1887. Cockermouth surprised, and Peter Tilliol, Sheriff of the county, taken by the Scots, under the Earls of Douglas and Fife. The suburbs of Carlisle burnt by the Scots, among whom Sir William Douglas, a natural son of Archibald Lord Douglas, particularly distinguished himself, overcoming three armed citizens on a draw-bridge of the out-works. Shortly afterwards the Scots were defeated, with the loss of 11,000 men. 1388. In Gilsland, on Lord Dacre's demesne, 200 decrepid persons, women and children, shut up in houses, and burnt by the Scots. 1461. Carlisle unsuccessfully besieged, and the suburbs burnt, by an army of Scots in the interest of Henry VI. 1523. Cumberland plundered, and 300 prisoners carried into Scotland by Lord Maxwell. 1537. Carlisle besieged by Nicholas Musgrave in rebellion against Heury VIII. but he was repulsed by the artizans, and shortly afterwards defeated by the Duke of Norfolk, when 74 of his officers were hanged on the walls of Carlisle, but Musgrave escaped. 1569. At Naworth, December, the insurgent Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland disbanded their forces. 1570. From Naworth castle, Leonard Dacre, claiming the baronies of Gisland and Greystock, sallying out to attack Lord Hunsdon, was defeated and compelled to fly to Scotland. 1596. William Armstrong, a noted borderer, celebrated in ballads by the name of "Kinmont Willie," having been taken prisoner on a day of truce and carried to Carlisle, his release was demanded without effect, on which William Scott, Lord of Buccleuch, came with a party of 200 horse before break of day, made a breach in the castle, and carried off the pri soner before the garrison was prepared for defence. 1644. In Carlisle castle the Marquis of Montrose unsuccessfully besieged by the Earl of Callendar. Near Great Salkeld, in September, Sir Philip Musgrave and Sir Henry Fletcher defeated by General Leslie and the Scots. October, on Carlisle Sands, Lord 1645. Feb. Scaleby castle taken by — Digby, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale, defeated and forced to fly to the Isle of Man, by the Parliamentarians under Sir John Brown, Governor of Carlisle. 1648. April 28, Carlisle surprized by the Royalists under Sir Thomas Glenham and Sir Philip Musgrave.-June 15, Penrith taken by the Parlia mentarians under General Lambert, and detachments from his army about the same time took Greystock, Rose, and Scaleby castles, and defeated a body of royalists at Warwick-bridge. Cockermouth castle, under Lieutenant Bird, besieged by the Royalists, from August to September 29, when the siege was raised by a detachment of Parliamentarians from Lancashire, under Colonel Ashton.-October 1, Carlisle surrendered by its Royalist Governor Sir William Levington, to Oliver Cromwell. 1715. Brampton and Penrith entered in November, and James III. proclaimed by the friends of the Stuarts under General Foster. 1745. Near Longton, Nov. 8, advanced guard of Prince Charles Stuart's army entered Cumberland. Nov. 11, army at Brampton. Commenced the siege of Carlisle on the 13th, and the garrison under Colonel Durand surrendered on the 15th, when James was proclaimed King, and his son Regent, by the Corporation in their robes. On the 21st the van of the army marched into Penrith, which Charles with the main body entered on the following day. On their retreat from Derby the army entered Penrith Dec. 17. Retreated from Carlisle into Scotland Dec. 20, and the city was invested by the Duke of Cumberland on the 21st, and surrendered to him at discretion Dec. 80. 1778. Whitehaven unsuccessfully attempted by the Pirate Paul Jones. BIOGRAPHY. Brown, Dr. Joseph, biographer and editor of Cardinal Barberini, Water Millock, 1700. Carleton, Guy, Bp. of Chichester, (died 1685.) Carlyle, Joseph Dacres, Arabic scholar, Carlisle, 1759. Fell, John, dissenting divine, author of Demoniacs, Cockermouth, 1735. Graham, Graham, Richard, Viscount Preston, Secretary of State to James II. Arthuret. Huddart, Capt. Joseph, hydrographer, Allonby, 1741. Huddleston, Sir Richard, knight banneret at Agincourt, Millom. Huddleston, William, recovered the Royal Standard at Edge-hill, Millom. LAW, EDWARD, Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough, Great Salkeld, 1750. Law, John, Bp. of Elphin, friend of Paley, Greystock, (died 1810.) Moravile, Sir Hugh de, one of the four murderers of Abp. Becket in 1170. Musgrave, Sir William, 6th bart. antiquary and collector, Hayton castle, 1735. Robinson, George, bookseller, Dalston, (died 1801.) Salkeld, John, divine, styled by James I. "the learned," Corby castle, 1576. Tully, Thomas, divine, Carlisle, 1620. Wallis, John, historian of Northumberland, 1714. Watson, Daniel, divine, friend of Sterne and Warburton, Sebergham, 1698. Addingham was the vicarage of Dr. Paley, from 1792 to 1795. In Arthuret church-yard was buried its native Archibald Armstrong, fool or jester to James I. and Charles I. 1672. In Aspatria church, among the monuments of the