Exertions of Connecticut. The defences of New York city and Brooklyn

The British army lands on Long Island.

The British and the American forces on Long Island

Plan of attack by Howe.

Conduct of Putnam

The British in Brooklyn

Sullivan taken prisoner

The capture of Stirling. British and American losses

The American army. Character of General Howe .

Approaches of the British army

Washington prepares for a retreat

His watchfulness and activity

The retreat from Long Island

CHAPTER III.

THE PROGRESS OF THE HOWES.

August 30 to September 1776.

Sullivan a volunteer mediator. Conduct of Howe

Sullivan before congress. The city of New York not defensible

Committee of congress appointed to meet Lord Howe

Opinion of Washington's council of war. Congress yields to his advice

Interview between Lord Howe and the committee of congress. Their report

The British land on New York island. Flight of the Americans

Washington's courage. Results of the day

Skirmish near Manhattanville

Joint declaration of Lord Howe and his brother

Great fire in New York city. Death and character of Nathan Hale

Morgan and the Quebec prisoners reach New Jersey on parole

Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee commissioners to France

The American navy, privateers, and army

Congress provides no permanent army. The use of militia

CHAPTER IV.

OPINION IN ENGLAND. BORDER WAR IN AMERICA.

July-November 1776.

Fox. The opening of parliament

Speeches of Cavendish, Wilkes, Lord North, Barré, Germain

Fox speaks for independence. Applauded by Gibbon and Burke.

Perplexity of the ministry

Lee is called to the North. The Cherokees engage in war
Neutrality of the Creeks.

The Cherokees receive checks

They beg for mercy. East Tennessee is named Washington.

CHAPTER V.

WHITE PLAINS. FORT WASHINGTON.

October 1-November 16, 1776.

Washington on the heights of Harlem. His lines of defence
Fort Washington and the ground near it. Greene at Fort Lee
Charles Lee's character and opinions

Political divisions in Pennsylvania. Its convention

Defects of its constitution

Single legislative assembly disapproved of

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68

Howe strikes at White Plains

Affairs in New Jersey

Howe, Washington, congress, and John Adams

Dangers on the Hudson. Confidence of congress. Of Greene

Howe at Throg's Neck.

Washington holds a council of war. Opinion of Lee

The British repulsed from Fort Washington. Greene elated

He finds fault with Washington

Howe attacks Chatterton Hill

The result of the campaign thus far

68

. 68

69

69

70

Greene reinforces Fort Washington

75

Washington's instructions to Greene

75

His instructions to Lee.

76

Greene disregards Washington's orders. The consequence

The defence of Mount Washington

WASHINGTON'S RETREAT THROUGH THE JERSEYS.

November 17-December 13, 1776.

Lee's wilful disobedience. Greene surprised.

Spirited conduct of Mifflin. The times that tried men's souls

Conduct of Dickinson, Schuyler, Wayne, Trumbull, the Howes

Washington reaches Trenton

Washington retreats beyond the Delaware. Intrigues of Lee

His defiant conduct and orders

His cowardly surrender

CHAPTER VII.

TRENTON.

December 11-26, 1776.

Congress adjourns to Baltimore. Fortitude of Samuel Adams

Orders of Putnam

The Quakers. John Adams. The British troops

Rall in command of Trenton

Washington in adversity. He resolves to strike the enemy at Trenton

He proposes a complete reform in the army.

Conduct of Rall

Gates and Sullivan arrive. Preparations for the attack. The watchword
What Grant and Rall thought

What Europe expected. The British army at New York
Conduct of Gates. Opinion that Washington must forego the expedition
His desperate condition. Anderson's attack

The revels of Rall. Washington crosses the Delaware. Sullivan
Conduct of Stark. Trenton entered on both sides.

The Hessians surrender. Effect of the victory

CHAPTER VIII.

ASSANPINK AND PRINCETON.

December 26, 1776-January 1777.

Measures adopted by congress at Baltimore.

Confidence reposed in Washington. Financial measures. Cadwalader

Washington pursues the enemy. The eastern regiments

Te Deum sung at Quebec. Washington again at Trenton

The British army goes to sleep. Washington's vigilance

He marches by night to Princeton

Battle of Princeton. Mercer mortally wounded. Washington in the battle. 106

Mawhood's retreat. Washington makes for the highlands
General Howe knighted. Germain unchangeably merciless
Proclamation of Washington. The people's love for him
Cavilled at in congress.

