and in 1879 he was made superintendent of the tenth census. He adopted new methods of enumeration and secured the power to appoint a force of enumerators, properly supervised, in districts comprehending a certain, number of enumeration districts. The census of 1870 was confined to a few topics and the results were given in 4 volumes. The results of the census of 1880 were comprised in 22 volumes and a compendium (in parts). His work at the Institute of Technology was mainly executive, but he gave to it his ceaseless care and thought, and he saw the institute expand until the student roll increased from 302 to 1,198. He gave special courses of lectures at Johns Hopkins University in 1877-79, and at Harvard University in 1882, 1883, and 1896. Gen. Walker was greatly interested in common-school education, and strongly advocated the introduction of mechanical instruction and practice into the course of study. While a resident of New Haven he was a member of its local school committee (1877-'80) and of the State Board of Education (1878-'81), and on his removal to Boston he became a member of its school committee (1885-'88) and of the State Board of Education (1882-'90). He was chairman of the Massachusetts Topographical Survey Commission in 1884-'90, a member of the Art Commission of Boston in 1890-'97, a member of the Park Commission of Boston in 1890-'96, and a trustee of the Boston Public Library in 1896. In 1878 he represented the United States at the International Monetary Conference in Paris, and in 1889 the French Government made him an officer in the Legion of Honor. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1878, and was its vice-president in 1890. He was President of the American Statistical Association from 1882 till his death, and President of the American Economic Society from 1885 till 1892. In 1893 he was elected a correspondent of the French Institute, and in 1894 a corresponding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him in 1863 by Amherst and in 1873 by Yale; that of Ph. D. by Amherst in 1875 and by Halle (Germany) in 1894; and that of LL. D. by Amherst and Yale in 1881, by Harvard in 1883, by Columbia in 1887, by St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1888, by Dublin in 1892, and by Edinburgh in 1896. His writings included contributions to cyclopædias, to reviews, and to proceedings of societies. He compiled "Commerce and Navigation of the United States" (2 vols., Washington, 1868-69); "Statistical Atlas of the United States" (1874); "Judges' Reports on Awards" (8 vols.. Philadelphia, 1878); and was the author of The Indian Question (Boston, 1874); "The Wages Question" (1876); "Money" (1878); "Money, Trade, and Industry (1879); "Land and its Rent" (1883); "Political Economy" (New York, 1883; briefer course, 1884; new ed., 1887); History of the Second Army Corps" (1886); and "General Hancock," in Great Commanders Series (1894). See the address on Francis Amasa Walker," together with a 'Bibliography of his Writings and Reported Addresses," by Carroll D. Wright, in No. 38 of the "Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Society' (Boston, 1897).

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Warner, James M., soldier, born in Middlebury, Vt., in 1836; died in New York city, March 16, 1897. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy and appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant in the 10th Infantry in 1860; was on duty on the plains till the outbreak of the civil war; was ordered to Washington, and on the organization of the 1st Vermont Heavy Artillery was commissioned its colonel, and served on the defenses of Washington till after the Wilderness campaign. On May VOL. XXXVII.-40 A

19, 1864, he was seriously wounded, but he rejoined his regiment in time to accompany it to Washington, then menaced by the Confederates under Gen. Early. He was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers in 1864, and in command of a brigade took charge of the line from Fort Stevens to Fort Reno at Tenallytown. Gen. Warner participated in the Shenandoah campaign under Gen. Sheridan, and commanded a brigade at Sailor's Creek and at Appomattox Courthouse. He was brevetted lieutenant colonel and colonel in the regular army. In 1865 he resigned, removed to Albany, N. Y., and became connected with financial and manufacturing concerns. He was postmaster of the city during the administration of President Harrison. Warner, Samuel Adams, architect, born in Genesee, N. Y., about 1822; died in Roslyn, Long Island, N. Y., June 22, 1897. He was a son of Cyrus L. Warner, an architect of New York city. Samuel entered his father's office and learned the profession. On the death of Cyrus, in 1851, Samuel succeeded to the business, and in 1862 admitted a younger brother, Benjamin, into partnership, subsequently taking in also his nephew, Charles S. Warner. Samuel remained in active practice till nine months prior to his death, planned and constructed large public buildings in Texas, Louisiana, and South Carolina, and was the architect of the Marble Collegiate Church and many structures in the "dry-goods" district in New York city.

