191. Lean. Ed. 1 reads lame.

192. Changes. Ed. 1 reads Charges. 194. Of likeness. That is, to Ben Jonson. 196. Thou 'rt but a. Ed. 1 reads, thou art a. 199. Sett'st. Ed. 1 reads sets. 202. Does. Ed. 1 reads doth.

11

Thy Irish pen. In the Epistle Dedicatory to his translation of The Tenth Satyr of Juvenal (1687) Shadwell retorts indignantly: Sure he goes a little too far in calling me the dullest, and has no more reason for that than for giving me the Irish name of Mack, when he knows I never saw Ireland till I was three-and-twenty years old, and was there but four months."

137, 204. Iambics. Since the iambic was the appropriate meter for Greek satire, the name iambics has become equivalent to satire, even in languages like English, where it has no special fitness. In this line ed. 1 misprints wild instead of mild.

207. There thou may'st wings display, etc. "Among other efforts of gentle dulness may be noticed the singular fashion which prevailed during the earlier period of the seventeenth century, of writing in such changes of measure that by the different length and arrangement of the lines the poem was made to resemble an egg, an altar, a pair of wings, a cross, or some other fanciful figure." [SCOTT.] Dryden may possibly intend a specific reference to George Herbert's poems An Altar and Easter Wings.

209. Diff'rent talents. Ed. 1 reads different Talent.

212. Bruce, etc. v. n. 135, 91. The two gentlemen are present at a scene in which their ladyloves, Clarinda and Miranda, entice Sir Formal to stand upon a secret trapdoor while he delivers a speech, and then dispose of him by releasing the trap. v. The Virtuoso, act. iii. 213. Declaiming. Ed. 1 reads declining. 214. His drugget robe. Ed. 1 reads the Drugget Robes.

216. The mantle, etc. v. 2 Kings ii. 12-15, where "Elisha, dividing Jordan with Elijah's mantle, is acknowledged his successor." 217. Double. Ed. 1 reads doubled. THE SECOND PART OF ABSALOM AND ACHITOPHEL. Nahum Tate (1652-1715) was a young Tory poet, for whose tragedy, The Loyal General, Dryden had written a prologue in 1679 (v. 87). His best known works are an adaptation of King Lear, which held the stage until about 1840, and a version of the Psalms, which he made in conjunction with Nicholas Brady. He seems later to have changed his politics, for in 1692 he succeeded Shadwell as poet laureate.

The Grolier Club's Catalogue of Original and Early Editions of English Writers from Wither to Prior, New York, 1905, states that two issues of this poem were printed in 1682. The editor has seen only that reading Fleet-Street (not Fleetstreet) on the title-page.

The notes on Tate's portion of the poem are made as brief as possible. Explanations of

names that occur also in Dryden's poem are

not repeated here.

138, 9. Clemency was. Ed. 1 reads, Goodness was e'en.

20. Flattering. Ed. 1 reads Flatterie's. 33. As all. Ed. 1 reads since all.

38. Guilty Jebusites, etc. Charles II was ambitious for power, and was well inclined to the Catholic religion. During the excitement caused by the Popish Plot, however, he did not deem it prudent to protect such Catholics as were accused, or to pardon those convicted. He refused, for example, to interfere, as he might well have done, in behalf of Lord Stafford.

40. Nay, etc. Christie glosses this line: "Some of those employed for sham plots whereby to sacrifice opponents have been executed." One Fitzharris, who swore that he had been bribed to concoct a sham plot and ascribe it to the Whigs, was later condemned and executed. But may not sacrificers here mean simply priests ?

"The Salamanca like a bishop and became the darEach morning

48. Pamper'd Corah, etc. doctor [Oates] . . . . . robed puffed with insolence. ling of the Whig party. there waited at his lodgings to dress him two or three gentlemen who vied for the honor of holding his basin." JOHN POLLOCK, The Popish Plot, 1903, p. 227.

51. Such was, etc. On November 25, 1678, Oates accused Queen Catherine, before the king and council, of plotting against her husband's life.

58. The Hermon, etc. Cf. Song of Solomon ii. 1. 69. The pest, etc. The references are to the Great Plague of 1665, the Fire of London in 1666, and the wars with Holland (Tyre) in 1665-67 and 1672-74.

