(q. v.), organized a company and purchased a tract of land from the Narragansett Indians, about Pettaquamscut Rock, on the south shore of Rhode Island, beAbout tween Point Judith and Wickford. the same time lands near Wickford had been purchased by a company headed by Humphrey Atherton, of Massachusetts, the two companies claiming the same territory. When the boundary line between Connecticut and Rhode Island was settled, in 1662, the Atherton Company had its region placed under the government of Connecticut. In 1665 the royal commission ordered the Indians to return the price paid by the Atherton Company, and that the lands be returned to them. The disputed territory became the King's province. It was later made part of Rhode Island and was known as King's County until the Revolution, when the name was It was changed to Washington County. a subject of contention between Connecticut and Rhode Island for fifty years. Pewter Muggers.-A faction of the Democratic party in New York City which in 1828 bolted the Tammany candidates. These dissatisfied Democrats held their meetings over a resort in Frankfort Street, New York, locally famous for its refreshments served in pewter mugs; hence the Philadelphia, Pa.: cele Centennial anniversary of framing Constitution, proposition to brate, in, discussed, 5118. Centennial Exposition held in, discussed, 4158, 4215, 4254, 4308. Appropriation for, recommended, 4270, 4314. Commission, referred to, 4272, 4315. Correspondence regarding, referred to, 4311. Executive orders, regarding, 4235, 4280. Government aid to, recommended, 4215. Proclamation regarding, 4181. Removal of Government exhibit to Washington for permanent exhibit, recommended, 4364. Exhibits of foreign nations contributed for, 4365. Report of board on behalf of Executive Departments, printing and distribution of, recommended, 4381, 4429. Seat of Government transferred to, Washington from, 281, 295, 298. Sickness prevalent in, does not prevent convening of Congress at, 240. Philippine Commission, mentioned, 6692, 6861. Philippines.-The Philippine group, lying off the southern coast of Asia, extending almost due north and south from Formosa to Borneo and the Moluccas, between longitude 116° 40'-126° 34' and latitude 4° 40'-21° 10′, approximately numbers about 3,141 islands and islets, of which 1,668 are listed by name, while 1,473 are, so far as known, without names. The actual land area is about 115,026 square miles. The six New England States, New York, and New Jersey have about an equal area. The island of Luzon, on which the capital city (Manila) is situated, is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest member of the group, being about the size of the State of New York. Mindanao is nearly as large, but its population is very much smaller. There are two islands with areas exceeding 10,000 square miles each, namely, Luzon with 40,969, and Mindanao with 36,292. There are nine islands. each of which has an area of more than 1,000 square miles and less than 10,000. There are twenty between 100 and 1,000 square miles, seventy-three between and 100 square miles, and two hundred and sixty-two between 1 and 10 square miles. The remaining number, 2,775, or seven-eighths of all, have areas less than a square mile each. 10 The area of the larger islands with population ascertained by the latest United States census follows: niuay (20,738), Miagao (20,656), Hollo (19,054); in Cebu, Argao (35,448), Cebu (31,079), Barili (31,617), Carcar (31,895), Sibonga (25,848); in Leyte, Baybay (22,990), Ormoc (16,128). A census of the Philippines was taken in 1903 under the auspices of the Census Office. The population returned was 7,635,426. Of this number about seven millions are more or less civilized. The wild tribes form about 9 per cent. of the entire population. Racially the inhabitants are principally Malays. The civilized tribes are practically all adherents of the Catholic Church, the religion being that introduced into the country by the Spaniards when they took possession of the islands in 1565. The Church has since then been a strong ruling power and the priesthood is numerous. The Moros are Mohammedans. The density of population in the Philippines is 67 per square mile. In Continental United States it is 26 per square mile. Foreigners number about 50,000, of whom nearly three-fourths are Chinese. Exclusive of the army there are 8,135 Americans in the islands, nearly one-half being located in the city of Manila. There are about twenty-five different tribes in the islands, speaking fifteen or sixteen distinct dialects, the largest tribe being the Visayans, who form nearly one-fourth of the entire civilized population (3,219,030). The Tagalogs, occupying the provinces in the vicinity of Manila (1,469,695), rank second in number and the Ilocanos (803,942) the third. Education has been practically reorganized by the Americans. The total annual enrolment is 440,050. Seven thousand six hundred and seventy-one teachers are employed, of whom 658 are Americans and 7,013 Filipinos. English is very generally taught, and the next generation of Filipinos will probably speak that tongue. Pauperism is almost unknown in the islands. in 1902 there were only 1,668 paupers maintained at public charge. Vital statistics are as yet restricted to Manila. The death rate in the city of Manila is 24.20 per thousand. The birth rate is 36.51 per thousand. In 1912 there were 70 newspapers and periodicals published in the islands, 19 being in English, 16 in Spanish, 15 in native