No. 167.

Contents.

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Vol. VII.

PROFITABLE EXTRAS FOR CHEMISTS.

'HE columns of some of our pharmaceutical contemporaries THE are much agitated of late on the question of "Profitable Extras for Chemists," and the suggestions are many and various. We have nothing to do with the war being waged between the druggist and the competing grocer, but we have a few words to say upon one suggestion for a profitable extra which has been made, and which has a direct influence on the welfare of a Chemist, who has at least as good a claim to a profitable extra as any of his pharmaceutical fellow-menwe refer to the Analyst.

The suggestion has been made, "Take up the practice of analytical chemistry"-as a "profitable extra." We think that the suggestion deserves the attention of our analytical readers, and, in the first place, we must not omit to remind them that the trade of chemist and druggist is protected by law in such a way as to make it difficult for an analyst, even though he be a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, to engage in the business; while the practice of analytical chemistry can be taken up by anyone. We commend this to the notice of the somnolent Institute mentioned above. Yet behind this ægis of statutory protection, the pharmaceutical fraternity yearn for profitable extras. We confess ourselves at a loss to understand why, for, to take a case, only last week one of our friends requiring a little sulphuric acid went into a pharmaceutical chemist's for a pennyworth of commercial oil of vitriol, and received rather less than two ounces by measure of an acid which we, for curiosity's sake, tested and found 148° Twaddell. The price current for such an acid is about 1s. 6d. per cwt. Perhaps the druggist does not class B.O.V. as a "profitable extra." We may, however, class it as "extra profitable." The pharmacist's agitation for "profitable extras" is said to be provoked by other traders picking out those tit-bits from the druggist's business, which enable their retailers to show such a handsome profit from their sale. But the analyst has given them no such provocation. He has not even dabbled in patent medicines, although if he desires to do so he has a perfect right to take as his analytical and consulting rooms a set of offices with retail shop accommodation under them and ply the patent medicine, or oil, paint, and horse medicine trade on the same cheap lines as the grocer. Only a few days ago we noticed on the sign of a dispensing chemist the announcement-"Simple analyses done free of charge," which was a revelation to us. In the course of our business, we receive a very considerable number of samples of various kinds for analysis, and we were tempted to make a profitable extra by sending these, or the simple ones to this establishment, and pocketing the receipts, but we were deterred by the consideration that the analysis might be simple to a degree only expressed by potent adjectives, and the results not worth a brass farthing. We fear that an analytical procedure, which consists of licking the cork of a bottle of liquid and saying "Yes, that's quinine," smelling, and "I think that's Epsom Salts," is not entirely free from objection. To paraphrase a sentence we have before us, the analyst only feels aggrieved when out

siders invade his legitimate territory, and when the druggist, the dispenser, the patent medicine vendor, not to mention the prescribing chemist, seek to undersell him in that commodity which is universally acknowledged to pertain to his craft.

It behoves analysts to take this matter up and do something as a body, including all denominations, works analysts, public analysts, and analysts in official positions, to secure for the profession that freedom from invasion which, in the most lucrative branch of the druggist's trade, is secured to him by law. We invite the opinion of our analytical readers upon this question.

THE MCKINLEY BILL.

We have any of the and

E have procured a copy of the above bill, and make the follow

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
APRIL 16, 1890.

Read twice, committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, and ordered to be printed.

Mr. MCKINLEY, from the Committee on Ways and Means, reported the following bill:

A BILL

To reduce the revenue and equalise duties on imports, and for other

purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That on and after the first day of July, eighteen hundred and ninety, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles imported from foreign countries, and mentioned in the schedules herein contained, the rates of duty which are, by the schedules and paragraphs, respectively prescribed, namely: SCHEDULE A.-CHEMICALS, OILS AND PAINTS. ACIDS.1.

Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, one and onehalf cents per pound; exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, four cents per pound. Boracic acid, five cents per pound.

Chromic acid, six cents per pound.

2.

3.

4.

Citric acid, ten cents per pound.

5. Muriatic acid, one-fourth of one cent per pound.

6. Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, one-fourth of one cent per

7.

pound.

Tannic acid or tannin, one dollar per pound.

8. Tartaric acid, ten cents per pound.

9. Alcoholic perfumery, including cologne-water and other toilet waters, two dollars per gallon and fifty per centum ad valorem; alcoholic compounds not specially provided for in this act, two dollars per gallon and twenty-five per centum ad valorem.

10. Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, and aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground, six-tenths of one cent per pound.

11.

AMMONIA.-Carbonate of, one and three-fourths cents per pound; muriate of, or sal-ammoniac, three-fourths of one cent per pound; sulphate of, one-half of one cent per pound.

13.

12. Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, two cents per pound. 14. Bone-char, suitable for use in decolorizing sugars, twenty-five per centum ad valorem.

15. Borax, crude, or borate of soda or borate of lime, three cents per pound; refined borax, five cents per pound.

16. Camphor, refined, four cents per pound.

17. Chalk, prepared, precipitated, French, and red, one cent per pound; all other chalk preparations not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem.

18. Chloroform, forty cents per pound.

19. Chloride of calcium, one-fourth of one cent per pound. COAL-TAR PREPARATIONS.

20. All colours or dyestuffs derived wholly or in part from coaltar, whether possessing the nature of acids, salts, bases, or chemical compounds, and not otherwise specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem.

21.

All derivatives or preparations wholly or in part of coal-tar, not colours or dyes, and not expressly used as remedies for diseases, not otherwise specially provided for in this act." twenty per centum ad valorem; pitch of coal-tar, ten per centum ad valorem.

22. Cobalt, oxide of, thirty cents per pound. 23. Collodion and all compounds of pyroxyline, by whatever name known, fifty cents per pound; rolled or in sheets, but not made up into articles, sixty cents per pound; if in finished or partly-finished articles, sixty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 24. Colouring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad valorem.

25. Copperas or sulphate of iron, three-tenths of one cent per pound.

26. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, and bulbous roots, and excrescences, such as nutgalls, fruits, flowers, dried fibres, grains, gums, and gum resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, and not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem.

27. Ethers sulphuric, forty cents per pound; and spirits of nitrous ether, twenty-five cents per pound; butyric ether and other fruit ether, oil, or essences, two dollars and fifty cents per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially provided for in this act, one dollar per pound.

28. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dyewoods, extract of sumac, and extracts of hemlock and other barks, such as are commonly used for dyeing or tanning, not specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound.

29. Gelatine, glue, and isinglass or fish-glue, valued at not above seven cents per pound, one and one-half cents per pound; valued at above seven cents per pound and not above thirty cents per pound, twentyfive per centum ad valorem; valued at above, thirty cents per pound, thirty per centum ad valorem ; printers' rollers, or composition for the manufacture of same, twenty-five per centum ad valorem.

30. Glycerine, crude, not purified, two cents per pound; refined, four and one-half cents per pound.

31. Indigo, extracts, or pastes of, three-fourths of one cent per pound; carmined, ten cents per pound.

32. Ink and ink-powders, printers' ink, and all other ink, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem.

33. Iodine, resublimed, thirty cents per pound.

34. Iodoform, one dollar and fifty cents per pound.

35. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls, or other forms, six cents per pound.

36. Magnesia.-Carbonate of, medicinal, four cents per pound; calcined, eight cents per pound; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, threetenths of one cent per pound.

37. Morphia, or morphine, and all salts thereof, fifty cents per

47.

Hempseed oil and rapeseed oil, ten cents per gallon.
Olive oil, fit for salad purposes, thirty-five cents per gallon.
Peppermint oil, one dollar per pound.

48. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil not specially provided for in this act, eight cents per gallon.

49. Opium, aqueous extract of, for medicinal uses, and tincture of,

as laudanum, and all other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem.

50. Opium prepared for smoking, ten dollars per pound; but opium prepared for smoking and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded-warehouse shall not be removed therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be refunded.

PAINTS, COLOURS, AND VARNISHES.

51. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, including barytes earth, unmanufactured, two dollars per ton; manufactured, seven dollars per ton.

52. Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, Chinese, and all others, containing ferrocyanide of iron, dry or ground in water or oil, six cents per pound.

name known, including bone-black and lamp-black, dry or ground in oil or water, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 55. Chrome yellow, chrome green, and all other chromium colours in which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are component parts, dry, or ground in water or oil, four and one-half cents per pound.

56. Ochre and ochre earths, sienna and sienna earths, umber and umber earths, not specially provided for in this act, dry, one-fourth of one cent per pound; ground in oil, one and one-half cents per pound.

57. Ultramarine blue, four and one-half cents per pound. 58. Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; and on spirit varnishes for the alcohol contained therein, one dollar and thirty-two cents per gallon additional.