Warren, Willis, preacher, born a slave in Georgia, in 1824; died in Lee County, Ga., in February, 1897. For fifty-five years he was a Baptist preacher. Before the war his owner, Col. Jordan, seeing the great influence he had over his slaves, relieved him from work on the plantation, that he might apply his whole time to preaching. When freed by the emancipation proclamation, he remained at his post, but extended his work till he united the negroes in three surrounding counties into an association, of which he was the head. He exercised a personal supervision over his large field, ordained preachers, made every member pay him a per capita tax annually, and built four of the largest churches in that part of the State, which gathered a membership of nearly 6,000. He also practiced medicine among his people.

Wheatcroft, Nelson, actor, born in London, England, Feb. 15, 1852; died in New York city, March 3, 1897. He made his first appearance in Swansea, Wales, and secured his first regular engagement there in 1873, playing the part of John Casper Lavater in "Not a Bad Judge." Subsequently he appeared at the Theater Royal, in Bristol; made a provincial tour with Sarah Thorne, playing in The Woman in Red" and "Lady Audley's Secret"; took the part of Rashleigh Osbaldistone in Rob Roy," at Sadler's Wells Theater, with Kate and Virginia Bateman; and made a tour of the principal South American cities. In August, 1884, he made his first appearance in New York city, at the Park Theater, in The Corsican Brothers & Co., Limited." For three seasons he played in several cities in "The Duke's Motto," "The Ticket-ofLeave Man," "The Dead Heart," and Bartley Campbell's "Separation." In 1886 he was engaged by Daniel Frohman for the stock company of the Lyceum Theater, New York, and among his parts were Matthew Culver in "The Wife"; Gaston de Verneuil in "The Marquise"; Richard van Buren in "The Charity Ball"; Sir John Harding in "The Idler"; and Tom Coke in "Old Heads and Young Young Hearts." He starred for a time in 1891 in his own play, "Gwynn's Oath"; then joined Augustus Pitou's company, appearing in the chief parts in "A Modern Match" and "Geoffrey Middleton, Gentleman"; and on the opening of the

Empire Theater, New York, played as Martin Parlow in "The Girl I left behind me." He thereafter applied himself to the direction of the Empire Dramatic School, which he founded.

White, Sarepta C., missionary, born in 1810; died in San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 9, 1897. She married Dr. Elijah White, a physician of the Methodist Board of Missions and the first Indian agent appointed for the Pacific coast, and went with him to Oregon in 1835. On their way they spent some time in Honolulu, where Mrs. White taught in one of the first schools established there. For about five years the Whites were stationed near Salem, Ore., and during this period Mrs. White organized and conducted a school of 100 Indian girls and boys, and also practiced medicine, after studying with her husband. On one occasion she traveled several hundred miles in a canoe down the Willamette river and up the Columbia, to attend the wife of Dr. Marcus Whitman, and on her return her canoe was upset and her baby was drowned. In 1842 she returned to New York and completed her medical studies, and from 1852 till 1882 she practiced in San Francisco.

Whiting, Henry L., topographical engineer, born about 1812; died in West Tisbury, Mass., Feb. 4, 1897. In 1884 Prof. Whiting, Prof. Shaler, of Harvard, and Gen. Francis A. Walker were appointed Massachusetts topographical survey commissioners, and they worked together till 1892, when Gen. Walker resigned and Desmond Fitzgerald succeeded him. Prof. Whiting was chairman of the commission from its organization till his death.

Wight, Charles Copeland, educator, born in Richmond, Va., in September, 1841; died in Baltimore, Md., June 25, 1897. He was graduated at the Virginia Military Institute just as the civil war broke out, and served on the staff of Gen. Jackson through the valley campaign. After the war he became a teacher in Baltimore. At the time of his death he was Professor of English History in Baltimore City College.