Musgraves, is a cenotaph for Sir William, the sixth baronet, benefactor to the British Museum, who was buried in St. James's church, Westminster, 1800. In Bootle church is the monument of Sir Hugh Askew, knighted at Musselborough 1547, died 1562. In Carlisle cathedral are handsome monuments of its bishops, Sir John Fleming, bart. 1747; and the learned Edmund Law (by Banks) 1787. Its excellent Archdeacon, Paley, has no inscription; but a grave-stone recorda the death of his wife Jane, who died in 1791. In St. Cuthbert's church was buried Joseph Dacre Carlyle, Chancellor of the diocese and Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge, 1804. On May 19, 1292, this city with its priory, convent of Grey Friars, and churches, was consumed by a fire raised by an incendiary, who was executed for the fact. In 1390 another fire consumed 1500 houses. In 1597 and 1598 about 1196 persons died of the plague. The Quakers have had a congregation in this city almost from the time of their first establishment; George Fox, their founder, was imprisoned in the dungeon and suffered great hardships here in 1653. Robert Milne, author of Physico-Theological Lectures, was pastor of a Presbyterian congregation in this town; he died in 1800. There are hut three rings of bells in this county, one at Carlisle cathedral, one at Crosthwaite, and one at Bingham. Dalston was the vicarage of Dr. Paley from 1774 to 1793. In the churchyard was buried Dr. Edward Rainbow, Bp. of Carlisle, 1684. Great Salkeld rectory is attached to the archdeaconry of Carlisle, and as such, was held by the learned Edmund Law, (afterwards Bishop of this diocese, and father of the late Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough) from 1743 to 1756. He resided and composed most of his works at this place. Dr. Paley held the living with his archdeaconry from 1782, till his death in 1805. Greystock was the rectory of Dr. Richard Gilpin, nonconformist divine, author of "Satan's Temptations." In the castle are several valuable portraits, and a crucifixion executed in needlework by Mary Queen of Scots. The park, which contains 3000 acres, is surrounded by a wall 9 feet high. In Kirk Oswald church, among the memorials of his family, is the monument of the loyal Sir Timothy Featherstonhaugh, who was beheaded at Chester, Oct. 22, 1651. Mary-port was founded by Humphrey Senhouse, esq. who died in 1770, and was buried in the chapel of that town. It was so named in honour of his wife. At Ellen-foot, the site of the present town, till the year 1750 there there was only one house; and in 1811 there were in Mary-port 323 houses, containing 3134 inhabitants, exclusive of sailors, which were estimated at 900 more. Ormathwaite was the seat of Dr. William Brownriff, an eminent physician, author on the art of making salt, and preventing pestilential contagion; he died here in 1800, aged 88. Oushy was the rectory from 1672, till his death in 1719, of Thomas Robinson, author of "An Essay towards a Natural History of Cumberland and Westmoreland," " A Natural History of this World of Matter and this World of Life," and "The Anatomy of the Earth." Penrith castle was enlarged and repaired by Richard Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III. who made it his principal residence for five years. In 1598 at Penrith 583 persons died of the plague, according to the register, but the number is incorrectly stated on a brass plate in the church as amount. ing to 2260. The vicarage was enjoyed from 1699 till his death in 1728 by Dr. Hugh Todd, who made considerable topographical collections for this county, and wrote a brief account of Carlisle. Plompton Park, according to Ritson, was a favourite haunt of Robin Hood. In Sebergham church is a monument of its native poet Josiah Ralph, who was curate here from 1733 till his death in 1743. His poems were published by his successor in the curacy, the Rev. Thomas Denton, who was himself author of two poems, and compiled the supplemental volume of the Biographical Dictionary. He died in 1777. Stanwix was the vicarage of Dr. Paley from 1793 to 1795. Stapleton was the rectory from 1771 till his death in 1796, of William Graham, translator of Virgil's Eclogues, and author of Sermons. In Wetheral church is the monument, by Nollekens, of Maria, daughter of Lord Archer, and wife of Henry Howard, esq. who died 1789. Whitehaven, in the reign of Elizabeth, contained only six houses. In 1633, it had only nine thatched cottages. In 1693, under the patronage of Sir John Lowther, it was inhabited by 2,222 persons, mostly occupied in Sir John's collieries. In 1811 there were 1974 houses and 10,106 inhabitants. In the castle, seat of the Earl of Lonsdale, are some fine paintings and family portraits. Remarks on the Signs of Inns, &c. (Continued from p. 396.) Toutes with this sign at CockerHE GLOBE.