dialects, 7 in Spanish and English, 11 in Spanish and native dialects and 2 In Spanish, English, and native dialects. The assessed real estate property value in 1912 was 484,037,327.10 pesos. The reported value of church buildings, mostly Catholic, is 41,698,710 pesos. The climate is one of the best in the tropics. The thermometer during July and August rarely goes below 79° or above 85°. The extreme ranges in a year are said to be 61° and 97°, and the annual mean 81°. Although agriculture is the chief occupation of the Filipinos, yet only one-ninth of the surface is under cultivation. The soil is very fertile, and even after deducting the mountainous areas it is probable that the area of cultivation can be very largely extended and that the islands can support population equal to that of Japan (42,000,000). The chief products are hemp, rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, cocoanuts, and cacao, hemp being the most important commercial product and constituting 43 per cent. of the value of all exports. Coffee and cotton were formerly produced in large quantities -the former for export and the latter for home consumption; but the coffee plant has been almost "exterminated by insects and the home-made cotton cloths have been driven out by the competition of those imported from England.” The rice and corn are principally produced in Luzon and Mindoro and are consumed in the islands. The cacao is raised in the southern islands, the best quality of it at Mindanao. The sugar cane is raised in the Visayas. The hemp is produced in South. ern Luzon, Mindaro, the Visayas, and Mindanao. It is nearly all exported in bales. Tobacco is raised in many of the islands, especially Luzon and Negros. In the year ending June 30, 1913, the exports of domestic merchandise from the United States to the Philippines were $25,360,646, and the total imports from the Philippines for the same period were $21,010,248. The imports of merchandise from foreign countries, year ending June 30, 1913, were $30,948,498, and the exports were $33,834,438. The principal foreign countries trading with the Philippines are Great Britain, French East Indies, China, and Spain. ex On July 1, 1902, Congress passed (chapter 1369) "An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands." Under this act complete civil government was established in the Archipelago, cept that portion inhabited by Moros, com prising part of Mindanao and the Sulu Islands, and the office of Military Governor was terminated. Wm. H. Taft was appointed Civil Governor by the President, the title being subsequently changed to that of Governor-General. Governor Taft was succeeded by Luke E. Wright in December, 1903, by Henry Clay Ide in 1905, James F. Smith in 1906, W. Cameron Forbes in 1909, and Francis Burton Harrison in 1913. The government was composed of a Civil Governor and seven commmissioners, of whom four were Americans nd three Filipinos. By act of Congress, approved May 11, 1908, the commission was increased by one member, to be appointed by the President, making the commission nine members in all, including the Governor-General, who is President of the Philippine Commission. There are four executive departments-Interior, Finance and Justice, Commercial and Police, and Public Instruction. There are thirty-eight provinces, each with a Governor, a Treasurer, and prosecuting attorney (provincial fiscal). Local governments have been established in about 725 towns. The officials consist of a President, Vice-President, and Councilmen (the latter varying in number according to the population) and are elected by the qualified voters of the municipality and serve for four years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, with seven Judges; Courts of First Instance, Justice of the Peace Courts, and a Court of Land Registration. There are seventeen Judicial Districts. In each province there is a Court of First Instance and a Court of the Justice of the Peace in each organized municipality in every province where there is a Court of First Instance. Two resident commissioners are elected to represent the islands in the House of Representatives at Washington. The Presidential appointees are members of the Commission. In March, 1907, the President, in ac cordance with the act of Congress, directed the Commission to call a general election of delegates to a Philippine Assembly. The new Assembly was chosen July 30, and was opened October 16 by Secretary of War Taft. The total vote recorded at the election for delegates was 104,000, which is only 1.4 per cent of the population. The second election was held on November 2, on 1909. The number of persons registered was 208,845 and the number of votes cast 192,975, which is 2.81 per cent of the population. The third election was held Incomplete returns 1912. June 4, showed 248,154 registered voters and 235,786 votes cast. By act of February 15, 1911, the members of the Philippine Assembly are elected for four years from the 16th day of October following their election, and the resident commissioners for four years, their term of office beginning on March The next elecfollowing their election. tion will take place about June 1, 1916. At the first session of the Sixty-first Congress an act was passed and approved August 5, 1909, readjusting the custom duties on imports from all countries, including the United States, on the basis generally of reductions. By act of Congress approved March 23, 1912, the act of July 1, 1902, to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, was