Willard, Joseph, hotel keeper, born in Vermont in 1817: died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 17, 1897. With his brothers Cabet and Henry he went to Washington about fifty years ago, and found employment in the old Metropolitan Hotel. A few years later Joseph and Cabet established a small boarding house on the site of their future hotel. As their business increased they acquired one building after another, and about 1860 the small buildings gave way to the structure known as Willard's Hotel. The opening of the enlarged hotel was deemed a matter of such local importance that a number of the most eminent public men in Washington accepted invitations to make speeches. Joseph and Henry had equal shares in the property till a few years ago, when Joseph became sole owner.

Williams, Charlotte Louisa, educator, born in Morristown, N. J., in 1842; died in New York city, Oct. 9, 1897. She married the Rev. W. W. Williams, of Philadelphia; was superintendent of the New York Infirmary for ten years; and, on the organization of the Teachers' College of New York city, was elected its principal by a unanimous vote. She held the last office till her death, and brought the college to a high degree of excellence.

Williams, Nelson Grosvenor, soldier, born in Bainbridge, N. Y., May 4, 1823; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1897. He entered the United States Military Academy in 1839, in the same class with Ulysses S. Grant, but withdrew at the end of his first year. In 1861 he was commissioned colonel of the 3d Iowa Volunteer Infantry, with which he served in Missouri till March, 1862. At the battle of Shiloh he commanded the 1st brigade, 4th division, Army of the Tennessee. Here he was injured

by the fall of his horse when it was shot. For his gallantry in this battle Gen. Hurlbut commended him to the favor of the commander in chief and the Government. Before he fully recovered from his temporary paralysis he rejoined his regiment and took part in the siege of Corinth. He was promoted brigadier general, Nov. 29, 1862, but was obliged by his injuries to resign soon afterward. Since 1869 he had been in the customhouse service in New York city, and nearly all the time in charge of one of the public stores. Gen. Williams was an artist of high merit, particularly in water colors. Willis, Albert Sydney, diplomatist, born near Shelbyville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1843; died in Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan. 6, 1897. He was graduated at the Louisville High School in 1860, and at the Louisville Law School in 1866. In 1870 and 1874 he was elected attorney for Jefferson County, and in 1876'87 was representative in Congress from the Louisville district. He was defeated for re-election in 1886. after a fierce political struggle, precipitated by the reappointment of Mrs. W. R. Thompson as postmistress of Louisville, which had been recommended by Mr. Willis. In September, 1893, he was appointed United States minister to Hawaii, succeeding Commissioner Blount. He was conveyed to his post on a naval vessel, and was received by President Dole. In accordance with his instructions, he called on the dethroned queen and inquired whether, in the event of her restoration, she would grant full amnesty as to life and property to all who had been or who were then in the Provisional Government, or who had been instrumental in the overthrow of her Government. After a slight hesitation, Lilioukalani replied: "My decision would be as the law directs, that such persons should be beheaded and their property confiscated to the Government." Minister Willis communicated the reply to the President, and he disposed of the matter by referring it to Congress (see" Annual Cyclopædia for 1894, article HAWAII). During his residence in Honolulu, Minister Willis's social surroundings were far from pleasant. He died at his post after an illness of several months.

Wilson, Grenville D., composer, born in Plymouth, Conn., Jan. 26, 1833; died in South Nyack, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1897. After teaching music in Boston he became instructor in that department in Temple Grove Seminary, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. He taught Mlle. Albani in Saratoga, and while there was associated with Louis M. Gottschalk. When Dr. Leopold Damrosch was organizing the great May Music Festival that was given in the 7th Regiment armory Prof. Wilson trained 70 voices for him. He organized the Nyack Choral Society in 1879, and conducted it till his death. He composed about 300 pieces of music, of which the best known is "The Shepherd Boy."

