INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GUIDANCE OF MASTERS AND SEAMEN

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rocket line unbent from the whip, let one of the crew, separated from the rest, make the signal required by Article 1, above.

4. As soon as the signal is seen on shore a hawser will be bent to the whip line, and will be hauled off to the ship by those on shore.

5. When the hawser is got on board, the crew should at once make it fast to the same part of the ship as the tail block is made fast to, only about 18 inches higher, taking care that there are no turns of the whip line round the hawser. The whip should then be unbent from the hawser.

6. When the hawser has been made fast on board, the signal directed to be made in Article 1, above, is to be repeated.

7. The men on shore will then set the hawser taut, and by means of the whip line will haul off to the ship a sling lifebuoy, into which the person to be hauled ashore is to get. When he is in, and secure, one of the crew must be separated from the rest, and again signal to the shore as directed in Article 1, above. The people on shore will then haul the person in the sling to the shore, and when he has landed will haul back the empty sling to the ship for others. This operation will be repeated until all persons are landed.

8. It may sometimes happen that the state of the weather and the condition of the ship will not admit of a hawser being set up; in such cases a sling lifebuoy will be hauled off by the whip, which will be used without the hawser.

Masters and crews of stranded vessels should bear in mind that SUCCESS in landing them in a great measure DEPENDS UPON THEIR COOLNESS AND ATTENTION TO THE RULES HERE LAID DOWN; and that by attending to them many lives are annually saved by the rocket apparatus on the coasts of the United Kingdom.

The system of signalling must be strictly adhered to; and all women, children, passengers, and helpless persons should be landed before the crew of the ship.

DISTRESS SIGNALS.

When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, viz:

In the daytime:

1. A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute.

2. The International Code signal of distress indicated by NC.

3. The distant signal, consisting of a square flag, having either above it or

4.

At night;

below it a ball or anything resembling a ball.

A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus.

1. A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute.

2. Flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar-barrel, oil-barrel, etc.)

3. Rockets or shells, throwing stars of any colour or description, fired one at a time at short intervals.

4. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus.

EXPLANATION OF COMPASS TERMS

Variation of the Compass is the angle between the True North and the Magnetic North. This difference or error arises from the Magnetic Poles not coinciding with the Terrestrial ones, and is due entirely to the influence of the earth on Magnetic Needles, which is the same only at few parts of the world.

Deviation of the Compass is the angle included between the Magnetic North and the Compass North. This error is due to the disturbing influences of the iron of which the ship is built, as rudder posts, masts, chains, funnels, etc., her position when building, her cargo, or other causes within the ship.

Local Attraction is the error caused by some disturbing force outside the ship, and belonging entirely to the locality at which a ship may be as mooring posts or chains, dock cranes, another iron vessel alongside, volcanic or magnetic influences, etc.

Heeling Error is the effect produced on the Compass by the heeling of an iron or composite ship, the angle increasing with the amount of Heel.

Leeway is the angle between the ship's course by Compass and the direction which she makes through the water, as shown by her wake.

Compass Course is the course steered by ship's Compass.

Magnetic Course is the Compass Course corrected for Deviation and Leeway. The True Course of a Ship is the Compass Course corrected for Deviation. Leeway, and Variation.

SEAPORTS.

ABBOT HARBOUR, Yarmouth county, Nova Scotia. The harbour is on the south east coast of Nova Scotia, is formed by the narrow channel between Abbot island and the main shore. The entrance is only a cable across and easy of access for small vessels. The harbour is well sheltered and has a depth of water of 31⁄2 fathoms. The light is a fixed white light on a mast on the east side of the harbour, in latitude 43 39 25 N., longitude 65, 49, 36 W. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for 1913.

The port charges are the same as at other Canadian seaports, viz., Harbour Master's dues, 50 cents for vessels of 50 tons register or under, increasing, according to size, up to $5.00 for vessels over 700 tons, paid twice yearly in the Dominion.

Directions. Approaching from the southward, the west end of Abbot island in line N. 31° E., with a point on the mainland within Bramble island leads about 112 cables westward of St. Ann shoal and of the outer shoal off Twin islands; when abreast Stony island, steer by bearings of the lighthouse to avoid the shoal water extending about 2 cables to the southward of Abbot island, until the northern point of the harbour opens out east of Abbot island, thence round, at about half a cable, the south-east point of the island, and anchor in a depth of about 311⁄2 fathoms midway between the island and the main shore. See S.E. coast of Nova Scotia Pilot and charts Nos. 2537, 352, 1651, 2670.

