PRESENT STATE AND APPEARANCES. Rivers. Aine, Bruscath, Cambeck, Line the black and the white, Liza, Nyte, Pultrop, Vent, Wiza or Wiz. Lake. Llough near Rowcliffe. Eminences and Views. Bootle beacon, Brampton mote, Carlisle castle, Castle cragg-hill, Cumrew fell, Dale Raughton, High style, Honiston cragg, King Harry fell, Lingy-close head, Moothay, Muncaster fell, Naddle fell, Red pike, St. Bee's head, Sandala top, Scarrow hill, the Screes, Spade-Adam top, Workington hill. Natural Curiosities. Biglands, sulphureous; Drig, Gilcrux, and Stanger, saline; Sebugham, petrifying; Bewcastle, Great Salkeld, Brampton, and Iron-gill chalybeate springs.-Scenery of Newland and Wanthwaite vales. Of the extraordinary eruption of Solway Moss, Nov, 15, 1771, not a trace is now to be seen, the ground having been gradually cleared at a great expence, and brought again into cultivation by Dr. Graham, who was Jandlord of the whole inundated track. This county is remarkable for the longevity of its inhabitants. In Lysons's "Cumberland" is a list of 144 persons of not less than 100 years of age buried between the years 1663 and 1814. The most remarkable instances recorded, are Robert Brown, aged 110, buried at Arthuret 1666. Richard Green, 114, Dacre 1680. Thomas Fearon, 112, Bride-kirk 1701. Jane Hodgson, 114, Harrington 1717. Thomas Dickenson, 112, Bootle 1745. Mary Lingleton, 110, Dearham. Rev. George Braithwaite, 110, Carlisle 1753. Mark Noble, 113, Corney 1768. James Bell, 113, Penrith, 1772. The obituary of the Gentleman's Magazine also records Ann Wilson, 110, Aston 1765. John Noble, 114, Corney 1772. John Maxwell, 132, Keswick Lake 1785. John Taylor, noticed among the eminent natives, lived to the age of 135. Public Edifices. Carlisle Assize courts, founded in 1810, within the walls of the antient citadel, architect Robert Smirke, jun. who also built the bridge of 5 elliptic arches, each of 65 feet span, founded 1812; County gaol; Grammar-school-Girl's Charity-school-Guildhall-Dovenby hospital and schools.-Keswick school; and Market-house, built 1813.-Longtownbridge, 5 arches.-Penrith and Plumbland schools.-St. Bee's school, founded by Archb. Grindall.-Warwick bridge.-Whitehaven priers, four batteries, mounting together 18 guns; Dispensary.-Wigton-school.-Workington bridge, erected 1763; Assembly rooms; theatre; schools. Seats. Barfield, Robert Gibson, esq. Barrow, The, Joseph Pocklington, esq. Bonstead-hill, William Nixon, esq. Brayton, Wilfred Lawson, esq. Bride-kirk, John Thompson, esq. Burgh-upon-sands, G. H. Hewett, esq. Calder-abbey, Miss Senhouse. Castle-how, Miss Senhouse. Cockermouth-castle, Earl of Egremont. Dovenby-hall, J. B. Dykes, esq. Edenhall, Sir Philip Musgrave, bart. Ewanrigg, John Christian, esq. Flimby-hall, Earl of Lonsdale. Hardriff-hall, Sir F. F. Vane, bart. Holme-hill, Colonel Salkeld. Holme-rook, Skiffington Lutwidge, esq. Hunter-hall, E. B. Harraden, esq. Hutton-john, Andrew Hudleston, esq. Irton-hall, E. L. Irton, esq. Isel, Wilfred Lawson, esq. Justice-town, Thomas Irwin, esq. Kirk-oswald, T.S. Featherstonhaugh, esq. Linethwaite, Thomas Hartley, esq. Long-burgh, Mason Hodgson, esq. Peerage. Burgh barony to Lowther Earl of Lonsdale, who is also Viscount and Baron Lowther of Whitehaven: Carlisle earldom to Howard, who is also Baron Dacre of the North, or of Gilsland: Cumberland dukedom to Prince Ernest Augustus, fifth son of the King: Dacre of the South barony to the lady of Thomas Brand, esq.: Egremont earldom and Cockermouth Lowthwaite-house,- Williamson, esq. Ormathwaite, Sir J. B. Walsh, bart. barony barony to Wyndham : Ellenborough barony to Law: Greystock barony to Howard Duke of Norfolk: Lorton Irish viscounty to King: Muncaster Irish barony to Pennington: of Cockermouth, Lucy barony to Percy Duke of Northumberland. Produce. Oysters; char-fish. Wheat, barley. Copper; grindstones. The Whitehaven collieries, the property of the Earl of Lonsdale, are the most extensive of any in this kingdom. Manufactures. Iron: paper: carpets: blankets: ropes: breweries: coarse pottery. POPULATION. About A. D. 60, Carlisle burnt by the Scots during the absence of the Romans. 120. Cumberland ravaged by Mogal King of the Scots, and Uniparus King of the Picts. 425. Fergus King of Scotland defeated by Maximian the Roman General. 880. At Carlisle, an assembly of Nobles held by Gregory King of Scotland, to whom Cumberland had been ceded for his services against the Danes. 930. At Dacre, Constantine King of Scotland, with his son Eugenius, did homage to Athelstan. 937. Cumberland occupied by Athelstan after his victory at Brunanburgh. 940. Cumberland granted by Edmund I. to Indulph, son and heir-apparent of Malcolm King of Scotland, on his doing homage for the same. 945. Cumberland having rebelled against Indulph, and elected a King of the name of Dunmaile, Edmund I. laid waste the county, put out the eyes of Dunmaile's two sons, and reinstated Indulph. 