Winans, William Lewis, capitalist, born in Baltimore, Md., in 1822; died in London, England, June 25, 1897. He was the youngest of the two sons of Ross Winans, inventor, engineer, and locomotive builder. On reaching their majority the brothers were associated in business with their father, who had established in Baltimore the largest railroad machine shops in the country. In 1842 the head of the firm was solicited to go to Russia and equip a projected railroad between St. Petersburg and Moscow. Declining to make the journey himself, he sent his two sons, and in 1843 they signed the first contract with the Russian Government for $3,000,000. The railroad was constructed and thoroughly equipped, and this work brought to the firm other advantageous contracts by which a great fortune was accumulated. Thomas De Kay Winans returned to the United States; but,William, from an uncontrollable horror of crossing the ocean, estab

lished himself permanently in England. He maintained several costly establishments there and in Scotland; was passionately fond of music, sporting, and building models of steam vessels after original designs; and left an estate of $12,000,000. Winsor, Justin, historian, born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 2, 1831; died in Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 22, 1897. He was educated at Harvard and Heidelberg Universities, was superintendent of the Boston Public Library in 1868-77, and from 1877 till his death was librarian of Harvard University. He was the author of many reforms in indexing and cataloguing. He was a founder of the American Library Association, and its president in 1876-'86, and again from June 25, 1897, till his death. In July, 1897, he attended the International Convention of Librarians in London, England. After spending three months in restful loiterings, he returned home in October, but contracted a fatal cold on the voyage. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Michigan in 1886, and from Williams College in 1893. In connection with his library work Dr. Winsor gave much attention to historical research, and published a large number of noteworthy volumes. He was an ex-president of the American Historical Association and vice-president and corresponding secretary of the Massachusetts Historical Society. His publications include "History of Duxbury, Massachusetts" (Boston, 1849); Bibliography of the Original Quartos and Folios of Shakespeare, with Particular Reference to Copies in America" (1876); "Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution, 1761-'83" (1880); "Arnold's Expedition against Quebec, 1775-1776" (1886); "The Manuscript Sources of American History" (New York, 1887); Notes on the Spurious Letters of Montcalm" (Cambridge, 1887);"Christopher Columbus" (1891); "The Mississippi Basin: The Struggle in America between England and France" (1895); "and "The Westward Movement: The Struggle for the TransAllegheny Region, 1763-1797" (1898). He also edited the "Memorial History of Boston" (4 vols., Boston, 1880-'81); "Narrative and Critical History of America" (8 vols., 1883-'89); "Harvard University Bulletin" (since 1877); "Library of Harvard University: Bibliographical Contributions" (since 1877), to which he also contributed important papers; and the "Record of the 250th Anniversary of the Founding of Harvard College" (1887).

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Wiswell, Rebecca, philanthropist, born in Provincetown, Mass., in 1806; died in Plymouth, Mass., Oct. 29, 1897. When eighteen years old she became a nurse, and she followed that vocation throughout her active life. For many years she was closely identified with the work of Rev. Phineas Stowe, of the Boston Baptist Bethel. Early in the civil war she prepared and sent daily to the Statehouse in Boston packages of lint. Dorothea L. Dix summoned her to Washington in March, 1862, and for two years she was on duty at the Seminary Hospital. Afterward she ministered to the sick and wounded in the Shenandoah valley, and was then transferred to Fort Monroe, where she served till the close of the war. Miss Wiswell, known in the army as Aunt Rebecca," was a member of the Collingwood Woman's Relief Corps; was a familiar figure at all the Grand Army celebrations in Bos

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ton; and received marked attentions at the national encampment in Washington in 1892.

Wood, De Volson, engineer, born in Smyrna, N. Y., June 1, 1832; died in Hoboken, N. J., June 27, 1897. He was graduated at the Albany Normal School in 1853, and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as a civil engineer in 1857, having been a tutor and professor in the normal school and first principal of the Napanoch (N. Y.) school in the meantime. In 1857-72 he was assistant and full Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Michigan; in 1872 became Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics in Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken; and since 1885 had been Professor of Engineering there. He received the degrees of A. M. from Hamilton College and M. Sc. from the University of Michigan, both in 1859. He invented an ore dock, a rock drill, an air compressor, and several pumps, and was an expert on the subjects of water wheels and hydraulics. He published "Treatise on the Resistance of Materials" (New York, 1871); "A Treatise on the Theory of the Construction of Bridges and Roofs" (1872); "The Elements of Analytical Mechanics" (1876); 'Principles of Elementary Mechanics" (1878); "The Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry" (1879); The Mechanics of Fluids" (1884); "Trigonometry, Analytical, Plane, and Spherical" (1885); and "Thermodynamics" (1887).

