third, hundreds. Accordingly the first class consists of the nine following numerals, viz. α β γ δ E 5 % n 1 2 4 567 6 In this class, it may be observed, the Greek st, or Stigma, is made an auxiliary numeral letter, to stand for 6, and is callod imionμov. The second class includes the nine numerals which express tens, viz. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 In this second class, a particular symbol, resembling much an inverted Hebrew lamed, serves to express 90, though others use an y in the room of it, to which, as well as the former, they give the name of koppa. The third class contains the numerals which carry hundreds with them, and are 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 In this class the additional symbol which stands for 900, is a compound of a pi and a sigma, for which reason it is called sanpi; though others represent it by a mark like this,. To raise numbers to thousands, nothing else is required than to begin the alphabet again, and to mark each letter with a dct, or an acute under it, in the following manner: Still higher numbers are noted with double acutes under them; thus, The manner of joining these numerals may be learned from the following example: Besides the above manner of counting by lower case letters, the Greeks make choice of six capitals to express sums by, Among the numeral letters, the pi is peculiar, for admitting the delta, eta, chi, and mu, into its centre, and for giving such an incorporated letter five times the value which it has of itself; as, A5 times 10 are 50. H5 times 100 are 500. M5 times 10,000 are 50,000. To these inclosed numerals any part and quantity may be added, according to the value which is contained in each of the six numeral letters exhibited in the preceding page. It should be observed, that when a numeral letter is marked at the top, it shews it to be a fraction; as, One-fourth. One-fifth. Five-eights. HEBREW NUMERALS. જે THE manner of counting by letters is derived from the Hebrews, who for that purpose made use of the letters of their alphabet, without the assistance of other symbols. Accordingly, the letters which express units, are, מ 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 And these underneath, hundreds, viz. ק ד 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 In joining Hebrew letters for numbers, it is a rule to put the letter of a greater signification before a character of a less; as, The numeral signification of the five final letters is sometimes expressed by compounds; as, תתק byץ תת byף תש byן תר by ם הק by 500 600 700 800 900 with an acute over it, stands for 1000: but where the contents of a sum amount to above 1000, the letter to the right hand shews the order of thousands, and the & is doubly accented; thus And if hundreds are added to them, the doubleaccented is omitted, and only a common letter put at the beginning, to intimate the order of thousands; In printed books and letters the Jews date their years (after the creation of the world) without putting an at the beginning, to imply 5000, and only set down the hundreds, and parts, of which their years consist above the thousands. But in this case they seldom forget to put the letters p after the date, which is to inform the reader, that the date thus abridged, is according to the minor supputation. In writing 15, the Jews choose to do it by 1, instead of, because these last letters are used in Jehovah; and therefore they think it a profanation of the Lord's name, if the said letters should be used for numerals. Neither do they express 16 by ", but make use of 1, because the two letters, jod and vau, are likewise comprehended in the word Jehovah. REFERENCES. REFERENCES are all such marks and signs as are used in matter which has either side or bottom notes, and serve to direct the reader to the observations which are made upon such passages of the text as are distinguished by them, and demand a reference of the same likeness to be put to the notes, by which the matter is illustrated, or otherwise taken notice of. References which are used in works with notes to them, are variously represented, though oftener by letters than other characters. Accordingly, some put common letters between parenthesis; thus (a), (b), (c), &c. Others, again, choose to see them betwixt crotchets, as [a], [b], [c], and so on to the end of the alphabet; instead of these, some begin the notes of every page with (a), in which they are as right as the former; and have this advantage besides, that the order of references is not so liable to be interrupted as by going through a whole alphabet. Were we authorised to vary from the customary mode of practise, we should recommend literal references to begin with every even page, if it has notes; and to carry them no further than to the last note in the opposite uneven page; by which means the order of the references would appear at one view, and any irregularity in them rectified without much trouble. Instead of letters, whether capital or lower-case, figures are used in the same manner, and also with equal propriety; for the one as well as the other are of like signification, when used for the same purpose:- but the references which look the neatest, besides being the most proper, are superior letters, or else superior figures; for both were originally contrived and intended to be employed in matter that is explained by notes, whether by way of annotations, quotations, citations, or otherwise. Nevertheless, we observe that superior letters are not used upon every occasion, but chiefly in large and lasting works, which have sometimes more than one sort of notes, and therefore require different references; in which case not only superior letters, but also such marks are used as never were designed to serve for references. Another reason why superior letters are not used upon all occasions, is, that they are often objected to by gentlemen who choose to read copious notes first, and then refer to the text, where they fancy superior letters not conspicuous enough to be readily discovered. And, indeed, superiors of the smallest size are not only inconvenient to the reader, but also troublesome to the pressman, who is ambitious to make them come off clear, notwithstanding their disadvantageous situation. But, to abide by the title of this article, what are called references by printers, are the following: Asterisk* Dagger. t Double Dagger Parallel.. The above are the names and figures which founders reckon among the points, and are denomi |