59. Vermilion red, or colours containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or water, twelve cents per pound.

60. Wash blue, containing ultramarine, three cents per pound. 61. Whiting and Paris white, dry, one-half of one cent per pound; ground in oil, or putty, one cent per pound. 62. Zinc, oxide of, dry, one and one-fourth cents per pound; ground in oil, one and three-fourth cents per pound. 63. All other paints and colours, whether dry or mixed, or ground with oil, including lakes, crayons, smalts, and frostings, not specially provided for in this act, and artists' colours of all kinds, in tubes, or otherwise, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; all paints and colours, mixed or ground with water or solutions other than oil, and artists' watercolour paints, fifty per centum ad valorem.

71. Bichromate and chromate of potash, three cents per pound. 72. Caustic or hydrate of, one and one-fourth of one cent per pound.

73. Carbonate of, or fused, twenty per centum ad valorem. 74. Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of potash, fifty cents per pound.

75. Nitrate of potash or saltpetre, refined, one cent per pound.

76. Prussiate of potash, red, ten cents per pound; yellow, five cents per pound.

77. Sulphate of, refined, two-tenths of one cent per pound. PREPARATIONS. —

78. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary preparations, of which alcohol is a component part, not specially provided for in this act, fifty cents per pound.

79.

So.

All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary preparations, of which alcohol is not a component part, and not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem.

Products or preparations known as alkalies, alkaloids, distilled oils, essential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinotions of the foregoing, and all chemical compounds and salts, not specially provided for in this act, twentyfive per centum ad valorem.

$1. Preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, dentifrices, pastes, pomades, powders, and tonics, including all known as toilet preparations, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum

SCHEDULE B.-EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, AND GLAssware. BRICK AND TILE.—

97. Fire-brick, not glazed, enamelled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty-five cents, per ton; glazed, enamelled, ornamented, or decorated, forty-five per centum ad valorem.

98. Tiles and brick, other than fire-brick, not glazed, ornamented, painted, enamelled, vitrified, or decorated, twentyfive per centum ad valorem; ornamented, glazed, painted, enamelled, vitrified, or decorated, and all encaustic, forty-five per centum ad valorem.

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER.—

99. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven cents per one hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per centum ad valorem.

N the Official Report on War Material in the Paris Exhibition, we find an interesting application of optical polarimetry to the determination of high temperatures. We refer to the Lunette Pyrometrique or Pyrometic Telescope, in which polarisation is applied to the rays of the spectrum. The instrument consists of a small tube of brass having a conical enlargement at one end. The smaller and cylindrical portion is divided into two parts, the first containing an arrangement of lenses, constituting the eye piece, and a Nicol's prism. This is called the analyser, and is fitted to the second tube or part, so as to rotate axially and independently. In the second part is fitted a plane of quartz, cut perpendicular to its optical axis. Behind this is a second Nicol's prism called the polarizer, while in the enlarged end of the instrument is placed the object glass. When an incandescent body is observed through this instrument, the colour visible for a given rotation of the analyser varies according to the temperature, and the passage from one tint to another requires an angle of rotation varying according to the luminous shade observed. A small turn brings the change from green to red, and the angle of rotation indicates the temperature. This test is said to be far more accurate than any judgment based upon observation with the naked eye. Cherry red at about 900°C. requires an angle of 40 degrees on the instrument, white heat at 1,500 ̊C. an angle of 69 degrees to bring about the change of colour. The small illumination produced by temperatures below 900 degrees, renders it difficult to accurately determine them, and an extra large objective is employed. It is stated that this instrument is "largely" used at the St. Jacques Works, and we await further particulars based on actual experience of this interesting application of polarized light.

PERMANENT CHEMICAL EXHIBITION.

THE HE proprietors wish to remind subscribers and their friends generally that there is no charge for admission to the Exhibition. Visitors are requested to leave their cards, and will confer a favour by making any suggestions that may occur to them in the direction of promoting the usefulness of the Institution.

JOSEPH AIRD, Greatbridge.-Iron tubes and coils of all kinds. ASHMORE, BENSON, PEASE AND CO., STOCKTON-ON-TEES.-Sulphate of Ammonia Stills, Green's Patent Scrubber, Gasometers, and Gas Plant generally.

BLACKMAN VENTILATING CO., LONDON.-Fans, Air Propellers, Ventilating Machinery.

