St. Lawrence river channel to the harbour channel have been deepened to 19 feet at low water; this depth is carried to the elevators and freight sheds of the Rutland Railroad terminus. This dredging was completed in 1913, but these channels require periodical dredging. Lights, gas buoys and red and black spar buoys mark the channels to the harbour. Day and night storm warning signals are displayed at this port from a steel tower.

MINOR NAVIGABLE WATERS IN ONTARIO.

The Ottawa river, from its source, which is almost directly north of the city of Ottawa, at the height of land which marks the commencement of the slope to Hudson bay, to its junction with the St. Lawrence river, is a distance of 750 miles. The Ottawa river drains a basin of 56,043 square miles. From a report of the Public Works Department, the navigable length of the river has been obtained. The Upper Ottawa, that is above Ottawa city, can be navigated on various parts to the mouth of the Mattawan river, a total distance of 192 miles. From Ottawa to the Joachim rapids, a distance of 120 miles, steamers of 6 feet draught can navigate the various sections. From Joachim rapids to the mouth of the Mattawan river, a distance of 50 miles may be navigated by steamers of 3 feet draught at low water. It should, however, be pointed out that owing to rapids and falls a clear run cannot be made from Ottawa to the Mattawan river.

The Lower Ottawa is 120 miles in length, and many steamers are employed carrying freight and passengers from Ottawa to Montreal and intermediate points. The Grenville canal and Lachine canal enable freight and passenger steamers to reach Montreal.

Three large bodies of water, that are enlargements of this river, are lake Temiscaming, lake Deschenes and lake of Two Mountains. These expanses are beautiful lakes much used as pleasure resorts and for general navigation.

Lake Nipigon is north of Fort William and lies between the shores of lake Superior and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The lake is navigable from the north end, where it connects with the railway, for a distance of 70 miles for vessels of 10 feet draught. At present, the lake and surroundings are preserved by the Ontario Government as a forest, fishing and game preserve. It is justly famed for the variety and quantity of fish within its waters and streams discharging into it. Sportsmen visit the lake for hunting and fishing at the proper seasons. Three steamers are engaged in carrying passengers and freight from one point to another, situated on its banks.

Lake Helen is still further east and is navigable from Nipigon, a station on the Grand Trunk Pacific, in a northerly direction for 15 miles for vessels of a draught of 6 feet and for 6 miles up the Nipigon river. One steamer plys on the river, carrying passengers and freight.

Lake Sturgeon is 300 miles east of Winnipeg, in western Ontario. It is navigable, from where it connects with the railway, in a south-easterly direction for a distance of 40 miles for steamers of 6 feet draught; there are four steamers plying on the lake. Minerals are abundant in the vicinity.

Lake or Lac Seul is also connected with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway at a point about 300 miles east of Winnipeg. It is navigable in an easterly and westerly direction for 180 miles by steamers of a draught of 8 feet. One steamer

is at present engaged in carrying passengers and freight on its waters. The surrounding country is heavily wooded with a fine growth of timber forest.

Lake Wabigoon lies near a section of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 250 miles east of Winnipeg. It is navigable from Dryden in a southerly direction for 50 miles by vessels of a draught of 7 feet. Connection is made with lake Manitou by portage. Five steamers are engaged on lake Wabigoon in the freight, lumber and fishing industries. The lake is an important stretch of navigation and the centre of a rich mineral district.

Lake Manitou-This lake is seven miles south of lake Wabigoon. The two lakes are connected by a seven mile portage. Manitou lake is navigable for 40 miles in an easterly direction, by steamers of 6 feet draught. The navigation of the lake is important as it is in a mining district. Two small steamers carry freight and passengers from one point to another.

Eagle lake is connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 188 miles east of Winnipeg. It is navigable from Vermillion bay in a southerly direction, for a distance of 60 miles by steamers of a draught of 7 feet. The lake has connection with a number of small water stretches and navigation is important. Three steamboats navigate the lake, engaged in the lumber and fishing industry. The surrounding country is heavily timbered.

Lake of the Woods is connected with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Kenora, in Ontario, and the Canadian Northern Railway on the south side at Warroad, Minnesota. The Rainy river discharges into this lake. The lake is navigable for a distance of 80 miles from Kenora to the mouth of Rainy river by vessels drawing 9 feet of water. Twenty-two steamers are employed on this lake, the largest at present being 472 tons. The lake is famed for the thousands of islands within its bounds, and for its mineral deposits and mines in operation. It has become the greatest summer resort in western Canada. The Winnipeg river is one of its tributaries.

Lake Nipissing is in the northeast part of Ontario. Of irregular shape and bold shores. The overflow discharges into French river which in turn flows. into Georgian bay.

The lake is some 50 miles long, its greatest breadth being 35 miles, and is 642 feet above sea level.

