which rise precipitously, form the northern shore of the harbour from the northern end of the beach to North arm.

The harbour extends about 41⁄2 miles south-westward within St. Ann beach; it has a general width of 114 miles, a depth of 7 to 9 fathoms and is completely sheltered.

Tides rise 6 feet springs, 42 feet neaps.

ST. JOHN HARBOUR, St. John county, New Brunswick, lies at the head of the bay into which the St. John river flows, some 55 nautical miles from the entrance of the bay of Fundy, on the north side of the bay. The harbour is safe, commodious and always accessible. It is rapidly becoming one of the chief north Atlantic ports in winter traffic for ocean-going freight, passenger and mail steamers and immigrant ships. Owing to its favorable location and extensive railway communication with all parts of the Dominion of Canada and United States, a number of ocean-going liners and ocean-going steamers enter and depart from this port during the winter especially.

The increase of trade and traffic has made it necessary to enlarge the berthing and loading accommodation for the large steamers, and extensive improvements have been undertaken and are proceeding on this scale. Grain, lumber, pulp and paper and agricultural products from the maritime provinces and western Canada form the chief part of the articles of exports; while merchandise, iron and steel manufactures form the chief articles of import.

Numerous passenger lines of steamboats keep up communication with ports in the Maritime provinces, bay of Fundy, the United States, Montreal and on the St. Lawrence route. The passenger traffic with these ports is especially large in the summer season. Trade with the West Indies forms an important item in the operations of this port.

Partridge island protects the harbour on the south side, and from Partridge island to the head of the harbour the distance is 21⁄2 miles. A quarantine station for St. John is located at Partridge island. There are 2 channels known as the east and west, one on each side of the island; the one on west side is used by vessels of shallow draught only. The one on the east is the main channel and has been dredged at the entrance to the harbour and carries a depth of not less than 30 feet at low water for a distance of 6,000 feet, with a general width of about 650 feet. After this channel is passed, the depth towards the head of the harbour and width increase greatly, being from 50 to 70 feet in depth, and even greater in parts, and about 2,000 feet wide. Beacon bar, formerly on the west side of the main channel, has been removed and the depth of water at that point is now 32 feet at low water. The depth of water along the piers at West St. John is from 26 to 30 feet and in Sand point slip 32 feet.

The channel leading into Courtenay bay on the east side of the harbour is 32 feet in depth at low tide.

The deepest and best sheltered anchorage is off the wharves at Sand point. There are at present in use twenty-three deep-water berths for ocean steamers, with capacious warehouses, seven berths for steamers drawing not more than 10 feet of water, and one mile and a half of frontage, including slip-faces, at which vessels can be moored and receive cargoes, although grounded at low tide, without inconvenience or damage.

Repair Docks.-The facilities for repairing consist of sets of blocks owned by the city and private concerns for vessels up to 800 tons. The construction of a dry dock in Courtenay bay, 900 feet in length, 100 feet in width at entrance and 37 feet on the sill, is being proceeded with.

The anchorage grounds in and adjacent to the harbour extend over a wide For large vessels there is ample anchorage accommodation; the bottom is composed of soft mud with gravel in places.

area.

There are forty wharves ranging in length from 200 to 1,540 feet. There are fifteen large sheds, besides coal sheds and pockets. There are about eighteen railway sidings belonging to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, the Intercolonial Railway and the New Brunswick Southern Railway adjacent to the wharf sheds. At twenty-two wharves the depth of water ranges from 18 to 31 feet at low water. At eighteen wharves it is 20 feet at high tide.

At St. John West, the Canadian Pacific Railway extends its tracks to the Canadian Pacific Railway wharf, Union wharves 1, 2, 3 and 4 and New South Rodney 5 and 6, upon which wharves are sheds; the New Brunswick Southern Railway to North Rodney wharf and Nelson wharf, upon which is a coal shed. At St. John east the Intercolonial Railway extends its tracks to the Intercolonial Railway ballast wharf slip and to the same slip west and north and to the public pier to Petingnell wharf and McLeod wharf, also to the Intercolonial Railway pier east and west.

The Canadian Pacific Railway has a grain elevator at St. John West from which grain is conveyed to vessels lying at the company's wharf and at the Union wharves. The conveyor is 1,800 feet along the front of the wharves and a conveyor is now being constructed to another wharf. The capacity of the elevator is 1,032,000 bushels and is in constant use during the winter season by transatlantic steamers. The Canadian Pacific Railway are erecting an additional elevator of 1,000,000 bushel capacity. Excellent cattle sheds are connected with the Canadian Pacific Railway wharves, so arranged that cattle are taken into them from the cars at one side and driven aboard the vessels from the other side.