ADVOCATE HARBOUR, Cumberland county, Nova Scotia, is between cape d'Or and cape Chignecto, bay of Fundy, about the middle of the head of Advocate bay. From the middle of Advocate bay, a natural sea wall, 10 feet above high water, extends almost continuously to the western point of cape d'Or, 9 cables from the

shore, thus forming between it and Advocate settlement a deep basin with mud bottom. Near cape d'Or there is an opening at high water and vessels pass through into the basin or harbour inside, where they ground at low water. There is an anchorage near the entrance in which small vessels can lie afloat at low water.

Advocate bay lies between cape d'Or and cape Chignecto, and the distance between the capes is 71⁄2 miles. The water is deep in the bay, varying from 3 fathoms near the shore to 18 fathoms out in the bay, low water. The tide rises and falls at cape Chignecto 37 feet springs and 301⁄2 feet at neaps. See "Nova Scotia (S.E. Coast) and Bay of Fundy Pilot" and chart No. 354.

In the bay, buoys have been placed and are kept in position.

Port Charges are sick mariners' dues of 12 cents per ton register, paid three times a year and optional with fishing vessels; harbour master's dues, 50 cents for vessels of 50 tons and under, increasing up to $5.00 for vessels over 700 tons, paid at the two first ports entered yearly. Supplies are readily obtained.

Light. One red fixed light on the south side of entrance to harbour, lat. 45 19 30 N., long. 64 47 30 W., one fog whistle extreme point of cape d'Or, lat. 45 17 25 N., long. 64 47 30 W. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for 1913.

ALBERNI, British Columbia, is situated at the head of Alberni canal. This canal is a natural inlet running in a northerly direction from Barkley sound. The canal or inlet varies in width from 2 cables to one mile and terminates in a fine capacious anchorage at its head. The inlet is of great depth in its whole length, and at its head there is a depth of from 3 to 9 fathoms. The wharves at the port of Alberni at the head of the inlet are the Esquimalt and Nanaimo railway wharf 1250 feet long and the deep water wharf, a length of 300 feet. Alberni is an outport of Nanaimo for customs purposes and trade and navigation returns. Light. One on east side entrance of Somass river, lat. 49 14 35 N., long. 124 49 50 W., white,fixed, unwatched, visible from all points of approach. See List of Lights Pacific Coast for 1913.

ALBERT HARBOUR, Albert county, New Brunswick, is a small harbour on the Shepody river. This river empties into Shepody bay an extension of Chignecto bay, an arm in the north eastern part of the bay of Fundy. There are several wharves on Shepody river, one at Albert, from which gypsum is shipped, and others on the river from which general shipments are made and two large wharves from which lumber only is shipped. All these wharves have railway sidings with the exception of one situated on the south side of the river.

Light.-Vessels pass Grindstone island where there is a white occulting light and fog alarm on the W. point of the island, lat. 45, 43, 16 N., long. 64 37 24 W. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for 1913. The island is on the way up the Shepody river. Albert harbour is within the customs port of Riverside.

ALERT BAY, British Columbia, on the south side of Cormorant island. The bay is three quart ers of a mile wide and half a mile deep; it affords good anchorage in from 4 to 8 fat homs, low water; sand and mud bottom. Salmon canneries are established at this place and piers accommodate small vessels. The rise and fall of the tide is 16 feet springs, and 9 feet neaps. Tonnage entered and departed for the fiscal year, 1911-12 was 487,922 tons.

ALMA HARBOUR, Albert county, New Brunswick, is a small harbour in Chignecto bay, an arm of the bay of Fundy. There is a continuous wharf along shore, 400 feet in length and 50 feet wide, and above the bridge is a wharf 100 feet along shore by 70 feet in width; depth of water at the wharves about 16 feet. There is an outer and an inner harbour, the outer is known as Herring cove, where steamers and vessels load lumber. The anchorage in Herring cove is good, and bottom soft mud; tides rise, springs 37 feet, neaps, 30 feet. Alma is open all the year round.