139, 95. And now. Ed. 1 reads For now. 96. 'T was worse, etc. "The very breath of him

was pestilential; and, if it brought not imprisonment or death over such on whom it fell, it surely poisoned reputation." NORTH, Examen, p. 205.

109. These raise the Plot, etc. The charge that Shaftesbury was the real author of the Popish Plot, and Oates merely his tool, is supported by no evidence, and is wholly incredible. Shaftesbury was, however, quick to take advantage of a situation that he did not

create.

142. O rather. Ed. 2 reads Oh! rather; ed. 1, Or rather.

140, 165-170. The crown's . . . hour. Imitated from 115, 441-446.

181. "The factious tribes—" "And this reproof from thee?" As there are no quotation marks in the early editions, it is hard to tell where one speech ends and the other begins. The text follows C.; SS. makes Achitophel's speech extend through from thee.

189. Who reach, etc. Those who reach for the crown, but miss that prize, receive death. 190-195. Did you ... afar. Imitated from

118, 119, 688, 689, 729-734.

203. My removal. From the office of Lord President of the Council: v. n. 121, 971. 216. Who at your instance, etc. This refers to Shaftesbury's support of the Declaration of Indulgence: v. n. 129, 77.

220. Ev'n property, etc. At the opening of 1672, the king, being straitened for money, refused to repay £1,400,000 lent him by the goldsmiths, and arbitrarily reduced the interest from 12 to 6 per cent. This he seems to have done by the advice of Lord Clifford, and against the protest of Ashley, who, however, as a member of the Cabal ministry, received a large share of the blame. Nor is there any good evidence that Ashley turned the proceeding to his personal profit.

226. Recount, etc. Cf. 112, 175, n.

141, 255. Debar, etc. The Commons had desired to make the passage of the Exclusion Bill the condition of their votes of supply: v. 1072, 8, n.

268. Subtile. Ed. 1 reads subtle. 269. Till peace, etc. Cf. 119, 752. 270. Associations. v. n. 1262, 10. 280. Ishban. Sir Robert Clayton, alderman, and representative of the City in parliament. Other writers make the same charges against him as those in the text.

298. Rabsheka. "Sir Thomas Player, Chamberlain of the City of London, and one of the city members of parliament. When the Duke of York unexpectedly returned from Brussels, Player made his appearance before the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, and gravely demanded that the city guards should be doubled. In the vehemence of his oratory a remarkable expression chanced to escape him, that he durst hardly go to sleep, for fear of awaking with his throat cut."" [SCOTT.] For the name, v. 2 Kings xviii. 17-xix. 4.

310. Next these, etc. Cf. 599, 461. 315. Streams. Ed. 1 reads Waves. 142, 321. Judas. Robert Ferguson (d. 1714), the "Plotter." He was a Nonconformist preacher, who, being ejected from his living by the Act of Uniformity in 1662, supported himself by teaching boys at Islington, near London. He aided Shaftesbury by his pamphlets (cf. n. 126', 34), and fled with him to Holland. He became famous as a plotter against the governments of Charles, James, and William.

340. Phaleg. "James Forbes (1629?-1712), a Scotch dissenting clergyman of some distinction. He was placed by the Duke of Ormond as traveling tutor to the young Earl of Derby, who had married his granddaughter." [SCOTT.] The statements of the text seem to lack corroboration, especially as regards Forbes's relations with Ormond. Carte terms him "a gentleman of parts, virtue, and prudence, but of too mild a nature to manage his pupil," and tells how he was maltreated by the young earl and his riotous companions. (Life of Ormond, Oxford, 1851, vol. iv, pp. 488, 489.) 353. Ben-Jochanan. "The Reverend Samuel

Johnson (1649-1703), a party writer of considerable merit. He was a native of Warwickshire, and took orders after a regular course of study at Cambridge. He obtained a small living of eighty pounds a year, the only church preferment he ever enjoyed. He later became chaplain to Lord Russell, the Whig leader in the House of Commons. During the dependence of the Bill of Exclusion, he endeavored at once to show the danger to a national religion from a sovereign who held opposite tenets, and to explode the doctrine of passive obedience, in a work entitled Julian the Apostate: being a Short Account of his Life; the Sense of the Primitive Christians about his Succession; and their Behaviour towards him: together with a Comparison of Popery and Paganism (London, 1682). There can be little doubt that, so far as the argument from the example of the primitive Christians is sound, Johnson has fairly made out his case. Indeed Dryden has little left to say, except that if they did resist Julian, which he seems to admit, they were very wrong in so doing, and the less that is said about it, the more will be the credit of the ancient Church.