amended to read:-"That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said islands, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands and as such entitled to the protection of the United States, except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain. Provided, That the Philippine Legislature is authorized to provide by law for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship by those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing provisions, the natives of other insular possessions of the United States, and such other persons residing in the Philippine Islands who could become citizens of the United States, under the laws of the United States if residing therein. The Philippine Constabulary, which is distributed throughout the Archipelago in 119 stations, consists of 323 officers and 4,157 enlisted men. There are in operation 587 post-offices, free delivery municipal letter-carrier service in 397 municipalities, 253 money-order offices, and 47 postal-savings banks, with 35.802 accounts. Of the 35,751 depositors, 29,555 are Filipinos. The total kilometreage of telegraph and cable lines on June 30, 1912, was 9,010.84, and the number of telegraph offices 267. There are also four wireless stations operated. The total kilometreage of railroads in operation is 1,014.3. a sum Of the legislation enacted by the legislative authority in the islands during the last two years might be mentioned that fixing the gold-standard fund at equal to 35 per cent of the money of the Government of the Philippine Islands in circulation and available for that purpose, exclusive of the silver certificates fn circulation protected by gold reserve; that providing for the apportionment between the insular, provincial, and municipal governments of taxes paid by grantees or franchises; that embodying certain provisions concerning the building and operation of railroads, and that providing for the establishment of an irrigation system. The Philippine Islands came into the possession of the United States as a result of the war with Spain through the treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898. Two days before the ratification of the treaty the Filipinos, under Aguinaldo, attacked the American soldiery in Manila and an insurrection was set on foot which lasted for two years. Philippine Independence.-The Philippine bill as reported from conference, with the All were Clarke amendment providing for independence of the islands within four years éliminated, but containing a promise of freedom whenever the Filipinos have demonstrated their ability to maintain a stable government, finally was approved by the Senate August 16 and passed the House August 18, 1916. The vote was 37 to 22 in the Senate. All those who voted for the measure were Democrats and twenty-one of the twenty-two Senators who opposed the bill were Republicans. The only Democrat to vote against the bill was Senator Lane of Oregon. The Philippine Commission, which had been in charge of the islands' affairs since their annexation, was dissolved by the bill. In its place was set up in general legislative control of the Philippine legislature of two houses-both elected by the native people. Twenty-four of the twentysix members of the upper house, or Senate, are now chosen by the electorate. formerly appointed by the Governor-General. In accordance with the doctrine of offering as wide an opportunity as possible for selfeducation in government, the electoral franchise was also extended to include all those who speak and write a native dialect. merly property ownership or the ability to speak and write English or Spanish were the requirements. The change increased the electorate from 250,000 to approxiThe 900,000 voters. or mately 800,000 executive departments, with the exception of that of Public Instruction, were placed entirely in the hands of the new Legislature. The Vice-Governor is to be head of that department. He, with the Governor-General, an auditor, assistant auditor, and the justices of the Supreme Court, will be the only officers appointed by the President of the United States. The Governor-General has the same veto power over the native Legislature as that enjoyed by the Executive in the American form of government, and all acts of the Philippine Government are subject to the jurisdiction of the President, Congress, and Supreme Court of the United States. Americans on the islands are required to give up American citizenship before voting there. President Wilson signed the bill August 29. For Trade with the United States.-The value of merchandise imported into the Philippine Islands from the United States for the year 1913 was $25,384,793, and goods to the value of $21,010,248 were sent thither-a balance of $4,374,545 in favor of the United States. Philippine Islands: Administration of, 6661, 6663, 6800. Amnesty proclaimed for insurgents, 6690. Army of United States in, 6694, 6720, 6947. Cable communications with, recommended, 6348. Cattle plague in, 7015. Civil and military government in, Contributions to be levied upon. (See Expeditions to, under command of Eulogy of civil servants in, 6229. Extension of debt limit recommended, 7689. Force, etc., suggestions from commanders regarding, requested by President, 6580. Free trade with, proposed, 7017, 7050, 7374. Friars' lands, disposition of, 7689. Gen. Otis directed to avoid conflict with insurgents in, 6584. Government for. (See Military occupation of, post.) Grants of public or corporate