AMHERST HARBOUR, Cumberland county, Nova Scotia. This harbour is in Cumberland basin at the extreme eastern end of the bay of Fundy. There are two wharves in the harbour; one 200 by 30 and one 150 by 30 feet, railway siding on each wharf; one shed and hoisting engine; depth of water at the wharves 25 feet at high water; no docks for repairs and no anchorage for vessels to lie afloat at low tide, the bottom is soft mud. In the harbour are two buoys, one on the starboard and the other on the port side entering. Vessels enter this harbour only during a rising tide or high tide. When the tide falls vessels lie on mud bottom. Amherst is a port of entry for vessels.

Lights. Front light near west corner Amherst basin, latitude N. 45 50 4. longitude W. 64 16 40; back light 688 feet 43° 20′ from front light, both red fixed. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for 1913.

Port charges are sick mariners' dues and harbour master's dues when not collected in another Canadian port. Tonnage entered and departed, 32,713 tons in fiscal year 1911-12.

Sailing Directions:-Cumberland basin is the eastern termination of Chignecto bay, and receives the waters of numerous rivers. It lies on the eastern side of cape Maringouin, and between Peck and Boss points; the entrance is

1 4-10 miles across; from this position the channel is straight and navigable for a distance of 8 miles to a little beyond Woody point on the northern shore. See Coast Pilot, S.E. Coast, Nova Scotia and bay of Fundy and Chart No. 354.

ANNAPOLIS HARBOUR, Annapolis county, N.S. This harbour is situated on the Annapolis river about 10 miles from Annapolis basin. The entrance to the basin from the bay of Fundy is at Digby strait or gut. The gut is narrow and has a depth of water of about 25 fathoms at its narrowest part, but this depth decreases greatly inside the basin and varies from 12 to 14 fathoms immediately inside the basin to from 31⁄2 fathoms to 6 fathoms low water spring tides in the channel to Annapolis. There is good anchorage for large vessels at several places in the basin and vessels of 1,700 tons can proceed towards Annapolis as far as the King's wharf. From Annapolis basin the Annapolis river has a general E. by N. direction for 10 miles to the town of Annapolis; midway is Goat island which divides the river into two channels, the northern channel being the deeper and having from 41⁄2 to 6 fathoms of water until Annapolis harbour is reached.

A shoal which surrounds Goat island, excepting the south side, dries at low water. Banks that dry on the south side of the river vary from one cable to three quarters of a mile from the shore. Buoys are placed in Annapolis basin. leading to Annapolis at the following points: one spar buoy starboard side at Goat island; one spar buoy port side at Marsh point. At Annapolis there is anchorage from 6 to 11 fathoms, but vessels should anchor with a swivel, or head and stern, on account of eddies.

Lights. One white occulting light on end of Digby pier; latitude 44 37 40 N., longitude 65 45 6 W.; one white fixed light on Shafner point, latitude N. 44 42 40, longitude W. 65 37 12; one red fixed light at water's edge at Annapoli N.E. of Government pier, latitude N. 44 44 51; longitude W. 65 31 6. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for 1913.

Services of pilots can be obtained by applying to the Collector of Customs at Digby at the entrance of Annapolis basin. Tonnage entered and departed 40,942, fiscal year 1911-12.

For further information see Coast Pilot of S. E. coast of Nova Scotia and bay of Fundy and chart No. 2561. The port is open for vessels the whole year.

The port charges are the same as at other Canadian seaports, viz. harbour master's dues, paid twice in each year, unless paid in other Canadian ports, according to tonnage; sick mariners' dues, paid three times in the year, for vessels of 100 tons burthen and over. Canadian fishing vessels may pay sick mariners' dues for each voyage, but payment is optional.

APPLE RIVER HARBOUR, Cumberland county, N.S. This is a small harbour at the mouth of Apple river which empties into Chignecto bay, an arm of the bay of Fundy. At the entrance, the depth of water is 6 fathoms and from 134 to 11⁄2 fathoms inside the harbour at low water. In this vicinity at Spicer cove, a small indentation of the coast, the tide rises 37 feet at spring tide and 301⁄2 feet at neap tide, giving an idea of the rise and fall of the tide in the harbour of Apple river.

Light. The light is situated on cape Capstan N. of the entrance, in latitude. N. 45 28 20, longitude W. 64 51 35, and is a fixed white light. A steam fogalarm is established at the light station, which gives blasts of 14 seconds, with intervals of 46 seconds. See List of Lights on the Atlantic Coast for 1913.