Strange vote. His answer. Morris and Hooper praise him.

CHAPTER IX.

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. 110

THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF AMERICA.

1776-1783.

Principles of the new constitutions for the states.

Sovereignty of the people. Why America became republican

Constitutions for the thirteen states

PAGE

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. 117

118

. 119

Two houses, except in Pennsylvania and Georgia. How elected.
The governor; his election, qualifications, term of service, veto power.
The appointing power. The judiciary.
Public education. Election for office.
Freedom of mind. Liberal system of
Protestantism and freedom of mind. Tendency to separate church and state. 121
Public worship in the several states

Appointment of judges
Freedom of worship

New York. The free black

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122

How to reform constitutions.

Virginia disestablishes the Anglican church. The rule in New Jersey

Intestate estates in Georgia. Reform of the rules of descent in Virginia

The rights of man declared

.

125

CHAPTER X.

PREPARATIONS FOR THE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. FRANCE, HOLLAND, SPAIN,

A rival to Washington.

AND ENGLAND.

December 1776-May 1777.

Kalb. Lafayette.

126

Franklin arrives in France. Protest of Lord Stormont. Reply of Vergennes 127

American commissioners wait on Vergennes. The Count de Aranda

American memorial and answer. Policy of France and Spain

Aids from France

Overbearing policy of England toward the United Provinces

War in disguise. Public opinion. Beaumarchais and Maurepas .

Character of Necker. Lafayette and Kalb. The women of Paris. Pulaski. 132

Opinion of Joseph II. French ships sail for America. English remonstrance. 133

American privateers. Demands of England. Vergennes answers

England delays declaring war. France and Spain

The king of Spain. The inquisition. Family compact. Grimaldi

Florida Blanca

Galvez. Spain opposed to American independence

O'Reilly. Lee meets Grimaldi. Florida Blanca and the British minister
Spain aids America secretly. Florida Blanca and Vergennes
Britain impresses American sailors; and hires troops of German princes
The people of Germany. Frederic of Prussia. Court of Vienna
The Catholic princes discouraged the service. Prince Anhalt-Zerbst
Number of the Germans, employment of Americans, of savages
Joseph Brant

La Corne Saint-Luc. Finances of America; of England
Sayings of Markham

Advice of Burke, Abingdon, Fox, and Chatham

CHAPTER XI.

THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1777.

March-July 1777.

Importunity of Charles Lee. Attempts to negotiate with Washington

Lee's treason. What was thought of him in Europe.

The Howes at variance with Germain

Demand for reinforcements .

Enormous fault in sending them by way of Quebec

Arnold not promoted; Hamilton on Washington's staff; Stark wronged

Rivalry between Schuyler and Gates

Kosciuszko employed in the northern army

Schuyler answers for Ticonderoga

Expedition to Danbury. Courage of Wooster. Of Arnold

Retreat of the British.

Meigs at Sag Harbor. Vengeful orders of Germain

Washington at Middlebrook. Howe prepares to march on Philadelphia

Washington gets the advantage of him

The British evacuate New Jersey. The flag of the United States

Capture of Prescott in Rhode Island

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. 155

. 159

160

Diversion by way of Lake Ontario. Burgoyne meets a congress of Indians. 158

His conduct condemned by Burke, Fox, and Chatham. His proclamation

He threatens New England. Saint-Clair escapes from Ticonderoga

Vermont in convention frames for itself a constitution.

Slavery forbidden. The fight at Hubbardton

Heroic conduct and death of Francis. Error of Carleton

Burgoyne mistakes his way

. 161

. 162

. 163

Jane Maccrea and her assassin. Conduct of Schuyler. Success of Clinton. 164

Schuyler retreats. Condition of the state of New York

165

. 166

Schuyler desponds. Saint-Leger sent against Fort Stanwix

. 167

Rising of Herkimer and the German freeholders of the Mohawk valley

. 168

Their conflict with a British party. Sally of Willett from Fort Stanwix

Advance of Arnold and flight of Indians and Saint-Leger

Stark and New Hampshire men rout them near Bennington. A second fight. 172

Schuyler relieved. Appointment of Gates to succeed him

July-October 20, 1777.

Arrival of Kalb and Lafayette

Howe embarks for Philadelphia by way of the Chesapeake

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