written in very elegant Latin ') which version I shall use, in giving an account of this somewhat rare publication to my Readers.

An insular people, just in dealing and severe in their manners; detesting war as a very brutal thing' yet always prepared for it, training and employing in it women as well as men, and actually waging it on occasion for the good of their neighbours: renouncing conquest and refusing to contract alliances, yet planting colonies in other countries by force; taking prisoners, and buying condemned persons of other nations, and holding both as slaves, to work for them in chains-yet treating their own criminals with greater severity than even these: using all things in common, without money; yet exporting produce and manufactures, and bringing back gold and silver in such abundance, as to be under the necessity (seeing bankers were proscribed, and ornamental dress and furniture prohibited) of keeping these, against a day of war and emergency, in the form of close-stool-pans and chamberpots; and of making fetters of them for their slaves: -markets in which industrious and public-spirited citizens regularly deposit the surplus of their products, for others more in need of the articles to fetch them away for nothing-these, and many other inconsistencies, might appear but ill redeemed by an improved prison-discipline, and a complete religious toleration; with the abolition of Capital punishments, in cases affecting property alone. Unless indeed we are to seek, under this cover, for a satirical meaning, applicable to the existing abuses and enormities, and possible reforms of the writer's time. But let us take him at once, in somewhat of detail.

UTOPIA then, or the fine place where all is right, described, in Raphael the traveller's story (told to Sir Thomas and his Friend sitting on a green bank in the garden after dinner) is an island in the form of a crescent, 200 miles broad, and having on the concave side a bay, very convenient for internal commerce, but of difficult access to strangers: it is well fortified both by nature and art—at first named Abraxa, (as if it were then but a sound) conquered by Utopus, and by him severed from the mainland, by cutting a channel 15 miles in length [of course through an isthmus] to let in the sea.

Fifty-four cities, large and well built on a uniform plan, and laid out within a day's walk of each other, (having a district of 20 miles in extent around each) form the town-population. The country is occupied by farm houses; wherein forty people of both sexes live, and cultivate the soil, with two menial slaves to each family. Twenty of these are exchanged every year, against so many in the towns, that all may learn the art of farming: the most striking feature of which is (in Utopia) that the dames hatch their eggs in an Egyptian oven; and that the little chicks run after them, instead of the hen, to be fed !

However, they are so wise as to use oxen only in husbandry, and to eat them when past service; reserving the horse for shew and pleasure; if not for war besides. Their corn they grow only for bread, allowing themselves no fermented liquors-and what they do not themselves

consume of this, they give to the inhabitants of the towns; who in return send them people enough, on notice given, to get it all reaped in a day.

Amaurot, the chief town, and seat of the Legislature and government, is a square fortified place, seated on a navigable river sixty miles from the sea; and having another stream to supply it with potable water, by earthen pipes laid into the houses. [Sir Hugh Middleton realized this idea, for London, but with pipes' of bored elm and lead, instead of the impracticable pottery, about a Century later.] The streets of Amaurot, built uniform and twenty feet broad, with excellent fruitful gardens behind the houses, (which have three stories and two-leaved doors without fastenings) complete the picture of his ideal Metropolis: the records of which are said to go back 1760 years; or from the time of his publication to 244 B. C. I cannot find any Era to which the date so marked corresponds: unless it be the second nuptials of Antiochus styled Theos, or that in which the Romans, having got Carthage under, began to think of Universal Empire. Their Civil polity includes a Philarch annually chosen over thirty families; an Archphilarch (annual, but usually continued) over ten philarchs; and a Prince, chosen by the two hundred Philarchs out of a List of four, by secret Suffrages. The prince is for life, unless removed upon suspicion of some design to enslave the people. No provision for the doing this, however, by any act of the Legislature. It is death to meddle with the affairs of the state in any irregular way. All proposals to the Legislative body (which is sometimes a Council of the whole island) must go over to another day for discussion; to ensure a deliberate issue. On occasions of great importance the people are consulted in their families, and report is made by the philarchs, of their sense upon the matter, to the senate.

Agriculture is their chief employ: they work in wool and flax for home-spun cloth and linen; and build their own houses; changing them every ten years by lot, in the towns. Trades go in families, the son instructed by the father, but apprenticeship is allowed; and none are suffered to be idle.

:

Clothing is uniform, even the prince being dressed plain: but in public he has a sheaf carried before him [as the people's feeder, I suppose] and the chief-priest, a wax-light [to shew what he ought to do in their behalf.] They work six hours, of the twenty-four; and are allowed the early morning for private reading and public lectures :-a moral lecture is read at dinner (for they eat in public and have no cooking at home) and there is Music always after supper; at which latter meal they spend the most time. They seem to have had in use the seaman's division of time; four for rising, eight for breakfast, twelve for dinner; and at eight again to bed. No games of chance allowed; but a sober moral kind of chess. [There is, in all this part, a tincture of College discipline.] The philarchs dine together, convened by sound of trumpet; the women cook, and the slaves are their scullions: the chiefs sit, man and wife together, at the head of the table;

the rest, old and young intermixed; that the former may have an eye over the latter. Young people wait on their elders, and take their portion standing, till of age. Mothers nurse their own children; and these are with the women till five years old Marriage is allowed to the man at twenty two, to the woman at eighteen : and any previous intercourse of the sexes is treated with great severity [a regulation very likely to be pronounced Utopian at either University]. Education of the youth in learning and moral discipline is, however, provided generally: so that restraints may more reasonably be imposed in Utopia on all vagrant appetites' than if the man born as a wild asses colt' (as the Scripture hath it, Job xi, 12) were also left to grow up as one. The rule in their families is patriarchal-by the eldest male, if not rendered incapable by age or weakness-in his place, by the next in age the females who marry go out, the males remain at homebut not to make a family (in town) more than sixteen; nor should it have less than ten members; children excepted. They may travel with leave of father or wife; or of the prince if they go far, who then grants a passport. In a journey, they have entertainment in return for their company, and help in the work of the house; there being no inns or taverns, and much less any stews,' among them.