GEO. G. BLACKWELL, LIVERPOOL.-Manganese Ores, Bauxite,
French Chalk. Importers of minerals of every description.
BRUNNER, MOND AND Co., NORTHWICH.-Bicarbonate of Soda,
Soda Ash, Soda Crystals, Muriate of Ammonia, Sulphate of
Ammonia, Sesqui-Carbonate of Ammonia.

BUCKLEY BRICK AND TILE Co., BUCKLEY.-Slabs, Blocks, Tiles,
Bricks, &c., of Fireclay and "Metalline," material.
CHADDERTON IRON WORKS Co., CHADDERTON.-Steam Driers and
Steam Traps (McDougall's Patent).

W. F. CLAY, EDINBURGH.-Scientific Literature-English, French,
German, American. Works on Chemistry a speciality.
CLAYTON ANILINE Co., CLAYTON.-Aniline Colours, Aniline Salt,
Benzole, Toluole, Xylole, and Nitro-compounds of all kinds.

J. CORTIN, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.-Regulus and Brass Taps and
Valves, "Non-rotative Acid Valves," Lead Burning Apparatus.
R. DAGLISH AND Co., ST. HELENS.-Photographs of Chemical Plant
-Blowing Engines, Filter Presses, Sludge Pumps, &c.
DAVIS BROS., MANCHESTER.-Samples of Products from various
Chemical processes-Coal Distilling, Evaporation of Paper-lyes,
Treatment of waste liquor from mills, &c.

R. & J. DEMPSTER, MANCHESTER.-Photographs of Gas Plants,
Holders, Condensers, Purifiers, &c.

Ozone

DOULTON AND CO., LAMBETH.-Specimens of Chemical Stoneware,
Stills, Condensers, Receivers, Boiling-pots, Store jars, &c.
E. FAHRIG, PLAISTOW, ESSEX.-Ozonised products.
Bleached Esparto-pulp, Ozonised Oil, Ozone-Ámmoniated Lime,
&c.
GALLOWAYS, LIMITED, MANCHESTER. —Photographs illustrating
Boiler factory, and an installation of 1,500-h. p.

JOHN A. GILBERT AND CO. LTD., LONDON. -Automatic Stills, and
Patent Mixing Machinery for Dry Paints, Powders, &c.
GRIMSHAW BROS., LIMITED, CLAYTON.-Zinc Compounds. Sizing
Materials, India-rubber Chemicals.

JEWSBURY AND BROWN, MANCHESTER-Samples of Aerated Waters JOSEPH KERSHAW AND CO, HOLLINWOOD.-Soaps, Greases, and Varnishes of various kinds to suit all requirements.

C. R. LINDSEY AND CO., CLAYTON.-Lead Salts, (Acetate, Nitrate, etc.) Sulphate of Copper, etc.

CHAS. LOWE AND CO., REDDISH.-Mural Tablet-makers of Carbolic Crystals, Cresylic and Picric Acids, Sheep Dip, Disinfectants, &c. MANCHESTER ANILINE Co., MANCHESTER. Aniline Colours. Samples of Dyed Goods and Miscellaneous Chemicals, both organic and inorganic.

MELDRUM BROS., MANCHESTER.-Steam Ejectors, Exhausters, Silent Boiling Jets, Air Compressors, and Acid Lifters.

E. D. MILNES AND BROTHER, BURY.-Dyewoods and Dyewood Extracts. Also samples of dyed fabrics.

MUSGRAVE AND Co., BELFAST.-Slow Combustion Stoves. Makers of all kinds of heating appliances.

NEWCASTLE CHEMICAL WORKS COMPANY, LIMITED, NEWCASTLEON-TYNE, Caustic Soda (ground and solid), Soda Ash, Recovered Sulphur, etc.

ROBINSON, COOKS, AND COMPANY, ST. HELENS.-Drawings, illustrating their Gas Compressors and Vacuum Pumps, fitted with Pilkington and Forrest's patent Valves.

J. ROYLE, MANCHESTER.-Steam Reducing Valves.

A. SMITH, CLAYTON.-India-rubber Chemicals, Rubber Substitute, Bisulphide of Carbon, Solvent Naphtha, Liquid Ammonia, and Disinfecting Fluids.

WORTHINGTON PUMPING ENGINE COMPANY, LONDON.-Pumping Machinery. Speciality, their "Duplex" Pump.