-There are posting. mouth, Exmouth, Lynn-Regis, MonkWearmouth, Newton-Bushel, Ply. mouth, Topsham, and Whitehaven; and it often ornaments smaller inns in other towns. Of all the ancient theatres, the Globe, so called from its sign (which exhibited a Hercules supporting the globe, with the motto "Totus mundus agit histrionem") is deservedly the most distinguished, as in it Shakespeare attempted the few ordinary characters which he performed, and here the greater number of his plays were originally acted. It was erected between the years 1596 and 1598, on the Bankside of Southwark, and was an hexagonal wooden building, partly open to the weather, and partly thatch. ed, having a turret on which a silken flag was displayed. The players were called "the Lord Chamberlain's servants" until the 19th of May, 1603, when James 1. granted his royal li cence to "Lawrence Fletcher, William Shakespeare," with the rest of their associates, "freely to use and exercise the art and faculty of play ing comedies, tragedies, histories, in interludes, morals, pastorals, stage plaies, and such like other as they have alreadie studied, or hereafter shall use or studie, as well for the re creation of our loving subjects, as for our solace and pleasure when we shall thinke good to see them." From this time the actors were called "The King's servants," and continued per forming here at stated periods until June 29, 1613, when the theatre was burnt down. The fire, according to some Writers, commenced during the performance of a new play, called "Allis True," or, according to others, from the discharge of a peal of cham bers, or cannon, in Shakespeare's 66 Henry VIII." when the ignited wad ding being blown on the thatch, the fire spreading rapidly, the whole building was destroyed in two hours; and as Winwood in his "Memorials" says, “it was a marvaile and fair grace of God that the people had so little harm, having but two narrow doors to get out.' A more particular account by "Eu. Hood," with a view of the theatre, may be seen in this Magazine for February 1816. Descartes, and after him Whiston, Burnet, Woodward, and others, suppose this world, when first created by the fiat of the Almighty, to have been perfectly round, sinooth, and equable, and they account for its rude and irregular form principally by the Deluge. Buffon conjectures the Earth, as well as the other planets, to have been struck off from the body of the Sun by the collision of comets, and that when it assumed its form it was in a state of liquefaction by fire. Dar. win thinks that it was ejected from the sun with the other primary pla nets by volcanoes, and as it cooled on its journey, its nucleus became harder, and the attendant vapours were condensed, forming the ocean, which encompassed it: "When high in Ether, with explosion dire, [fire, From the deep craters of his realms of The whirling Sun this ponderous planet hurl'd, [world. And gave the astonish'd void another When from its vaporous air, condens'd by cold, Descending torrents into oceans roll'd, And fierce Attraction, with relentless force, [course." Bent the reluctant wanderer to its According to his theory, the whole terraqueous globe was burst by central fires, islands and continents were raised, and great valleys were sunk, into which the ocean retired. During these central earthquakes, the moou was ejected from the earth, causing new tides, and the earth's axis suffered in its inclination, and its rotatory motion was retarded. Among the most devastating earthquakes of modern times, may be mentioned one that occurred in Sicily in 1692-3, when 54 cities and towns, besides a very great number of villages, were either destroyed or greatly injured; and about 60,000 persons, nearly one fourth of the population of the whole island, are said to have perished, among which are included 18,000 of the inhabitants of the flou rishing City and University of Catania, which was utterly desolated. In the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755, not less than 60,000 of its inhabitants were buried in the ruins. The first vessel that circumnavigated the globe was commanded by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, who sailed in the year 1519, when he discovered the Straits in South America which bear his name, and the voyage was completed in 1124 days. The next circumnavigator was Captain Francis Drake, who sailed December 13, 1577, in "The Golden Hind," and entered the harbour of Plymouth on his return, Nov. 3, 1580, the voyage lasting 1055 days. Queen Elizabeth dined with him on board his ship at Deptford, and knighted him April 4, 1581. "O Nature, to old England still Continue these mistakes, Give us for all our Kings such Queens, And for our Dux such Drakes!" Since Sir Francis' time the globe has been frequently sailed round; but the more celebrated navigators have been celebrated, Sir Thomas Cavendish, in Englishmen, and among these the most 1586, who finished a voyage in 777 days, Lord Anson, and Capt. Cooke. The globular form of the earth is proved, by its shadow on the moon at the time of a lunar eclipse, as none but a spherical body can in all