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Woods, Samuel, jurist, born in Quebec, Canada, in 1822; died in Philippi, W. Va., Feb. 17, 1897. In his infancy his family removed to Meadville, Pa. He was graduated at Allegheny College in 1842, and settled in Morgantown, now in West Virginia, to practice law. In 1861 he was a member of the Virginia convention that passed the ordinance of secession; in 1872 was a delegate to the West Virginia Constitutional Convention; and in 1880-'90 was judge was judge of the Court of Appeals of his State.

Worden, John Lorimer, naval officer, born in Sing Sing, N. Y., March 12, 1818; died in Washington, D. C., Oct. 18, 1897. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy, Jan. 10, 1834; was promoted passed midshipman, July 16, 1840; lieutenant, Nov. 30, 1846; commander, July 16, 1862; captain, Feb. 3, 1863; commodore, May 27, 1868; and rear admiral, Nov. 20, 1872; and was retired at his own request and by special act of Congress with full sea pay, Dec. 23, 1886. He was on sea duty twenty-one years and three months, and on shore or other duty twenty-four years and eight months.. His early service comprised duty in connection

with the Brazilian, Mediterranean, Pacific, and home squadrons, and at the Naval Observatory at Washington in 1844-'46 and 1855-'56. On April 6, 1861, he reported at Washington under orders for special service, and the next morning left for Pensacola, Fla., with orders for the commanding officer of the squadron there to re-enforce Fort Pickens. He set out on his return the same day, but was arrested near Montgomery, Ala., and detained as a prisoner of war till Nov. 4, and, after several transfers, was exchanged on the 18th. From Nov. 20, 1861, till Jan. 16, 1862, he was on duty at the naval rendezvous at New York. On the last day he was ordered to the command of the first ironclad vessel, the

"Monitor," built for the navy under the plans and superintendence of John Ericsson. He hastily left New York on the vessel for an experimental trip, though provided with ammunition and shot as a precaution against a possible encounter. After a dangerous voyage in the novel craft he reached Hampton Roads in good shape on March 8, the day the Confederate ironclad ram "Merrimac" had come down from Norfolk and destroyed the wooden frigates "Congress" and "Cumberland." Lieut. Worden, seeing the helplessness of the wooden vessels, anchored his craft near the "Minnesota," which, in endeavoring to escape from the "Merrimac," had grounded on a shoal, and awaited the events of the morrow. Early in the morning the "Merrimac" reappeared, and headed for the "Minnesota." When she was within a mile of her intended victim, the "Monitor" suddenly steamed out. The "Merrimac " poured a broadside of shot upon the cheese box on a raft," but every shot that struck her turret glanced off without injury. While manoeuvring to get as close as possible to the "Merrimac," the "Monitor" fired deliberately about once in seven minutes, and every shot struck her antagonist. After the fight had thus lasted about two hours the "Merrimac " attempted to ram the Monitor"; but Lieut. Worden handled his craft so skillfully that the blow glanced off harmlessly. At 11.30 A. M. the "Monitor's" commander was blinded by bits of cement thrown into his eyes when a shot struck the pilot-house as he was looking through the conning slit, and was obliged to relinquish the command to Lieut. Samuel D. Greene, who continued the fight till the "Merrimac" withdrew to Norfolk. This battle was a victory for the Monitor," in that she completely frustrated the plans of the Confederate commander. It also revolutionized the navies of the world. For this action Lieut. Worden received the thanks of the Navy Department and of Congress, and, almost immediately after his arrival in Washington, the personal congratulations of President Lincoln. As soon as he was able to return to duty he was appointed assistant to Admiral Gregory in superintending the construction of ironclads. He commanded the ironclad "Montauk" from Oct. 8, 1862, till April 16, 1863, and with her attacked Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee river, and destroyed the Confederate privateer "Nashville" under the guns of that fort. Subsequently he took part in the attack on the defenses of Charleston by the ironclad fleet under Admiral Dupont. In 1870-'74 he was superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, and in 1875-77 commander in chief of the European squadron. After his retirement he had lived in Washington.