1016. Near Burgh-upon-Sands, Uchtred Earl of Northumberland and the Danes defeated by Malcolm King of Scotland. 1069. Cumberland granted by William the Conqueror to Ranulph de Meschines, afterwards Earl of Chester; Malcolm King of Scotland being dispossessed of this principality for granting an asylum to the English refugees. 1092. Carlisle rebuilt, and its castle erected by William Rufus. 1133. Carlisle erected into a bishoprick by Henry I. 1135. Carlisle seized by David King of Scotland on Stephen's usurpation of the throne of England. 1138. At Carlisle, Sept. 25, Alberia the Pope's legate, in a conference with David King of Scotland, accompanied by his nobles and prelates, obtained the release of all female prisoners, and the restoration of Adulph to this bishoprick. 1189. To Carlisle David King of Scotland fled after his defeat at the battle of the Standard, and was there joined by his son Prince Henry. 1150. At Carlisle, David King of Scotland, Henry Fitz-Empress (afterwards Henry II. of England), and Ralph Earl of Chester, entered into a league against King Stephen, and Henry was knighted by David. 1152. At Carlisle, John the Pope's legate, met by David King of Scotland and his son Prince Henry. 1157. Cumberland ceded by Malcolm IV. of Scotland to Henry II. who confirmed to Malcolm the possession of the earldom of Huntingdon. 1158. At Carlisle, conference between Henry II. and Malcolm IV. 1173. Carlisle besieged by William the Lion King of Scotland, but he was compelled to raise the siege on the approach of Richard de Lucy, Chief Justiciary and Regent, during the absence of Henry II. 1174. Carlisle under Robert de Vaux, again besieged by William the Lion. During the siege, which lasted some months, but was at length raised on the capture of William at Alnwick in Northumberland, the Scots took Liddel castle, Burgh-upon-Sands castle, and several other fortresses. 1186. At Carlisle Henry II. assembled an army to assist William King of Scots against Roland a rebellious baron, who being taken prisoner, was brought by the Scotch King and his brother David to the English Monarch in that town. 1216. Holme Cultram abbey pillaged, and Carlisle, Aug. 8, taken by Alexander King of Scotland. 1217. Carlisle retaken by Walter de Gray, Abp. of York. 1237. Cumberland finally annexed to the throne of England by cession of Alexander King of Scotland to Henry III. 1296. Robert de Clifford appointed the first English Lord Warden of the Marches. Carlisle successfully defended by the inhabitants against the Scots under John Comyn Earl of Buchan, and six other Earls, who burnt the suburbs of the city, and on the retreat set fire to Lanercost priory. 1297. Allerdale, as far as Cockermouth, laid waste, and Carlisle unsuccessfully besieged by the Scots under Wallace, in October. 1298. At Carlisle, Sept. 15, after his victory at Falkirk, parliament held by Edward I. 1300. At Holme Cultram abbey, in October, Edward I. released the Bp. of Glasgow from his imprisonment, and received his allegiance with great solemnity. 1307. From Lanercost priory, March 1, Edward I. and his Queen Margaret removed to Kirk Cambock; thence on the 4th to Linstock castle, where they were entertained for six days by John Halton Bp. of Carlisle; on the 12th the Court proceeded to Carlisle, where the parliament was sitting; and on June 28, Edward, very weak and ill, left the city on his March to Scotland: halted that night at Caldecote; reached Burgh-upon-Sands July 5, and closed his glorious reign there July 7. An obelisk commemorating this event was erected on Burgh Marsh by Henry Duke of Norfolk in 1685, and repaired by William Viscount Lowther in 1803.-July 11, 1307, Edward II. arrived at Carlisle, and on the 13th received the homage of his barons. On his return from Scotland in September he restored Anthony Bec to the bishoprick of Durham, of which he had been dispossessed by Edward I. (To be concluded in our next.) YOUR Mr. URBAN, Muy 3. YOUR Correspondent X. p. 293, questions the right of any Incumbent, or whether he ought (morally speaking) to depasture Cattle in his Church-yard. I conclude that some local circumstances have led X. to put this question, as he does it with some feeling of indignation, suggesting its impropriety, if not sinfulness. It is very rarely seen in the vicinity of the Metropolis-its impropriety will be obvious from the following considerations; but I do not feel inclined to charge it with sin, as the evil may be unforeseen. The original allotment of ground for a churchyard or cemeterium was for a burialplace for the dead, 2 Inst. 489; and in order to render it the more inviolable by any secular uses, our venerable Establishment has constituted a holy office of