"For this and subsequent writings, Johnson was fined, imprisoned, degraded from ecclesiastical orders, pilloried, and whipped. After the Revolution the proceedings against him were declared illegal, and he received a pension of £300 yearly, with £1000 in money, and a post for his son.

"The reader may contrast the character which Dryden has given of Johnson with that of John Hampden, who, in an account of him to the Duchess of Mazarin, says: 'Being two years with him in the same prison, I had the opportunity to know him perfectly well; and, to speak my thoughts of him in one word, I can assure your Grace that I never knew a man of better sense, of a more innocent life, nor of greater virtue, which was proof against all temptation, than Mr. Johnson.' See Memorials of his life prefixed to his Works in folio." (SCOTT.] The name Ben-Jochanan is taken as an equivalent of Johnson. 384. But, tell me, etc. v. Genesis ix. 18-27. 388, 389. Made? . . . trade. Eds. 1 and 2 read made, Trade? 392. And thy hot father, etc. St. Gregory Nazianzenus. Johnson in his work relies for his argument largely on the invectives of St. Gregory Nazianzenus against Julian's memory. Gregory rebukes the dead Constantius for allowing Julian to succeed him; Julian he addresses as "Thou traitor next to Judasonly thou hast not testified thy repentance by hanging thyself, as he did." (Op. cit. p. 63.) Dryden rightly thinks that Gregory showed sectarian fury rather than Christian charity. He may have taken his cue from Johnson himself, who writes: "And yet how do the Christians treat this emperor ! One would take them to be the apostates; one while reproaching him, ruffling with him, and

vexing every vein in his royal heart; another while dancing and leaping for joy at his death, and insulting over his memory. But for the name of Christians, he had better have fallen amongst barbarians." (Ibid. p. 66.)

396. Balak. "The famous Gilbert Burnet was then preacher at the Rolls Chapel, under the patronage of Sir Harbottle Grimstone, Master of the Rolls. King Charles was so anxious that he should be dismissed, as to make it his particular request to Sir Harbottle, but the Master excused himself." [SCOTT.] Dryden later satirized him in The Hind and the Panther as the Buzzard: v. 250, 2415, n. 143, 403. David's psalms translated. This refers to the old version by Sternhold and Hopkins, which later gave way to that by Tate and Brady: cf. 168, 456.

405. Mephibosheth. Samuel Pordage, a minor writer of the time, the son of a Berkshire clergyman who had been ejected from his cure on a charge of intercourse with spirits. He is the reputed author of Azaria and Hushai, a reply to Absalom and Achitophel, and The Medal Revers'd, a reply to The Medal.

407. Uzza. In Tonson's Key (1716) this name is explained as J. H. The initials are thought to mean Jack Hall, a minor poet of the time, though no quarrel between him and Dryden is known. Cf. 908, 229; n. 119, 804. 412. Doeg. Elkanah Settle (1648-1724).

On

Dryden's quarrel with this writer, v. B. S. xxii, xxviii, xxix. Settle had begun life as a Tory, then turned Whig; he later rejoined his original party. While on the Whig side, he was instrumental in arranging pope-burnings (cf. 122, 123): to this Dryden refers in ll. 451, 452. He sank lower and lower in the literary scale, until, as Scott tells us, "finally he took the prophetic hint conveyed in Dryden's lines, and became, not indeed the master, but the assistant to a puppet show, kept by a Mrs. Mynn, in Bartholomew Fair." He lived to be ridiculed by Pope as well as by Dryden, and died in poverty, a pensioner of the Charterhouse. Cf. 912, 418.

418. He was too warm, etc. Malone (I, 1, 170) cites the following from Flecknoe's Enigmatical Characters, 1658, p. 77, as giving Dryden the idea of this passage:

"For his [a schoolboy's] learning, 't is all capping verses, and fagoting poets' loose lines, which fall from him as disorderly as fagot-stick's, when the band is broke."