JOSEPH WRIGHT AND COMPANY, TIPTON.-Berryman Feed-water Heater. Makers also of Multiple Effect Stills and WaterSoftening Apparatus,

ON SOME DIFFERENT KINDS OF GAS FURNACES.

BY MR. BERNARD DAWSON, OF MALVERN. (A paper set down for reading before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at Sheffield.)

SINCE Institution on Regenerative Furnaces (Proceedings 1857, page

the two papers read by the late Sir William Siemens before

this 103, and 1862 page 21), several papers upon gas producers and various forms of regenerative gas furnaces have been read and discussed during the last few years at the meetings of other kindred institutions in this country; but as far as the author is aware, they have either been devoted chiefly to the description of particular forms of reversing regenerative furnaces, or else have been reviews of the progress made in the construction of gas producers in various countries. Omitting now any reference to the rival generators or producers in which the heating gas must first be made, the present paper will describe a few typical or representative varieties of Gas Furnaces.

The greater number of gas furnaces, in which crude heating gas has been successfully applied, have been of the kind now universally known as Reversing Regenerative Furnaces. There are many processes, however-requiring various degrees of temperature below that which can be maintained with any regularity by the use of regenerators only (of the kind associated with the name of Sir William Siemens)-in which gas furnaces have been used with some degree of success, both as regards economy in quantity and quality of fuel consumed to do a given quantity of work, and also as regards increased speed of work, saving in wear or destruction of the furnaces themselves, saving in labour, abolition of smoke, and the certainty of being able to maintain an atmosphere or flame, either of a reducing or of an oxidising nature : the two latter being essential conditions in many manufacturing processes. In large works it is often a further great advantage to be able to concentrate in one place the manipulation of all the fuel required in the various furnaces scattered throughout the different departments or shops, as also to avoid the nuisance arising from having to clean the fires and to remove the ashes. It is, therefore, at times a distinct advantage to employ gas for heating furnaces in which the saving in cost of fuel is itself a secondary or comparatively unimportant matter. The exact point at which it is advantageous to dispense with the somewhat costly system of reversing regenerative chambers is one on which there is some diversity of opinion. There are, of course, many furnaces, which can be and are being heated by gas, in which the temperature required is not high enough to render reversing regeneration either economical or even advisable; and the present paper is intended to illustrate a few such cases. It is probable, however, that the many comparatively low-temperature gas furnaces, to which such regeneration has been successfully applied at the new locomotive wor of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway at Horwich, may lead to this form of furnace being more generally adopted in future for such work as annealing steel castings, heating plates and angle bars for locomotive and marine boiler work and for ship yards, where a uniform temperature all over a large plate is required for flanging or bending. On the other hand there are many furnaces in which the higher temperature required is such as cannot be attained by the combustion of producer gas with cold air, but in which, with air heated in flues by radiation or conduction from the bed of the furnace and from the flues leading from the furnace to the chimney, a satisfactory result is attained, with some saving in first cost in building the furnace, and without the necessity for much excavation below the bed or hearth of the furnace. The use of gas with cold air is necessarily wasteful, owing to the inability to recover the waste heat from the flame or products of combustion before they pass away to the chimney; and this waste may be prevented by the employment of what may be termed continuous, as opposed to reversing regeneration.

In furnaces of this kind, as also in those with reversing regeneration, care must be taken to ensure that the escaping gases or waste heat shall pass into the chimney flues at a sufficiently high temperature to secure the amount of draught requisite for working the furnace advantageously. The author has seen many reversing gas furnaces, in which, in the anxiety to provide area enough in the regenerators to recover the waste heat instead of letting it pass to the chimney unused, the temperature of the escaping gases at entrance to the chimney has been so low as to make the furnace a failure, either entirely or comparatively. Inattention to the real principles of gas furnaces has done much to bring into disrepute the Siemens regenerative furnace for reheating piles and ingots and for other similar processes; and the author thinks that the recent remarks of Mr. John Head in the discussion upon Sir Lowthian Bell's paper on gaseous fuel at the Paris meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute Journal 1889, II, page 154) are well worth the attention of those who complain of the inefficiency of many reversing furnaces in this country. Not long ago there was an instance of a re-heating furnace which was working very badly, and using considerably more fuel per ton of ingots heated than the coal-fired furnace which it had replaced. It certainly appeared to possess every fault which such a