of the Norman Conqueror, the Bishop was reputed a Count Palatine, and did engrave upon his feal an armed chevalier, holding a naked fword in one hand, and in the other the Bishop's arms. It was once adjudged in law, that the bithop was to have all forfeitures and efcheats within the liberties, ut Rex habet extra, as the kingdom of England had without. But thele privileges and immunities were, in part, impaired by the ftatute of King Henry the Eighth, 27, c. 25, and altogether with the lands and whole rights thereof, conferred upon the crown by Act of Parliament, in the last year of the reign of King Edward the Sixth; but in the fecond Parliament of Queen Mary's reign the A& was totally repealed, and a reviver made of the faid late diffolved Bishopric, and all the royalties thereof.-Queen Mary I. Chapter 6. It was a kind of royalty fubordinate to the crown, and was, by way of eminence, ftyled the Bishopric. As for the ecclefiaftical jurifdic tion, the diocele contains the County of Northumberland, and that which properly and diftinctly is entituled the Bifhopric of Durham, each of which has an Archdeaconry of its own. That of Durham was erected in 1080, Leobwyn being the fift. He was the chief cause of the murder committed by Bishop Walter's fervants upon one Leulfus, who had married Algitha, the daughter of Aldred, fome time Earl of Northu. berland, from whom Lord Lumley is lineally defcended, as I am informed in Godwin. This Leulfus, refiding at Durham, for mere devotion, ingratiated himself fo much into the Bishop's favor, that he was admitted into a great intimacy with him. This excited the envy and jealoufy of Leobwyn, who was Archdeacon and Chaplain, that at a court before the Bishop, Leobwyn, as was ufual, gave Leultus ill fpeeches, which he not being able to bear, as he had often before done, "Furar fit fæpius lafa patientia," to ule the words of Godwin, "anfwered this fawcy Chaplain fomewhat more roundly than he accuftomed;" whereupon, calling Gilbert a kinfman of the Bishop, who managed the temporal government of the diocefe, perfuaded him, with a number of men, to murder Leulfus in the night, in his own houfe. In confequence of which the Bishop, with all his retinue of 100 men, excepting two Englishmen, fervants (the reft being Normans) were flain at Goatfhead, as he fat keeping of court, where the country affembled to deliberate upon this matter; and the bishop having harboured Leobwyn and Gilbert after this murder, was thought to be the author of this fact. After this murder, the very name of archdeacon grew. fo odious to the people, that the fucceeding bifhop thought proper at the time to fink the title, and to veft the power in the prior of Dunholm or Durham. Yet, after fome time, the memory thereof being pretty much worn away, the title and office was refumed; and this feems to have been done about 1108, Michael being the firft. The Archdeaconry of Northumberland was erected in 1140, as appears from Wharton, Robert being the first. In both these archdeaconries there are 135 parishes, of which 87 are impropriate. The bishops of this church write themfelves, in Latin, Dunelmenfis. It is valued, in the King's books, at 1821. 1s. 5d. and the clergy's tenths at 3851. 55. 68.

"The arms of this fee are, azure, a cross between four lions rampaul, or." P. 268.

softwill be a very pleafing circumftance to fee the other works of this learned and excellent antiquary reprinted with equal care and diligence, and more particularly his Survey of the Cathedrals of England and Wales, all of which are become fcarce, and confequently very dear. An etching of the author is prefixed, from a drawing of the very learned fcholar and ingenious artift Michael Tyfon, of Corpus Chrifti College, Cambridge, whofe premature death all friends of fcience lamented. Nulli flebilior quam nobis.

4

ART. II. The Report on the Cow-Pock Inoculation, from the Practice at the Vaccine-Pock Inftitution, during the Years 1800, 1801, and 1802, read at the General Meeting of the Governors, February 7th, 1803, at the Shakespeare Tavern; written by the Phyficians to the Inftitution; to which are prefixed, Two painted Engravings of Cow-Pock and other Eruptions. 8vo. 140 pp. Reynell, &c. 1803.