In Notes and Observations on The Empress of Morocco, 1674, p. 2 (v. B. S. xxii) Dryden (?) had already attacked Settle in a similar fashion:

"What stuff may not a silly unattending Audience swallow, wrapt up in Rhime; certainly our Poet writes by chance; is resolv'd upon the Rhime before hand, and for the rest of the Verse has a Lottery of words by him, and draws them that come next, let them make sense or nonsense when they come

together he matters not that; and his luck is so bad, that he seldom hits upon any that agree any more, than so many Men of several Languages would do."

444. Transprose. A reference to the title of Settle's poem, Absalom Senior, or Achitophel Transpros'd. This again refers to a jest in the first act of The Rehearsal, where Bayes boasts of his rule of transversion, or putting some one else's prose into his own verse. Johnson replies: "Methinks, Mr. Bayes, that putting verse into prose should be called transprosing;" and Bayes agrees: "By my troth, a very good notion, and hereafter it shall be so." 446. Who makes, etc. Settle's poem just mentioned begins:

"

In gloomy times, when priestcraft bore the sway, And made heav'n's gate a lock to their own key. 448. Four and twenty letters. "I" and "j" were accounted one letter; so also were "u" and "v."

459. Og. Thomas Shadwell: v. n. 134, 15. 144, 477. Be thou dull. Apparently the midwife's blessing is confined to these three words, which are printed in italics in the early editions.

524. See where, etc. The following verses describe the Green Ribbon Club, which met at the King's Head Tavern. It included among its members most of the prominent Whigs of the time, and many underlings of the party. V. POLLOCK, The Popish Plot, pp. 237-239. 535. Arod. "Sir William Waller, son of the parliamentary general of the same name, distinguished himself during the time of the Popish Plot by an uncommon degree of bustling activity." [SCOTT.] The charges here brought against him reflect contemporary report.

549. Gehazi. v. 2 Kings v. 20-27.

555. Zaken. An elder or magistrate (used, for example, in Exodus iii. 16). Commentators have stated that the word here means a member of parliament, but either this is incorrect, or Wood (Athena Oxonienses, 1721, ii. 419) is wrong in saying that Waller was elected to the Oxford parliament of 1681, the last that had met before the publication of this poem.

145, 574. Who for. v. 1072, 8, n.

592. His absence, etc. In March, 1679, owing to the popular excitement over the Exclusion Bill, the Duke of York, at the king's request, left England, going first to Holland and then to Brussels.

627. Thy thunder. Referring to the Duke of York's earlier naval service against the Dutch: cf. 26.

146, 642. Subjects. So ed. 1; ed. 2 reads Subject's, which may be correct, standing for subject 's.

661. Grutch. Cf. grudge (1. 682): the discrepancy is that of the early editions. 689. Our brib'd Jews. Some of the Whig leaders were as corrupt in receiving French bribes as was the king himself. Louis XIV aimed to

weaken England by playing off one party against another.

148, 793. From Hebron, etc. In August, 1679, on the illness of the king, the Duke of York had come to England for a few days, but almost immediately returned to Brussels. In the following October he was permitted to change his place of exile for Scotland, whence he returned in February, 1680. In the next October he was again forced to retire to Scotland, and returned from there only in March, 1682: cf. headnote, p. 132.

811. Jothran. George Legge (1648-91), created Baron of Dartmouth in 1682. He had won distinction in the wars with the Dutch, and later became admiral and commander-in-chief of the fleet. His father had been a noted royalist.

819. Benaiah. "General Edward Sackville, who had served at Tangier with great reputation, both for courage and judgment. He was expelled from the House of Commons for contemptuous words concerning those who believed in the Popish Plot.' [SCOTT.] 825-828. While 149, 864. Confirm. Ed. 1 reads secure. 891-906. Or grant... king. These lines are evidently inspired by a passage in The Medal: v. 131, 132, 287-317.

rest. Cf. 132, 14-25.

913. An envious festival, etc. On April 20, 1682, the Duke of York was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the Artillery Company of London. The Whigs arranged for the following day a counter demonstration, consisting of a church service, followed by a dinner, in token of thanksgiving for the deliverance of England from Popish wiles. But the privy council meeting on April 19 unexpectedly forbade this gathering. (LUTTRELL, Brief Relation, i. 179.) Scott remarks: "This disappointment, trifling as it may seem, was of great disadvantage to the Whigs. It made them ridiculous, which is more fatal to a political party than any other misfortune."

