R ound, in Music, a short vocal | list. It is said to have originated in a usage of the composition, similar to the French officers. The most memorable round-robin catch, and like it, peculiar to in literary history is that sent by Burke, Gibbon, England. It is in the form of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Joseph Warton, and others an infinite Canon (q.v.) at the to Dr Johnson, requesting him to amend the unison or octave, each part in epitaph for Goldsmith's monument, and suggesting succession taking up the subject that it should be written in English, not Latin. at a regular rhythmic interval, Johnson took it kindly, but told Sir Joshua, who and returning from the conclu- carried it to him, that he would never consent to sion to the commencement, and so on, ad libitum, disgrace the walls of Westminster Abbey with an till an agreed-on pause. The most ancient speci- English inscription.' men now extant of vocal composition in polyphony is the famous Rota or Round, 'Sumer is icumen in,' of the 13th century. Well-known roundelays are The Great Bells of Osney,' 'Row the Boat, Whittingston,' Aldrich's 'Hark the Bonny Christchurch Bells, or the well-known Three Blind Mice.' See Metcalfe's Rounds, Canons, and Catches of England, with introduction by Rimbault. Round Churches. See ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE. There are four surviving circular churches in England, -the Temple Church in London (see TEMPLARS), the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Cambridge (q.v.), one of the same name in Northampton (q.v.), and one at Little Maplestead in Essex. Roundheads, the nickname given by the adherents of Charles I. during the Great Rebellion to the Puritans, or friends of the parliament, who, with Prynne, denounced the unloveliness of lovelocks,' and were understood to distinguish themselves by having their hair cut close, while the Cavaliers wore theirs in long ringlets. According to Clarendon and Rushworth the term was first publicly used in December 1641 by a Captain David Hine, who, drawing his sword, swore he would cut the throats of those round-headed, cropp'd-eared dogs that bawled against the bishops." Round-robin (Fr. rond, round,' and ruban, 'ribbon'), a name given to a protest or remonstrance signed by a number of persons in a circular form, so that no one shall be obliged to head the Round Table. See ARTHUR, and ROMANCES. effectual series of meetings begun in January 1887, By the Round Table Conference is meant an infor the purpose of arranging terms for a reunion of the Gladstonian or Home Rule section of the Liberal party and the Liberal Unionists, the members being Lord Herschell, Mr Morley, Mr Chamberlain, Sir W. V. Harcourt, and Sir George Trevelyan. Round Towers. Tall narrow circular towers tapering gradually from the base to the summit, found abundantly in Ireland, and occasionally in able relics of the ecclesiastical architecture of the Scotland, are among the earliest and most remarkBritish Islands. They have long been the subject of conjecture and speculation, but there can be now no doubt that they are the work of Christian architects, and built for religious purposes. They seem to have been in all cases attached to the immediate neighbourhood of a church or monastery, and, like other early church-towers, they were capable of being used as strongholds, into which, in times of danger, the ecclesiastics could retreat with their valuables. In the Irish records, for two centuries after 950 A.D., they are invariably called Cloictheach or bell-towers, and are often mentioned as special objects of attack by the Northmen. About 118 towers of this description are yet to be seen in Ireland, twenty of which are entire or nearly so; and Scotland possesses three similar towers-at Brechin, Abernethy, and Eglishay in Orkney. They are usually capped by a conical roof, and divided into stories, sometimes by yet existing floors of masonry, though oftener the floors have been of wood. Ladders were the means of communication from story to story. There is generally a small window on each story, and four windows immediately below the conical roof. The door is in nearly all cases a considerable height from the ground. The figure represents the tower at Ardmore, County Waterford, which is one of the most remarkable of those remaining in Ireland. Rising from a double plinth course at the bottom to a total height of 95 feet, it is divided Round Tower, Ardmore. into three stages by external bands at the offsets, 4 feet; the average internal diameter at the level of the doorway is from 7 to 9 feet, and the average height of the doorway above the ground-level about 13 feet. These doorways always face the entrance of the church to which the towers belonged. All the apertures of the towers have inclined instead of perpendicular jambs, which is also an architectural characteristic of the churches of the same period, and the sculptured ornamentation of the apertures or walls of the towers is in the same style as that of the churches. Dr Petrie was inclined to think that a few of these remarkable structures may be as old as the 6th century, but they are now assigned to a period ranging from the 9th to the 12th centuries. The source whence this form of tower was derived, and the cause why it was so long persisted in by the Irish architects, are points, ROUP however, on which there is not the same unanimity of opinion. Two round towers, similar to the Irish type, are to be seen in the yet extant plan of the monastery of St Gall in Switzerland, of the first half of the 9th century; and, in the Latin description attached to the plan, they are said to be ad universa superspicienda. The church and towers as rebuilt at that date are no longer in existence; but Miss Stokes has pointed out a passage in the life of St Tenenan of Brittany which shows that this type of round tower detached from the church was in use on the Continent in the 7th century, wherein to deposit the silver-plate and treasure of the monument in church and protect them from the sacrilegious hands of the barbarians should they wish to pillage the church.' Lord Dunraven has traced the type from Ireland through France to Ravenna, where there are still six remaining out of eleven recorded examples. Hulsch considers the detached round towers or campaniles of the Ravenna churches to be of the same date as the churches themselves, or mostly earlier than the close of the 6th century; but Freeman, on the other hand, maintains that they are all later than the days of Charlemagne, as the local writer Agnellus, writing soon after his time, describes the churches of Ravenna much as they