Wormley, Theodore George, chemist, born in Wormleysburg, Pa., April 1, 1826; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 3, 1897. He studied at Dickinson College; was graduated at the Philadelphia Medical College in 1849; and was Professor of Chemistry and Natural Sciences at Capitol University, Columbus, Ohio, in 1852-65, and of Chemistry and Toxicology at Starling Medical College in 1854-77. From the last year till his death he was Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. While in Ohio he served for several years as State gas commissioner and as chemist to the State Geological Survey. In 1876 he was appointed a member of the Centennial Medical Commission. He received the degrees of Ph. D. and LL. D. from Dickinson and Marietta Colleges in 1870. Dr. Wormley published "Methods of Analysis of Coals, Iron Ores, Furnace Slags, Fire Clays, Limestones, and of Soils" (1870) and The Micro-Chemistry of Poisons" (1867); edited the "Ohio Medical and

Surgical Journal" in 1862-'64; and contributed reports to the "Geological Survey of Ohio" (1871) and a series of articles on "Chemical Reactions" to the London "Chemical News" in 1859-'63.

Worthen, William Ezra, civil engineer, born in Amesbury, Mass., March 14, 1819; died in New York city, April 2, 1897. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1838, began the practice of civil engineering at once, and for ten years was engaged in surveys and investigations relating to the water supply of Boston and in other hydraulic work. He designed and constructed the Suffolk, Tremont, Lawrence, Appleton, and Hamilton Mills in Lowell; visited Europe in 1849; and on his return established himself in New York city, where he also engaged in architectural work and became engineer and Vice-President of the New York and New Haven Railroad. After 1854 he was employed extensively as a practicing and consulting engineer. He planned and built heavy masonry dams across rivers for the establishment of water powers; designed and erected the first pumping engine at High Bridge, New York city; was sanitary engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Health of that city in 1866-69, and chief engineer of the first rapid-transit commission there; and was chief engineer of the Chicago main drainage channel in 1890-'91. His services as an expert were in frequent demand for planning, constructing, or improving water and sewer systems. Mr. Worthen was President of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1887. Besides a large number of technical reports he published a Cyclopædia of Drawing" (New York, 1857); "First Lessons in Mechanics" (1862); and "Rudimentary Drawing for Schools" (1863.)

OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. Alcock. Sir Rutherford, a British diplomatist, born in 1809; died in London, Nov. 2, 1897. He was the son of a noted physician, and was himself educated for the medical profession, and as an army surgeon served through the Carlist war in Spain and won medals and decorations for his services at San Sebastian and the taking of Irun. After the war was ended, in 1837, he was a member of various mixed commissions that settled the claims of the British auxiliary forces. In 1844 he was appointed British consul at the newly opened port of Fuchow, and two years later was transferred to Shanghai, where he was instrumental in founding the municipal government. In time he was transferred to Canton, and after completing his term of office there he was appointed in 1858 consul general to Japan, and a year later elevated to the post of minister, one of action and of danger during the early stages of European intercourse, when the truculent and formidable antiforeign element constantly threatened him with violence and assassination. In 1861 an armed band of ronins stormed the British legation in the middle of the night, killing or wounding many of the inmates. In the following year the guard of the Prince of Satsuma killed the Englishman Richardson, who was riding with ladies in the park. For this the English Government exacted an indemnity of £100,000 from the Government of the Tycoon. An additional payment of £25,000 and an apology were demanded from the Prince of Satsuma, and when a year passed without satisfaction being rendered the minister had the English fleet bombard the town of Kagoshima until the prince made his submission. Though criticised by many for his retaliatory pol icy, Mr. Alcock received the honor of knighthood for his action. For the international exhibition of 1862 he got together a fair representative collection of Japanese art and products after all assistance had been refused by individual Japanese and by the Government of Japan, which five years later sent over to the Paris Exposition a large exhibit in