1

THE degree of notice which we bestow upon any work, is proportioned to the interefting nature of its contents, and to the merit of its execution. On both accounts, we are inclined to give an ample detail of the contents of this publication; apprehending, that vaccine inoculation is the most important medical difcovery which has ever been made.

The reporters (Doctors Pearfon, Nihell, and Nelfon) previously state the motives for this establishment; prefixing a fhort detail of the hiftory of the cow-pock. Dr. Jenner is declared to have publifhed the firft authentic, account of this disease, in 1798; though several facts concerning it were antecedently known among farmers, and a few practitioners* and fome of these facts had been noticed by preceding writers.

The publication above mentioned, for which the world are fo greatly indebted to Dr. Jenner, being (as already faid) the firft exprefsly on the cow-pock, contains feven cafes of inoculation; three from the cow to the human fubject, the first of which was in May, 1796; two others in 1798; and our from one human fubject to others in fucceffion, likewife in 1798." P. 2.

Ens It must be owned, however, that this fcattered knowledge would not have been beneficial to the public, but for the interference and activity of Dr. Jenner,

The

The facts communicated in Dr. Jenner's book are then recited, with this query propofed by him: " May we not infer that a mode of inoculation may be introduced, preferable to that at prefent adopted, efpecially amongst thofe families, which, from previous circumflances, we may judge to be predifpofed to have the disease unfavourably?" No perfon was in poffeffion of vaccine matter during the remainder of 1798, except Mr. Cline, who inoculated one patient, but did not avail himself of the opportunity of collecting it. The cowpock being obtainable in London, January, 1799, the matter of it was used to fet on foot vaccine inoculation; and 4000 perfons were inoculated, within the year, in and near London. By this year's experience it was confirmed,

pox.

ift. That the cow-pock deftroyed the fufceptibility of the fmall

"2d. That the cow.pock was not infections by effluvia,

"3d. That, except in cafes where the patient had been exposed to the action of variolous contagion, there were no eruptions like the Imall-pox.

66

4th. That only one had died during the new inoculation; which accident was at firft confidered to be ambiguous, but which has been fubfequently regarded, as a case of a different diforder, and in all likelihood, the fmall-pox.

66

5th. That the local affection was far lefs than in the inoculated fmall-pox.

"6th. That, in most instances, there was no constitutional affection obfervable in more than four cafes out of ten.

7th. That the cow-pock cannot take place in the fame perfon after the fmall-pox.

8th. That perfons cannot undergo the cow-pock, who have already gone through this affection.

9th. That the figure and other external characters of the cowpock, contrary to reprefentation, were quite different from those of the fmall-pox.

10th. That no confequent diforders took place, imputable to the cow-pock, except flight eruptive ones.

"The advantages of the inoculated vaccina, over the inoculated fmall pox, were, by thefe facts, plainly manifefted, and now a profpect was difclofed highly gratifying to benevolence, namely, that of ex-, tinguishing the most loathfome, and extenfively fatal of all diseasesthe fmall-pox. Thefe confiderations very naturally excited the defire to have an inftitution folely for the purpofe of vaccine inoculation, especially with the following intentions.

"Ift. To fecure the fucceffion of matter.

"2d. To extend the benefits of the new inoculation to poor individuals.

3d. To promote the fpreading of it among all ranks of perfons, by furnishing additional fatisfactory evidence,,

4th. Ta

4th. To investigate more fully the history of this vaccine difcafe. P. 4.

Very handfome acknowledgments are made of the liberal conduct of Dr. Woodville, who introduced vaccine inoculation at the Small-Pox Hofpital, in 1799; and the oppofite conduct of fome other phyficians, not named, is cenfured.

In the first meeting of the Inftitution, at Dr. Pearfon's house, in December, 1799, it was refolved (among other things)

"That in order to extend the benefits of the new inoculation to the more indigent ranks of fociety; to obtain new and fatisfactory evidence for those who may be unacquainted with the practice, and to expedite the general fubftitution of the vaccine pock, for the fmall-pox inoculation, a charity fhall be established to be called THE INSTITUTION FOR THE INOCULATION OF THE VACCINE, OR COWPock." P. .9.