rights in, order regarding, 6583. Military occupation of, by United States and government for, or ders regarding, 6569, 6571, 6572, 6581. Joint occupation with insurgents not to be permitted, 6579. Naturalization of natives recom mended, 7689. Naval base in, proposed, 6806. Oath of allegiance to United States taken by insurgents, 6692. Peace in, 6692, 6720, 7015. Progress of, 6928, 7015, 7017, 7051, 7232. Proposed scientific surveys in, 6944. Revenue of, 7015. Self-government of, 6929, 7911, 8017. Tariff in, 6738, 7050, 7374, 7380, 7406, 7516. Troops to Iloilo, order to send, 6583. Value of, 6928. Vessels of Spain from, discriminat- American squadron over Spanish ron Appointed acting rear-admiral, 6297, 6568. Sword to be presented to, and medals to men under, 6302. Thanks of Congress to, and men under, 6298. Recommended, 6297. Reply of, 6302. Thanks of President tendered, 6568. Referred to, 6297. Commander of the Hugh McCulloch, in recognition of services of, recommended, 6305. American squadron and land forces at Manila discussed, 6319. Thanks of President tendered commanders and men, 6579. Phoenix, Arizona, office of SurveyorGeneral located at, 6704. Phonograph.-The word phonograph is indiscriminately applied to all talking machines or instruments used for the reproduction of previously recorded sounds, whether of the voice or of musical instruments. A pencil attached to one prong of a tuning fork and passed lightly over a sheet of paper while the fork vibrated produced the first recorded sound. The earliest device for registering speech was made by Leon Scott in 1855. He called his machine the phonautograph. It consisted of a sort of cone, the larger end of which was open to receive the sound. From the smaller enclosed end, projected a tube, across which was stretched a flexible membrane. To this membrane was attached a bristle which moved in consonance with the slightest motion of the membrane. In front of the membrane was a horizontal cylinder or roll of paper covered with lampblack, against which the bristle touched lightly. Sound waves entering the open end of the cone were transmitted to the bristle by the vibrations of the membrane, and as the blackened cylinder was made to revolve and advance slowly the faintly moving bristle cut through the lampblack, leaving a white wavy line which was an exact graphic record of the sounds entering the cone. In 1877 Edison constructed a form of this machine, substituting a metal diaphragm for the membrane, a sharp metallic point for the bristle and a wax or tin-foil-covered cylinder for the lampblack coated paper. In this machine the microscopic sound waves were indented instead of traced on the surface of the cylinder. By reversing the machine and causing the metal point to retrace the indentations previously made in the cylinder the original sound was reproduced by the diaphragm. Charles S. Tainter and C. A. Bell in 1895 substituted a wax cylinder for the tin-foil, and an up and down line was cut rather than indented in the wax. In 1887 Emil Berliner, a German-American of Philadelphia, patented the gramophone, wherein the sound waves of a diaphragm are recorded on a disk as a wavy line in a horizontal plane, instead of as a vertical cut in a cylinder. As this line is cut in a continuous spiral, no feed screw is necessary to propel the metal point or the recorded sound waves, only a clock spring being necessary to rotate the disk. This was incorporated in the machine by Eldridge R. Johnson. With the expiration of the Tainter and Bell patents on wax records the etching process was abandoned for the wax cutting process, which now be came common property, but horizontal recording was retained. Berliner made electrotyped reverses of these wax records, and from the plates so obtained duplicate copies of the records may be turned out like printed sheets from the printing press. The records, formerly stamped in celluloid or vulcanized rubber, are now printed on light fibrous compositions similar to paper pulp coated with shellac. The manufacture of disk records began in 1897, and soon became recognized as an important industry. The cylinder machines remained in use under the names dictaphone and dictograph, and are used for recording conversation for future reproduction, such as testimony, instruction, commercial correspondence, etc., and the reproductions have been accepted as legal evidence by judges of criminal courts. Opera singers, orators, musicians, orches. tras, bands, and other entertainers were soon in demand for making records for reproduction, and the voice that once thralled a contemporaneous audience but a en brief hour may now become immortal and be heard by millions after life has left the human tones. The field thus widened, has afforded new and increased popularity and earning power for all who sing or talk or play an instrument for hire. Some of the favorite singing artists are paid outright for the records of their voices, while others receive a percentage of the price of every record sold. An idea of the extent of the business may be had from the statement that the royalties of an individual singer have exceeded $100,000. In 1889 there were but two establishments in the country making records and reproducing instruments. In ten years the number had increased to eleven, with a capital of $3,348,282, and a yearly output valued at $2,246,274. In 1909 there were 18 establishments with a total capital of $14,363,361, and an output valued at $11,725,996. In 1914 the eighteen establishments turned out products which they valued at $27,115,916, an increase of 139.7 per cent. in five years. Although the number of records and blanks increased but onetenth of 1 per cent. in the five years the declared value of the goods increased from $5,007,104 to $11,111,418, an increase of 121.9 per cent. This is said to be due to the increased price obtained for disk records over cylinders. Phosphates discovered on coast of Brazil, 4795. Piankeshaw Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Pichon, Citizen, letter of Charles M. Talleyrand to, regarding United States ministers to France, 273. Picket.