150, 930. For shekel, etc. Tickets had been sold for the banquet at a guinea apiece. 938. Asaph. Dryden. Asaph was one of David's chief musicians: Psalms 1 and lxxiii-lxxxiii are ascribed to him.

941. Bezaliel. Henry Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, and later Duke of Beaufort; Lord President of the Council of Wales (the Kenites' province). Bezaleel was the artificer charged with making works of art required for the tabernacle in the wilderness: v. Exodus Xxxxi. 2-5.

958. His son. Charles Somerset, Marquis of Worcester.

967. Abdael. The Duke of Albemarle, son of General Monk, who had the chief share in restoring Charles II: v. 9, 151, n. Though a man of small gifts, he became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, here termed the prophets' school.

985. Eliab. Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, a member of the Cabal ministry, and Lord Chamberlain since 1674.

988. Fortune. Eds. 2 and 3 read Fortunes, probably by a misprint.

994. Othniel's. So ed. 3; eds. 1 and 2 read Othriel's. (For the name, v. Joshua xv. 17.) The Duke of Grafton, second son of Charles II by the Duchess of Cleveland, was married to the Lady Isabella Bennet, Arlington's only daughter. After the defection of Monmouth, the king attempted, as Scott says, " to set Grafton, in opposition to him, in the hearts of the people."

151, 1003. Helon. Louis Duras (1640?-1709) Earl of Feversham. He came of a noted French family, but had become an English subject in 1665.

1013. Amri. Heneage Finch, Earl of Nottingham, Lord Chancellor from 1674 to 1682: ci. 112, 188, n. Tate's praise of his legal learning is just.

1025. Sheva. Sir Roger L'Estrange (1616– 1704), a noted newspaper writer for the Tory party, and one of the founders of British journalism. He was licenser of the press under Charles II and James II. Sheva was a scribe of David: v. 2 Samuel xx. 25. 1035. So Moses, etc. v. Numbers xxi. 7-9, and cf. 117, 632-635.

1041. Thy laurel grove, etc. "The thunder was anciently supposed to spare the laurel.” SCOTT.

1065. Still Hebron's, etc. v. headnotes, 132, 133.

1066. Remains. Referring to the Duchess of York, who remained behind in Scotland peculiar use of the word.

-3

152, 1075. Give not, etc. v. 2 Samuel i. 20. 1095. With loud last breaths, etc. "The Gazette says that when the barge put off, the poor sailors, who remained to perish, manned the sides in the usual honorary form, and, indifferent to their own fate, hailed the duke's safety with three cheers." [SCOTT.]

1100. Urania. A title of Venus; here used of the Duchess of York.

1107. Is. "The grammar requires to read he's." SCOTT.

1123. Hyblaan swarms. The honey from the

n.

hills about Hybla, in Sicily, is celebrated by the ancient poets: hence Hyblaan swarms means swarms of bees. Cf. 118, 697. 1131. Ziloah. Sir John Moore: v. 130, 181, The viler pair of 1. 1133 were the Whig sheriffs, Shute and Pilkington, who are called worse than Cornish and Bethel (v. 117, 585, n.), the sheriffs of the preceding year: their chief offense was in selecting the jury which refused to indict Shaftesbury.

1132. Surges. Eds. 1 and 2 read Syrges, by an evident misprint; ed. 3 reads Syrtes, by a mistaken correction of it.

1135. Ziloah's loyal labors. By unscrupulous political trickery, the court faction, aided by their tool Moore, brought about the election of two Tory sheriffs in September, 1682, as successors to Shute and Pilkington. This was followed by the choice of a Tory lord mayor, also secured by trickery.

153, 4. Pennsylvania s air, etc. In 1681 William Penn had received from the king the patent for his colony, and in September, 1682, he had sailed for America.

5. Associators. v. 1262, 10, n. Shaftesbury was one of the nine individuals to whom the king made a grant of the province of Carolina in 1663, and he always took an active interest in the colony.

15. Those playhouse Whigs, etc Apparently a reference to some struggles of the actors against the patentees who controlled them. 24. Charter. The Charter of the City of London had kept it free in large measure from the encroachments of royal authority. In 1683 the king secured its forfeiture.

33. No dull fat fool, etc. A fresh attack on Shadwell: v n. 134, 15. Apparently the Whig poet was set aside on the union of the companies.

