains unexplored by European travellers, that the geography of those countries is more than one-half made up of doubtful calculations and hypotheses. We make no objection against constructing theoretic maps of unknown countries; but still, we would not affect to fill up the outline with apocryphal details, and to make rivers wind, and mountains rise, ad libitum. A map is none the better for looking like a picture; and some indication ought to distinguish what is known from what is matter of conjecture. What we should have preferred, would have been, duplicate maps of each portion of country; one map exhibiting the present divisions and names, as well as variations of surface, so far as actually known, and the other, the ancient geography only, as laid down by the learned, with no attempt at embellishment. In the map of the kingdom of David and Solomon, we are pleased to see the remarkable valley extending from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Akaba, called El Ghor, properly indicated; but why not in all ? Bozra, in the Haouran, the capital of the Roman Arabia Provincia, and the other cities recently identified by the labours of Burckhardt, Irby and Mangles, Bankes, and Buckingham, should also be noticed. The beds of summer torrents, which are entirely dry except during the rains, ought not to be marked in the same way as rivers. With the exception of the Jordan and its head waters, there is scarcely a stream in Judea, that can be called a river, all being mere brooks or torrents. Dr. Clarke describes the plain of Esdraelon as one vast meadow nearly 50 miles in length, and 20 in breadth, without a house or tree to break the monotonous level. If this account has any approximation to accuracy, so remarkable a feature of the country ought to be clearly marked. While, however, we throw out these hints, we must do Mr. Starling the justice to say, that he has carefully availed

himself of the labours of his predecessors; and some of his maps, especially Plates 11, 19, 22, and 23, do him great credit: they are quite gems. The map pretending to shew the primitive settlements of the descendants of Noah, we should cancel. What can be more absurd than to assign Africa and Arabia to Ham, and India and China to Shem? But this is a venerable error, which it might be deemed sacrilegious to destroy!

Art. IV.—1. The Polymicrian Greek Lexicon to the New Testament; in which the various Senses of the Words are distinctly explained in English, and authorized by References to Passages of Scripture. By W. Greenfield, Editor of "Bagster's Comprehensive Bible," &c. 32mo. cc. 508. London, 1829.

2. Novi Testamenti Græci Tameion; aliis Concordantiæ, ita concinnatum, ut et Locos reperiendi, et Vocum veras Significationes, et Significationum Diversitates per Collationem investigandi, Ducis instar esse possit. Ex Opera Erasmi Schmidii depromtum. A Gulielmo Greenfield. 32mo. pp. 727. Price 6s. London, 1830. THESE two beautiful little specimens of typography, worthy

of the Elzevirs of other days, have only recently fallen under our notice. They now possess, in addition to their intrinsic value, a monumental interest, as specimens of the editorial accuracy and laborious diligence of the amiable and gifted individual under whose superintendence they appeared. When we first cast our eye upon the miniature volume which professes to comprise Schmidt's Concordance, we could not conceive by what means the promise of the title-page could be honestly fulfilled. But, by omitting the unimportant proper names, the indeclinable particles, the pronouns, and the verb substantive; by substituting simple references for citation, when the word occurs only four or five times, or when there are two or more passages strictly parallel, in which case one only is given, and the others are referred to ;alterations which detract nothing from the usefulness of the edition;-the ponderous labours of Stephens and Schmidt are here screwed into something less than a pocket volume; and what is more, for 6s. the Biblical student may possess himself of a work at one time scarce and dear, in a form that will take up no room on his table, and which ought scarcely ever to be off of it. The edition followed is that of 1638, printed at Wittenberg. The Glasgow edition of 1821, in 2 Vols. 8vo., merits praise for its accuracy; and its type is of course better suited to eyes that are somewhat the worse for wear, than a miniature edition can be. The printing of the present volume is, however, admirably clear; and we are happy to be able to add, that, with both editions at hand, we find the smaller one suit our eyes (without spectacles) so well as to prefer it for convenience.