Consecration, by which, like the sanctuary of the Church itself, it is for ever set apart for the undisturb. ed deposit of the dead, and for the most solemn and impressive service in the Liturgy; consecrated also by the tears of pure affection shed over those ashes for which a safe and religious, and quiet asylum is there found; and consecrated moreover by the re 2 cord of their virtues, which "implores the passing tribute of a sigh !" The provisions of Law which sanction and secure Churches and Churchyards from intrusion by Laymen (Gibs. 207; 8 Lindwood 267; 3 Stratford, 50 Edw. III. c. 3. &c.) extend to the clear recognition of the right and possession of the Incumbent; but that is, as protector, for the time being, of them for sacred uses: his right extends no further; and if he exerted it for any other purpose, it would be a misuse, censurable by the Ecclesiastical Court. No other person cau fell the trees or mow the grass growing therein without his consent, for the evident design to preserve them from any improper intrusion; nor can be himself cut down the trees, except for the repair of the Chancel. 2 Roll. Abr. 337, 35 Edw. I. st. 2. The Church or Church-yard is not to be profaned by any arrest, 50 Edw. III. c. 3; nor by any market or traffic, 13 Edw. I. st. 2. c. 6; nor by any quarrel, 5 and 6 Edw. I. c. 4. s. 1,2; on which it has been held that no force there could be justifiable, even though it were used in self-defence. Cro. Ja. 367; 1 Haw. 139. It is probable that at the date of these these enactments and decisions, the depasturing of cattle was not adverted to; and Ecclesiastical ordinances have not been since very publicly announced; so that we are left to reason by analogy, upon the ground of propriety of any such prohibition is suing from, or implied by the foregoing precedents. Now, as depasturing cattle in a Church-yard may lead to a quarrel or disturbance in defending them there, in case of wanton injury, or of any attempt to steal and drive them away, or even of hurrying them about while there, the evils contemplated by the statute would be produced; the profanation of driving them in for pasture, would be the cause of the disturbance; as by Common Law an Indictment lies for a Libel, as an offence which tends to cause a breach of the peace; so, whatever tends to create a felony, or a murder, or high treason, is accessory to the crime-thus, although it is innocent to sell a pistol, or a deleterious drug, yet, whosoever sells them to another, having ground of suspicion that they were purchased with intent to kill some person, though unknowu, the vendor would be accessory to the offence! Hence depasturing cattle in a Churchyard by the Incumbent's order, cannot be justified, because it may be the forerunner of future riot and disturb ance; which is the profanation provided against: and this point is still more obvious, when it is considered who will be parties in the fray, and the defenders of property in that sacred place; viz. the Incumbent himself, the minister and example of peace to his flock, yet the cause, however at first innocent, of the mischief, and his servants acting with severity under his express direction. The act of depasturing cattle there is also an indecency, inasmuch as they will traverse over the graves, tread down some of the" mouldering heaps where the fathers of the hamlet sleep," and shed their ordure upon them! And it may be justly questioned why cattle should have this privilege, which is not intended for man; for whenever there is a right of way through any Church-yard, no graves are dug upon it; and so sacredly is this deposit preserved, that where there is no way through it, the gates are usually locked, except where it is contiguous to the Church during the times of divine service! So careful have our ancestors been to preserve due and reverential decorum in these places, consecrated to the service of HIM whose name is invoked more especially there in supplication and praise, that rude and defamatory words, which in all other places might not be strong enough to constitute an offence, become penal when uttered there, 5 and 6 Edw. I. c. 4; the observation already made, seems to apply with peculiar force, that depasturing cattle may become the probable cause of this kind of disturbance or profanation. The tenacity with which most men maintain their right; the claims which the Clergy are bound to make for the good of their Establishment, and for the transmission of it to their successors, for whom they are a sort of trustees as well as for themselves, in all the temporalities of their preferment, and which in many cases obliges them to secularise too attentively, seem to offer an increased stimulus to the most cautious observance of all parts of their spiritual duty and function, that they may be "sanctified and meet for their Master's use, and prepared unto every good work," 2 Tim. ii. 21, "making full proof of their ministry." Ibid. iv. 5. Mr. URBAN, A A. H. April 8. CLERGYMAN in the diocese of London has in his possession a Bible, which, as an object of curiosity, might afford gratification to the Antiquary, having been the property of the celebrated Dr. Sacheverell, during the time of his confinement in the Tower, and his trial before both Houses of Parliament, as plainly appears from the following MS. before the title-page: "1710, Hen. Sacheverell, D. D. These verses are quoted from the Greek text; and the word ПEIPA2MON is thus written in capital letters. On the title-page itself occurs the following quotation: xάpiti Diμlő it, 1 Cor. 15. 10; and underneath, "Henry Sacheverell, D. D. March 23d, 1710," which very probably was written at the conclusion of his trial, that being the day on which it ended. There are many notes, very neatly written written on the margin, in his own hand-writing, consisting of practical observations, as well as quotations from the Greek and Latin Fathers, and other more modern theological authors. As a specimen of his notes are the following: "St. Luke, a Syrian by birth, by profession a physitian, was a companion and fellow labourer wth St. Paul in all his journeys and voyages, left his Gospel and the Acts, an account of some other of the Apostles' actions, but most particularly St. Paul, from whose mouth he wrote his Gospel, wh St. Paul therefore usually calls his own, Rom. 2. Euseb. lib. 3. c. 4. His Acts reach from anno Xti 34 to A. C. 59. Tres Herodes sic distinguuntur, Ascalonita necat pueros, Antipa Johan[Petrum." Agrippa Jacobum, claudens in carcere nem, From the general tenor of his Notes, one might fairly conclude that the Doctor was a man of piety, and not inconsiderable literary research, but indicating a precipitancy and warmth of temper, rather than that cool deliberation and "meekness of wisdom," so necessary to a Christian divine, in forming a right judgment on religious subjects. Happy would it have been for society, if later writers on Theology had been warned by the faults of Dr. S. from blending human errors and passions with the cause of Holy Truth. And here I cannot but express admiration at the temperate and sensible manner in which a late Correspondent has given his ideas on the much disputed term, "Regeneration." It is evident, that it was not the intention of our Reformers to limit the acceptation of the term to time past, since, by referring to the Homily for Whitsunday, at the close of the first part, we are exhorted to pray in the follow ing words: "In the mean season, let us (as we are most bound) give hearty thanks to God the Father, and his Son Jesus Christ, for sending down his Comforter into the world, bumbly beseeching him so to work in our hearts by the power of this Holy Spirit, that we being regenerate and newly born again in all goodness, righteousness, sobriety, and truth, may in the end be made partakers of everlasting life in his heavenly Kingdom, through Jesus Christ our Lord and Saviour. Amen." On the Extent of the Historic Relation in discovering and marshalling the Subjects of Human Knowledge. (Continued from p. 311.) KNOWLEDGE has for its object truth, or real existence: of ourselves, and man; of the beings around us-whether sentient or insentient, animate or inanimate-but first, midst, and last, the great cause, the first origin, and final consummation of all things. The acquisition of this truth, the transient expression of it in language, and the fixed recording or monumental memorial of it, are alike historical. Philosophy is but a part of that of which history is the whole. The acts of Philosophy are those of observation and registry; of experi ment with measurement, mathemati In all cal analysis, and synthesis. Language (or phonics), and figures of calculation (or symbolics), are only the register of the mind's steps. thinking, we act just as in casting up a sum; we mark down historically on a slate or paper, by way of memorandum, the collation of items, to see their agreement or difference, first one by one; next, the quantities that we borrow in passing from one columa to another; and lastly the totals, whether sums, remainders, products, or quotients; to arrive thence at some result or FACT proposed. Logics are only the arithmetic of our thoughts. In these, as well as that, we are carrying on some action essentially historical. The relations of history are whole and parts, with the anatomy of these -causes and effects, the origin, progress, and termination; the accidental or striking phenomena-the survey of the universe-subjects with their attributes and qualities, the calculation of powers intellectual, moral, and physical; the means, and instru ment, |