situations cast a circular shadow; by the circumnavigators before mentioned, who, though they kept constantly steering Westward, yet arrived at the place whence they originally sailed, and observed all the phenomena of the heavens to be accordant with the doctrine of the earth's spherical figure; to which may be added, that when a ship goes out to sea, we first lose sight of the hull or body of the vessel, afterwards of the rigging, and at last can discern only the top of the mast, which is evidently owing to the convexity of the water between the eye and the object, otherwise the largest and most conspicuous part would have been visible the longest. It is not known who first asserted the earth to be round, but the doctrine is very ancient; for at the taking of Babylon by Alexander the Great, eclipses were found to have been computed for many centuries before the birth of Christ; and Thales, the Mile sian, who lived about 600 years before Christ, according to Herodotus, predicted an eclipse of the sun, which could not have been done without a knowledge of the earth's globular figure. But it is certain that this knowledge was confined to few persons, and that some of the greatest philosophers were ignorant of it. Thus Heraclitus supposed the earth to have the shape of a skiff or canoe. Anaximander imagined it to be cylindrical; and Aristotle, the great oracle of antiquity, gave it the form of a timbrel. The real form of the Earth is that of an oblate spheroid, swelling out towards the equatorial parts, and flatted or contracted towards the poles. Asto the inequalities created by the mountains, they are as inconsiderable as the minute protuberances on the surface of an orange, which is of the same shape as the globe. The seas and unknown parts are estimated at 160,522,026 square miles; the inhabited parts of Europe 4,456,065; Asia 10,768,823; Africa 9,654,807; America 14,110,874. Total square miles on the whole surface of the globe 199,512,595. The true doctrine of the planetary motions was known to Pythagoras, who flourished nearly 500 years before Christ, and who taught his followers that the earth moved daily round on its own axis, but revolved annually round the sun. This system was, however, generally superseded by the hypothesis of Ptolemy, an Egyptian who lived in the time of the Emperor Adrian, who supposed that the earth was fixed immoveably in the centre of the universe, and that the sun, moon, and planets, revolved round it; but in the year 1530, Copernicus, a Prussian, confirmed by his observations the Pythagorean, or as it is now more commonly styled the Copernican system, the truth of which has been indubitably proved by the subsequent discoveries of Galileo, Kepler, and Sir Isaac Newton. "These are thy glorious works, parent of good, Almighty, thine this universal frame, Thus wondrous fair; thyself bow wond[Heavens, rous then! Unspeakable, who sitt'st above these To us invisible, or dimly seen In these thy lowest works; yet these declare [divine." Tby goodness beyond thought, and pow'r (To be continued.) Mr. URBAN, Isle of Wight. BEG leave to request a place in the Gentleman's Magazine, for some remarks made on a personal visit, from Worthing, last summer, to Chanckbury, the Wrekin or Cenis of the South Downs. I visited this Down in July 1818, with a particular wish to form a valedictory commemoration of its picturesque character, noted clown for the gratification and refreshment of future reminiscence. The opportunity which occurred to me was accompanied with very auspicious circumstances for the execution of my design. This Down is said to be 1000 perpendicular yards above the level of the sea on the sumnium jugum, or vertex, is a ring of trees planted by the landholder, Mr. Goring of Whiston, within the last thirty or forty years; and if they were arrived at maturity, would form no indifferent imitation of an antient Druidical grove. In analysing the prospect, we may observe that it is particularly panoramic; it may be bisected into two parts, and Chanckbury may be called the diameter of the circle. The one side includes the sea and Downs to the West and North * and the other looks over the Wold (or as it is provincially termed, Wild), or low ground of Sussex, and some part of Surrey, and the hills of Kent. The Downs on the Sea or South-west side have undoubtedly sameness; but frequently, says Mr. Gilpin (in his Southern Tour), "they break down abruptly, and often form promontories projecting, in beautiful perspective, into their several vales." Towards the North, there is an extensive champaign about Horsham and St. Leonard's Forest. These promontories too often degenerate into mere angles and zig-zags; the whole is broken into too many parts. The land near the sea appears flat, and not sufficiently combined with the hills, and hence it is rendered interesting merely by its accompaniments. The town of Worthing makes a conspicu ous part of the beach view; its new chapel, with its elegant portico, and |