The Intercolonial Railway has connected with its terminal wharf at York point an elevator with a capacity of 500,000 bushels, equipped with all the facilities for handling grain. The wharf is a crib wharf, tight faced, 535 feet long and 156 feet wide, two tracks, a shed 510 feet long by 118 feet wide, with doors on both sides for handling freight and two tracks in the centre holding thirteen cars. Depth of water at this track 30 feet at low spring tide on each side of the wharf and the same on the harbour front. The Intercolonial Railway has also a crib wharf with large shed for the flour shipped to bay of Fundy ports. A number of private wharves are located in the harbour.

The Department of Marine and Fisheries has now under construction a wharf and depot at West St. John, on a site at the end of Nelson street above Navy island. A cold storage plant is owned by the New Brunswick Cold Storage Company, and is located beside and facing the Intercolonial pier. Any large or small vessel running into the port may easily dock there at any time. There is siding accommodation for sixteen cars at one time, operated either by the Intercolonial or Canadian Pacific railways when required. The cold store, in addition to large space for general storage, has accommodation of 80,000 cubic feet for fresh fish.

St. John, N.B. City and Harbour from Fort Howe.

A signal staff on Partridge island signals vessels bound for St. John harbour. The Meteorological Office at St. John exhibits a daily signal by which ships' chronometers may be checked. Storm warnings are posted on the approach of storms.

A wireless telegraph station of the Marconi system is established at this port and communication with vessels at sea, 250 nautical miles from St. John, can be maintained. The harbour regulations are administered by the City Corporation, but the Dominion Government has spent large sums of money in improvements and is continuing the work.

Port Charges.-The port charges are dues according to the regulations of the harbour authorities, consisting of harbour master's fees and anchorage fees, specially arranged for this port, and the Dominion Government charge for sick mariners' dues of 12 cents per ton, collected three times in one year. Wharfage is charged at the rate of $2.00 per day for vessels of 380 tons and 25 cents for every additional 50 tons. Anchorage dues are:-vessels of 550 tons and under 600 tons $3.50 and 25 cents additional for every 50 tons above 550.

Loading and discharging cargo costs an average of 30 cents per ton on general cargo and $1.00 per standard for loading lumber.

Coaling large steamers is done by two barges fitted with proper machinery, each capable of handling 150 tons per hour. There are two coal towers, one on each side of the harbour for discharging coal.

Supplies of all kinds are readily obtainable at St. John and cheap.

Tides.-The tides rise and fall in St. John harbour 251⁄2 feet springs and 212 feet neaps. Tide tables are published by the Tidal and Survey branch of the Naval Department at Ottawa. The flow of the St. John river during April and May increases the depth of water in the harbour and causes the ebb stream to be stronger than the flood stream. See Coast Pilot for S.E. coast of Nova Scotia and Bay of Fundy, 1911, for sailing directions in bay of Fundy and chart No. 352 and plan No. 1551.

Lights.-The Lights in approaches and St. John Harbour; Tiner point fog-alarm on the point, latitude N. 45 9 22, longitude W. 66 11 22; submarine bell off Negro head 1 1-8 mile, 146°, from south end of Manawagonish island, latitude N. 45 11 0, longitude W. 66 6 51; Negro head bell buoy in 12 fathoms off Negro head; Black point gas and whistling buoy in 15 fathoms outside entrance of St. John harbour, white occulting; Partridge island light, highest point of island, St. John harbour, latitude N. 45 13 54, longitude W. 66 3 10; diaphone on south-west end of island; Partridge island light and bell boat in 26 feet near east side of Partridge island, latitude N. 45 14 7, longitude W. 66 2 45, white fixed; one light on Negro point, Government breakwater, west entrance to port, 50 feet from outer end, latitude N. 45 14 13, longitude W. 66 3 19; white fixed; St. John harbour gas buoy in 51⁄2 fathoms, about 4 cables eastward of Negro point, white occulting; light on pier on point of bar, west side of channel, white occulting; a fog bell is operated at this station; one on Intercolonial Railway wharf, St. John city on the outermost corner of wharf, latitude 45 15 27, longitude W. 66 3 13, red fixed; one on Reeds point, foot of St. James street, St. John city, red and white fixed. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for year 1913.