-1. A soldier placed on guard to discover the movements of the enemy, and to give warning in case an enemy approaches. 2. A small number of soldiers sent out after comrades who have over-stayed their leave of absence. 3. A small force of soldiers kept ready, under arms, to meet a surprise attack by the enemy. 4. A selected member of a labor union organization sent out to reason with non-union workers or strike-breakers, or to intimidate them, in the effort to prevent them from working under non-union conditions. 5. A selected member of the National Woman's Party (see Woman Suffrage) detailed in 1917 to guard the entrances to the White House for the purpose of impressing the President with the seriousness of their intentions. (See Patrol, Sentinel and Sentry.) Piegan Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Pierce, Franklin.-1853-1857. Seventeenth Adminis: ration-Democratic. Vice-President-William R. King. Secretary of State William L. Marcy. Secretary of the Treasury— James Guthrie. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. Secretary of the Navy James C. Dobbin. Secretary of the Interior Robert McClellan, Postmaster-General James Campbell. Attorney-General Caleb Cushing. Nomination.-Pierce was elected as a Democrat. At the national convention which met at Baltimore in June, 1852, thirty-five ballots were taken for a Presidential candidate without a choice being reached and without mention of Pierce's name. Up to that point Lewis Cass and James Buchanan were leaders in the balloting. Virginia then presented Pierce's name and he was chosen on the fortyninth ballot. Platform. The platform of the Demo. cratic party commended rigid economy in public expenditure and a tariff for revenue and for the gradual payment of the public debt; opposed the national banking system as being unconstitutional; favored free immigration and ease of naturalization; deprecated Federal interference in domestic affairs, and especially in imposing restrictions upon slave-holding; supported the Fugitive Slave Act; characterized the war with Mexico as just and necessary; and condemned monopolies and exclusive legislation for the benefit of the few. Opposition.-The Whig National Convention at Baltimore, in June, 1852, nominated General Winfield Scott on the fifty-third ballot, over Millard Fillmore and Daniel Webster. The party stood upon a platform embodying strict construction of the Constitution; freedom from entangling alliances with foreign countries; a tariff for revenue and for the encouragement of American industry; internal improvements, and support of the Fugitive Slave Act. The Free-Soil Democrats met at Pittsburg in August, 1852, and nominated John P. Hale, on a platform setting forth strict construction of the Constitution; "no more slave states, no slave territory, no nationalized slavery, and no national legislation for the extradition of slaves"; the abolition of slavery; the repugnance of the Fugitive Slave Act to the Constitution; the inconsistence with Democracy of the Compromise Measures of 1850; the natural right of all men to the soil; the holding in trust of the public lands for the landless settlers; the keeping of government funds separate from banking institutions; the provision by Congress of internal improvements; the hostility of the Free Democratic party to both the Whigs and the Democrats; and embodying the principles of the party in the phrase "Free Soll, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men.' Vote. The popular vote in thirty-one states-California participating for the first time-gave Pierce, 1,601,274; Scott, 1,386,580; and Hale, 155.825. The electoral vote, counted on Feb. 9, 1853, gave Pierce 254 votes, and Scott 42. Party Affiliation.-Pierce gave his earliest political allegiance to the cause of General Jackson, whom he supported throughout. In Congress he opposed the abolition of slavery within the District of Columbia, and the policy of internal improvements. When he left Congress and retired temporarily to private life, he favored the annexation of Texas; and led the Democrats of his state in the memorable struggle against John P. Hale. In 1850, he reluctantly supported the several compromise measures, including the Fugitive Slave Act and the admission of California as a free state. He was thus in hearty accord with the principles enunciated by his party when elected to the Presidency. Political Complexion of Congress.-In the Thirty-third Congress the Senate was composed of 62 members, of whom 38 were Democrats, 22 Whigs, and 2 Free-Soil. The House was composed of 234 members, of whom 159 were Democrats, 71 Whigs, and 4 Free-Soil. In the Thirtyfourth Congress the Senate, of 62 members, was made up of 42 Democrats, 15 Republi cans, and 5 Americans. The House, of 234 members, was divided as follows: 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Americans. Finance.-The platform of the Democratic |