The practice begun in January, 1800. The Inflitution is then vindicated strongly (p. 11, &c.) but briefly, from a charge, often made, of excluding Dr. Jenner from their body.

The number of perfons inoculated, from January 18, 1800, to December 31, 1802, was 1202. Although this number is not large, yet the grand objects of the Inftitution have been attained; namely, the prefervation of a fucceffion of matter; and the determination of the laws of action of the vaccine poifon, by accurate regifters of obfervations.

It is not practicable to give an abstract of the propofitions which foon follow as the refult of further experience, and are fupported by cafes and remarks in proof. But we may give fuch fpecimens of them, as will fufficiently demonftrate their im

portance.

Prop. I. "A perfon, by undergoing the cow-pock, is rendered incapable of undergoing the fmall-pox." II. “No one has died from the inoculation of the cow-pock." X. "Perfons who have already gone through the vaccina, are unfufceptible of it a fecond time.' XI. Perfons who have undergone the fmall-pox cannot be infected fo as to produce the cowpock." XVI." The vaccine matter does not alter in efficacy, by paffing from human creature to human creature, for four whole years.' XVII. "Vaccine and variolous matter, taken from a fubject, having at the fame time the fmall-pox and cow-pock by inoculation, produced the genuine diftinct vaccina and fmall-pox." XVIII. XVIII. The vaccina does not vary according to the conflitution of the fubject from which the matter is taken." XXII. "The characters of the inoculated vaccinepock are in general peculiar; fo that the incapability of the Tmall-pox from it may be equally confided in, as after the or dinary inoculated or cafual fmall-pox: but, in a certain pro

5

portion

portion of cafes, the properties of the pock or eruption, by the vaccine-inoculation, are fo different from the ordinary diftinguishing ones, that the repetition of the inoculation can alone determine whether the incapability of the fmall-pox be proportioned or not." Then follow a number of Additional Obfervations." At p. 98, we meet with a fingular paper; the contents of which it may be useful (for a reason which we hall fubjoin) to make diftinctly known to our readers, w

8

The Vaccine. Pock Inftitution has met with a volunteer and zealous affociate in the minister of a populous parish, the registers of which appear to have been kept with extraordinary attention. He has taken abundant, and we hope not unfuccefsful pains, to imprefs upon the public mind, a ftrong fenfe of the ravages made by finall-pox upon the human fpecies; and, confequently, of the great importance of vaccine inoculation. This paper is entitled,

"An account, extracted from the parish registers of Bofton, in the county of Lincoln, of the number of persons baptized, and buried, and of the number of deaths by the fmall-pox (diftinguished in those registers by a certain mark) within each year, from the year 1749 to 1802, both inclufive; and of the population of the fame parish, in the years 1767 and 1801:-Defigned to fhew the extent of mortality by the fmali-pox; it feeming highly probable, that the proportion of deaths by this diforder throughout Great Britain and Ireland (and perhaps, other countries) is not lefs, but greater than within the parish of Bolton; which has no circumstance of narrow streets, crowded houses. manufactories, or want of medical affistance, tending to make the dif order more fatal than in other places.

"For the ufe of, and moft refpectfully prefented to, the VaccinePock Inftitution, London.

By SAMUEL PARTRIDGE, M. A. F.S, A, "Vicar of Boston.". P. 98. gads

Then follow, in diftin&t columns, the number of perfons baptized, buried, and dying by fmall-pox. The totals, within 54 years, are baptized, 8070; buried, 7290; died by fmallpox, 605. A. D. 1767, inhabitants and fojourners, accurately numbered, 3470. Inhabited houfes, 832; or, 4.17 in each houfe. A. D. 1801, inhabitants and fojourners, accurately numbered, 5926. Inhabited houfes, 1221; or, 4.85 in each houfe.

318

The Refult feems important enough, to be given at length by us.

Very nearly one twelfth part, of all the perfons buried in Bofton within fifty-four years, have died by the fmall-pox. Suppofe the nean population of this parish, during the above term of fifty-four pox there, and years, to have been 4.120; and the mortality by fmall in Great Britain, and other parts of Europe, equal, It appears highly

probable,