42. Whig sheriffs. Cf. nn. 152, 1131, 1135. The word sheriffs is to be pronounced as one syllable; cf. 561, 13; 1562, 3.

154, 12. The mid gallery. The eighteen-penny place, apparently the special haunt of women of the town; cf. 1722, 58.

21. Lackeys. Mr. R. W. Lowe (Life of Betterton, p. 29) says that at this time servants were not admitted to the theater until the end of the fourth act. "While hanging about the entrances and lobbies their noise might be quite audible in the theater."

24. Tom Dove. A bear so called; cf. 8991, 3, n. 26. Their unpaying masters. For an interesting account of how theater-goers in Restoration times avoided payment of the entrance money, v. Lowe's Life of Betterton, pp. 22-25.

1551, 1. Holy League. Cf. 8, 97-102 and 1271, 10-12.

6. Sent over, etc. A reference to the French Huguenots who had sought shelter in England. 15. Their pois'ning way. Cf. 1032, 46, n. 19. A flail. "A joiner named College made his fortune by inventing a pocket flail, tipped with lead, which was called the Protestant flail, and was to be used by sober citizens to brain 'Popish' assassins." (S. R. GARDINER, Student's History of England, p. 615.) 1552, 2. Once the cause was lost. The government had for a long time refused to permit the play to be acted, fearing that the assassination of the Duke of Guise might be taken as suggesting that of Monmouth. In the next line Dryden denies, as he does more at length in his Vindication of the play, published in 1683, that any parallel between Monmouth and Guise was intended.

41. London. Cf. 153, 24, n.

43. Ignoramus juries. A reference to the grand jury that refused to indict Shaftesbury, reporting ignoramus. Dryden of course puns on the legal and commonplace meanings of the word.

1561, 23 A Trimmer. v. n. 120, 882.

30. Jack Ketch. Cf. 210, 3, n.

31. Breathe. Ed. 1 reads breath.

38. You Trimmers, etc. It is hard to say whether the quotation ends with this line or continues through the epilogue.

1562, 8. Marybone. Marylebone Gardens, then a fashionable place of amusement.

14. Pay their four shillings, etc. The price of a box seat; the pit cost but half a crown. 157. RELIGIO LAICI. Of the two issues of this poem published in 1682, that described in the 1886 Catalogue of the Rowfant Library, is probably earlier than the other, number 315 in the Grolier Club's Catalogue of Original and Early Editions of English Writers from Wither to Prior, 1905. (This assertion contradicts one in An Appendix to the Rowfant Library, London, 1900.) In the latter (Grolier) copy the catch word at the end of the Preface is To, referring to the first complimentary poem To Mr. Dryden, which immediately follows in both issues; in the Rowfant copy it is Religio, referring to the title of the poem itself. This indicates that the complimentary poems were received after the Rowfant copy was already in type; hence it must be the first issue and Grolier Club no. 315 the second. Mr. Beverly Chew, President of the Grolier Club, called the editor's attention to this circumstance.

Aside from frequent variations in spelling and punctuation, a collation shows only the following differences in reading between the two issues of 1682: 1572, 6, (1) ingenuously, (2) ingeniously; 1582, 58, (1) its proper, (2) its own proper; 1601, 36, (1) Papists, (2) Papist; 1602, 17, (1) had it been, (2) it had been. 158', 1. Intitle them to any of my errors.

"Father

my errors on them." [SAINTSBURY.] 39. Among the sons of Noah, etc. v. Genesis ix. 24-27.

47. Bill of exclusion. A main argument against

the Exclusion Bill (v. n 110, 18) was the injustice done by it to the Duke of York's Protestant children.

1591, 6. The preface of whose creed, etc. "Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the Catholic faith. Which faith except every one do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly."

1592, 37. Coleman's letters. Edward Coleman, secretary to the Duchess of York, had carried on a correspondence with Père de La Chaise, a Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIV, relative to schemes for reëstablishing the Catholic religion in England. The discovery of his letters seemed to give at least partial confirmation to Oates's depositions. Coleman was one of the first men to be executed on account of the Popish Plot. Mr. Pollock (The Popish Plot, 1903) defends the justice of this sentence. 56. Mariana, etc. Catholic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. All but the last (more correctly Simancas) were Jesuits. 59. Campian. Edmund Campian (Campion) and Robert Parsons were English Jesuits, who in 1580-81 tried to spread Catholicism in England. Campian was hanged; Parsons escaped from England. The latter published