At North Bay the most important port on the lake, dredging has been carried on to give a depth of 14 feet at the wharves.

Lake Nipissing is a link in the proposed Georgian Bay canal uniting the Ottawa river with French river.

Rainy lake is another sheet of water fast becoming a favourite summer resort. The Canadian Northern Railway runs along its banks for some distance, and part of the roadbed has been formed by connecting some of the islands by fillings. It is navigable from Fort Francis, Ontario, in a south-easterly direction for 75 miles for steamboats of 7 feet draught. Eight steamboats are engaged in traffic on this lake.

The lakes above described are within the boundary lines of the province of Ontario, and complete the comparatively new waters opened to navigation within recent years.

Lake Winnipeg is a large body of water; it is properly included in the Great Lakes of Canada. It is navigable from the mouth of Red river, at the south end, to Nelson river at the north end, a distance of 300 miles, by steamers of a draught of 10 feet. Since the completion of the locks at St. Andrews, 40 miles of navigation have been added, enabling steamboats to pass up the Red river to Winnipeg. The traffic on the lake is considerable, due to the extensive following of fishing operations. The Dominion Government has established two fish hatcheries near the lake. Dredging is now progressing for improvements at Red river and other points. Twenty-two steamers navigate the lake in different directions.

Lake Manitoba is connected at its southern end with the Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways at Oak Point and Totogan. It is navigable from these points northward to Gypsumville, a distance of 125 miles, by steamers drawing 5 feet. Dredging is being carried on to improve small harbours to a depth that will accomodate vessels drawing 4 feet. There are now five steamers navigating the lake, engaged in carrying lumber and gypsum.

The surrounding country is agricultural, and when settled the navigation on this lake will be of considerable importance.

Lake Winnipegosis is connected at the southern end with the Canadian Northern Railway at Winnipegosis; it is navigable from this point in a northerly direction for 120 miles for vessels with a draught of 7 feet. There are six steamboats on this lake engaged in fishing and the lumber trade. This lake is surrounded by a timber country and some good agricultural land. trout and pickerel caught in its waters are superior in quality. Artificial propagation is carried on by means of a fish hatchery.

The white fish,

LAKES OF SASKATCHEWAN.

Last Mountain lake is connected with the Canadian Northern and Canadian Pacific Railways at the southern end of the lake at Craven. It is navigable from this point for 70 miles in a northerly direction by vessels of a draught of 7 feet. The Public Works Department of Canada has a dredge at work improving harbours on the lake. The lake is surrounded by a rich prairie country. When this country is settled navigation is more than likely to become important. The locality is fast becoming a summer resort of the inhabitants of Saskatchewan, who find fish abundant in its waters.

Lake Athabaska is connected at the south-west corner with Athabaska river, and at the northwest corner with the Peace river and the Slave river, at Fort Chipewyan. This is a deep water lake, and is now navigated from Fort Chipewyan

to Fond du Lac, a distance of 130 miles, by steamboats drawing 7 feet of water, but much larger and deeper draught boats might be successfully used. This lake is on the route to the Mackenzie river country and forms an important section for navigation to the northern country. Its tributaries are the Athabaska, Peace and Slave rivers. Light draught river boats can run from Fort Chipewyan to Fort McMurray on the Athabaska river, 187 miles, to the Chutes, on the Peace river, 173 miles, and to Fort Smith, on the Slave river, 188 miles. Trout, white fish and pickerel, abound in the waters of lake Athabaska. This lake is partly in Alberta.

LAKES OF ALBERTA.

Lesser Slave lake is 250 miles north of Edmonton, and forms part of the route to the Peace river. Railway connection has not yet been established with the lake, but it is probable that it will be at no distant time, as the country

surrounding it is being rapidly settled in sections of good farming land found there. The lake is navigable for a distance of 70 miles, its full length. One freight and passenger steamboat plys on its waters and runs 110 miles down the Lesser Slave river.

Great Slave lake is connected on the south side with the Slave river, and at the northwest part with the Mackenzie river. The lake is deep, with only a few known indentations or natural harbours. River steamboats, drawing six feet of water, run from the Slave river to the Mackenzie river, a distance of 100 miles and to Fort Ray, a distance of 130 miles. Boats also run from Fort Resolution on the lake to Fort Smith on the Slave river, and to the mouth of the Mackenzie river, a distance of 1,105 miles. Larger and deeper draught steamers might successfully operate on these waters. Great Slave lake, like the other northern lakes, contains white fish, trout and pickerel in immense numbers.

NAVIGABLE RIVERS IN WESTERN ONTARIO, MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA, AND MACKENZIE TERRITORY.

Many shallow rivers and streams are found in Western Ontario that discharge into Georgian bay and lake Superior and smaller lakes north of the Great Lakes, but in a country where large rivers are numerous these shallow rivers and streams are important only as lumber streams, but are not included in a publication in