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They have but few laws and no lawyers, every man being expected to be his own counsel: yet, though divorce and polygamy are disclaimed, as law, the married may separate by mutual consent, and by license of the state; the injured being permitted to marry again, the guilty person, not. Adultery is punished with slavery; their severest infliction, for crimes not connected with the public safety. 'Husbands have power to correct their wives, and parents their children; unless the fault be so great as that a public punishment is thought necessary.'

They divert themselves with fools, even for the fool's sake [since it is his bread]: but if any man should reproach another for a natural deformity, or imperfection, the shame falls not on him, but on the reviler. 'Paint or fard' is held infamous: for they all see that no beauty so much recommends a wife to her husband, as the probity of her life and her obedience.'

With two years' provision always reserved under the care of the government, they license the export of the surplus produce of the country-but only by their own merchants. And these are taxed to give a seventh to the poor of the country to which it goes. [Is this to the customs and government?] The six-sevenths are sold at a reasonable rate: and what is very remarkable, they are addicted to the taking of bonds for their cargoes; but not from individuals, for they make the whole town answerable for the debt, and collect the money when it suits them. The only pretence they seem to have for holding money and securities is, the possibility of a war: and to this business (in which their policy is, in other respects, detestable) they take care to send mercenaries from another nation, addicted to the employ, and serving those who pay the most: a lewd and vicious sort of people, that seem to have run together [to it] as to the drain of human nature.'

(To be continued.)

ART. I.-A Chronological Summary of events and circumstances connected with the origin and progress of the doctrine and practices of the Quakers.

A. D.

(Continued from p. 57.)

The incorporation of England and Scotland, as The Kingdom 1707-8. of Great Britain: Some discontents in Scotland upon this union, seconded by France, threaten a rebellion; which being prevented by the vigilance of the Government, the Quakers among others address the Throne on the occasion.

This address, which may be found with the proceedings of the Society about it at length, in Gough, Chap. xvi, was presented to the Queen by George Whitehead and six other Friends, in behalf of the Yearly Meeting. It is briefly and pertinently worded, in a loyal and dutiful strain, and was graciously received; the Queen saying to the Friends, I thank you very kindly for your address, and I assure you of my protection: you may depend upon it. And the leader of the deputation in taking leave said, The Lord bless and prosper the Queen in all her good intentions.'

1710.

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The Meeting for Sufferings, in the Society's behalf, address the Queen on the subject of Religious Toleration; the continuance of which had been endangered by evil counsel, and political disputes.

In this year (says Gough) party animosities, which appear to have subsided for some time past, broke out with remarkable violence. Sacheverel, a violent high-church-man, inveighed against the dissenters in several harangues; for two of which he was complaind of to the

House of Commons; who impeached him for high crimes and misdemeanours-of which he was found guilty by the Lords, and silenced [oh, hard sentence !] for three years. The Clergy and others of the same stamp (who were now become numerous) patronized his cause, as their own-pointed their sermons and discourse with intemperate warmth at the dissenters, and stimulated the populace to riot and outrage against them; raising a popular cry that the CHURCH was in danger. The Queen also being influenced to change her ministry and measures [this firebrand] was used to turn the passions of the vulgar [I beg pardon of the people, now, for this exclusive application of the term, since there are always to be found the 'vulgar, great and small'] in favour of the design [of putting down dissent by such methods]. And from the prevailing spirit many dissenters were filled with apprehensions of a repeal of the Act of Toleration But a new parliament being called, the Queen in her speech declared her resolution to maintain the indulgence allowed to scrupulous consciences. Hence the present brief address; to which the Queen gave a like answer as to the former. (a)

A. D.

Lord Lovelace meets the New Jersey Assembly, and requires 1709. supplies; which are granted. Deceasing soon afterwards, he is succeeded by Brig. Gen. Robert Hunter. A Paper currency is introduced for the Province.

The administration of the Baron of Hurley had begun to give promise of better times, than the country had known under Lord Cornbury, when it was cut short by his death. He was succeeded for a while by Colonel Ingoldsby. This gentleman had been leader of a party in the Council, which intrigued at Court against the Assembly of the people: so that the Council had become an object of jealousy on their account. Ingoldsby made it his business to press for the supplies needful to the intended expedition against Canada; and he obtained a vote of £300, with something beside for his volunteers: plain proofs that Quaker principles of government began to be overruled. The Assembly was obliged now to have recourse to a Paper-currency: and with great care and caution Bills were issued for this large debt-to be changed as they became ragged and torn; and no new emissions allowed on any other account whatsoever! Smith says (in 1765) It [the currency] has from the beginning preserved its credit, and proved of great service to the Proprietors for the sale of their lands; and to the settlers, in enabling them to purchase, and contract and pay English debts, and go on with their improvements. Again, The Funds for sinking by tax the money created for the expedition, and other purposes, are mortgages -on the Estates real and personal in the province: hence they are secured as firmly as the province itself. They are a legal tender to all the inhabitants, in the province and elsewhere; but not to others except while in the province.' (b)

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1710. Dissensions continue in the Government of New Jersey. Governor Hunter arrived in the summer of 1710, and called a new

(a) Gough, vol. 4, p. 71. (b) Smith: Hist. New Jersey, p. 360.