Or in kilocycles per second they should respectively be:

This is owing to the properties of waves below 10 and below 200 meters; and owing to the allotment of waves for ship-stations as regards the limit of 2,000 meters.

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DUTCH EAST INDIAN STATEMENT CONCERNING TOPIC 4 OF THE PROGRAM

RADIATION POWER OF A TRANSMITTER

To obtain an idea of the normal radiated power of a directional antenna, only theory is available, owing to practical limitations; in practice attempts must be made to approximate thereto as closely as possible. The comparison may be made of any type of directional antenna with the (purely theoretical) case of an antenna with uniform radiation in all directions. In order to obtain in this theoretical case the same size of field as in the direction favored by the directional antenna (the direction of maximum intensity in space), the energy in this theoretical antenna must be greater than the energy in the directional antenna.

The factor by which the energy in the directional antenna must be multiplied, in order to obtain the energy in the theoretical antenna, will be the coefficient of direction.

The normal radiated power of a directional antenna may therefore be regarded as being the product of the power of the antenna and this factor. This product might be expressed as a new unit, e. g., "Marconi." A "Marconi " is thus the normal radiated power of an antenna, with a coefficient of direction equal to 1 and antenna energy also equal to 1 (1 kw). For instance, a transmitting-station of a radiated power of 1,800 Marconis and an antenna energy of 20 kw then has an antenna with a coefficient of direction equal to 90.

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DUTCH EAST INDIAN STATEMENT CONCERNING TOPIC 5 OF THE PROGRAM

STANDARDIZATION OF FREQUENCY-METERS INTERNATIONAL CHECKING OF FREQUENCIES

The first part of this study relates to the standardization of frequency-meters by comparison with their national standard instru

ments. It is then supposed that a national standard exists. There is only the question of organizing a service for standardization. This service may deal, e. g., with:

1. The standardization of existing frequency-meters.

2. The construction and standardization of new frequency-meters of standard types judiciously selected.

3. Permanent and compulsory control of transmission from national stations.

4. Permanent or non-permanent control-if asked for of transmissions from stations outside the frontiers of the country. 5. Control-if asked for-of special transmissions from stations in the country or outside.

6. Organization of transmissions of standard waves and control of these transmissions, and also of similar transmissions from other countries.

7. Permanent control and upkeep of the national standard by means of the most precise measurements possible (time measurements). These points will be discussed in succession hereafter.

As to 1 and 2

The object will be to obtain certain national standard forms of frequency-meters and a permanent and regular control by a special service (standardization service) outside, and quite independent of the administration or operating branch of the station. Neighboring countries or stations in neighboring countries which have no national standard may, at their request, be controlled also by the same service.

As to 3 and 4

The permanent and compulsory control of national transmissions. is necessary to avoid tiresome interference. The frequency, constancy and purity, etc., of each transmission will be controlled. Neighboring countries or stations in neighboring countries which have no national standard may, at their request, be controlled also by the same service.

As to 5

Besides this permanent and regular control, the service may also, if requested, control special transmissions of an irregular character (e. g., experiments, scientific transmissions, etc.).

As to 6

In order that persons operating stations may themselves control their frequency-meters, standard waves will be transmitted by a

special transmitter or an existing transmitter of the required constancy.

As to 7

The upkeep and control of the national standard must be insured with the greatest accuracy and the greatest care.

The national standard may be a physical standard, for instance, a quartz or tuning-fork standard. The standard must be set up in a permanent manner and must not be moved. Control may be effected by means of primary frequency-meters with a time measurement, the greatest accuracy possible being attained. Besides these physical standards, a primary frequency-meter with a time measurement will be indispensable. If the country has no such instrument, the national standard must be sent from time to time to another country where this accuracy control can be effected. In this case the expression "primary national standard" will rather be "secondary national standard." A distinction must be made between:

(a) A primary national standard, which can not be moved for purposes of control:

(b) A secondary national standard, which must be moved for control;

(c) Tertiary standards, which are in circulation and must be sent back to be standardized with standards (a) or (b).

Evidently it is desirable that such a service of standardization should be independent of the working services of radio stations, even if these are part of the state administration itself. It is desirable that this service should be independent of the operating services. As a transitory measure, the administration may itself carry out the control, but the final object must be a permanent organization as outlined above.

The data of measurements may be classified statistically and sent to the countries concerned. Further, at least one copy may be sent to the International Bureau at Berne. The International Bureau may distribute these statistics to the administrations.

The second part of this study relates to the organization of an international frequency-control service.

In order to have a supercontrol over this national control, centers. of scientific studies like the "Bureau of Standards," the "National Physical Laboratory" and others may be asked to undertake this work, which is more or less of a scientific nature. Such centers may then be regarded as international bureaus. This supercontrol may be carried out as follows:

1. By the most precise possible permanent control (time measurement) of standard waves.

2. By the permanent control of national standards by means of specially standardized quartz (which) will be put into cir

culation.

3. By the transmission of waves standardized with the greatest possible accuracy and controlled during transmission, so that necessary corrections may be given.

4. By a special control, on request, in case of disputes and different results of measurements in countries, e. g., in case of serious interference of an international nature.

5. By comparing the results obtained in different countries. 6. By giving opinions as to methods of measurement, on request. As regards 4, it is possible that serious interference may arise and that measurements in the countries concerned may not agree sufficiently for a solution to be reached. The International Bureau may, on request, take the most precise measurements possible; these will then be decisive.

The results of this control may be sent to the countries concerned, and a copy to the International Bureau at Berne, which may undertake distribution to the other administrations.

It is evident that a supercontrol, such as is referred to here, may limit itself to certain regular measurements; considerable increase of staff will as a rule not be necessary.

The Dutch East Indies Administration suggests that the C. C. I. Radio should express the wish that such a situation as is outlined above (first part of the study) may be reached and should invite the delegates of the different countries to suggest to their administrations or governments that all that is possible should be done to secure such a national standardizing service.

As regards the second part, the Dutch East Indies Administration, realizing that such an organization of supercontrol could only be brought about with the greatest prudence, and after serious study, suggests that the opinion of the U. R. S. I. should be asked, especially as regards the choice of scientific centers suitable for supercontrol and willing to undertake the task, and also as regards the international organization of this supercontrol, which will be more or less of a scientific nature. The Dutch East Indies Administration therefore proposes that an international commission should be formed to arrange for the organization of this supercontrol, beginning at the point where such a supercontrol may be carried out by an existing scientific center; this commission would also consider a future plan of work.

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DUTCH EAST INDIAN STATEMENT CONCERNING TOPIC 6 OF THE PROGRAM

1. STABILITY OF WAVES

It is desirable that the C. C. I. Radio should state that the study of methods of maintaining waves as closely as possible at their authorized frequency should not favor any particular system. The technical development of each system will determine its practical value.

2. TOLERANCES

It is to be recommended that the tolerance admissible for the difference between the average frequency of transmission and the notified frequency should depend on:

DUTCH EAST INDIAN STATEMENT CONCERNING TOPIC 7 OF THE PROGRAM

WIDTH OF A FREQUENCY-BAND

The C. C. I. Radio will in the first place lay down the conditions which transmitters must fulfil in order to avoid mutual interference; although it may be possible that the conditions, which transmitters in constant operation must fulfil, may be severer than these conditions. Attention will merely be paid to fixing limits such as may be measured by existing practical methods. The present state of the art not yet being such that the suppression of a side band may be decided on for short waves (probably that would not be desirable either, owing to fading), it will be supposed that there is always place for the two side bands.