are, but says nothing of bell-towers. Suffolk and Norfolk contain more round-towered churches than does all the rest of England, probably because the flint there prevalent is worked into this form more readily than any other stone. A modern round tower is O'Connell's Glasnevin Cemetery, which is 160 feet See Dr G. Petrie's Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland (Dublin, 1845); vol. ii. of Lord Dunraven's Notes on Irish Architecture (Lond. 1877); Dr J. Anderson's Scotland in Early Christian Times (Edin. 1881); and Miss Stokes's Early Christian Art in Ireland (Lond. 1887). Roundway Down, a hill about 1 mile N. of Devizes, in Wiltshire, the scene of Waller's defeat by the royalists under Lord Wilmot in July 1643. Waller was besieging Devizes when Wilmot came up to relieve the town, whereupon he turned at once to meet him, but was quickly crushed between Wilmot on the one side and a sally of the garrison on the other. Waller escaped, but only with the loss of his artillery and most of his men. Round Worms (Nematoda), a class of worms in which the body is elongated and more or less cylindrical. Most are parasitic, such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Oxyuris vermicularis, common in man, and numerous species of Tylenchus, which infest plants. Many genera, however, live in water or in moist earth, and many of the parasites are free-living during part of their life. They are called round worms, in contrast to the flat worms or Plathelminthes, such as tapeworms and flukes. For classification, see THREAD-WORMS. Roup is one of the most serious diseases which the poultry or pheasant keeper has to fight, because in it there is generally an affection other than the mere cold which develops and makes it apparent. It is usually found that the system is scrofulous, which is the milder form; but sometimes it takes a diphtheric development, and this is the most severe and deadly disease known to poultry-keepers. ROUP Whether scrofulous or diphtheric, it is highly contagious, and very seldom is any bird in a yard attacked without nearly all the others being also affected. The difference between ordinary cold and roup is very easy to determine, though the symptoms are in some respects the same. But when it is merely cold the running at the eyes and nostrils is not at all offensive, whereas it is strongly so in the case of roup from scrofula, the breath being most repulsive. This fact, as well as the swelling of the face, may be taken at once to determine when it is roup. The cause may generally be sought for in bad feeding, housing, or ventilation, which have charged the blood with scrofulous matter, and the outward symptoms are induced by cold. When first noticed the birds affected should at once be isolated, in order to prevent the spreading of the disease, which will speedily follow if all are kept together. The treatment must be dual, namely to cure the cold and to remove the scrofula from the blood. For the former any of the roup pills sold can be used, or it may be removed by homoeopathic tincture of aconite given three or four times a day, the birds being kept in a warm and draughtless place. The scrofula is not so easily eradicated, and will require patience. Ordinary-sized pills made of powdered charcoal 10 parts, dried sulphate of iron 1 part, and capsicum 1 part, made up with butter, and given twice a day, form an excellent medicine, when the roup proper in its more active state is removed. To do this, however, it is desirable to clear the mouth, nostrils, and eyes from the mucus which accumulates there and which will suffocate the bird if not removed. In milder cases it is enough to wash the parts with vinegar and water, but in more severe cases it is better to use solution of chlorinated soda, as it is much more effective. Should the nostrils be very full of mucus, a small bent syringe should be filled with the solu tion, which must be inserted into the slit in the bird's mouth, through which the liquid is forced, and will effectually clear the passages. It is most essential in returning the birds to the house again to see that they are entirely recovered. When diphtheric roup is present the matter assumes a more serious aspect, because of the danger not only to other birds, but also to human beings, who have been known to contract this fell disease from birds. For that reason the greatest care must be taken, and, except in the case of very valuable fowls, it is much safer to kill those affected and bury them in quicklime. The outward symptoms in diphtheric roup are not nearly so apparent at first sight, because less prominent; still, the bird is noticed to be dull and lethargic. Unless checked the disease runs its course in a few hours, and the bird dies. Very often it is not known that diphtheric roup is present until several deaths have taken place. Its presence is easily distinguished by the skin-like substance formed over the throat. Treatment is doubtful, and Professor Whalley recommends that it should take the heroic form of dabbing the throat with carbolic acid, which will kill or cure. Roup, in Scotland. See AUCTION. Rous, FRANCIS, was born at Halton, Cornwall, in 1579, and educated in Oxford at Broadgate Hall, now Pembroke College. He was a member of the Long Parliament, sat in the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and in 1643 was made provost of Eton. He died at Acton, 7th January 1659, his writings having been collected two years before. Wood is abusive even beyond his wont to the old illiterate Jew of Eaton' and his enthusiastic canting.' His metrical version of the Psalms was recommended by the House of Commons to the Westminster Assembly, and is still substantially the Presbyterian Psalter. It is easy to abuse his version-Sir Walter Scott's verdict was that, though homely, it is 'plain, forcible, and intelligible, and very often possesses a rude sort of majesty, which perhaps would be ill exchanged for mere elegance. Rousseau, JEAN BAPTISTE, a great lyric poet of France, was born at Paris, 6th April 1670, the tion. At an early age he became acquainted with son of a shoemaker who gave him a sound educaBoileau, and began to produce pieces for the theatre, with but little success. Among his earliest patrons were Breteuil and Tallard, and the latter carried him in his suite to London. His turn for satire and some lampoons upon the literary frequenters of soon brought him troubles as well as reputation, the Café Laurent, chief of whom were La Motte and Saurin, brought down upon his head a quarrel that distressed the remainder of his life. Defeated by La Motte in 1710 in his canvass for T. Corneille's chair at the French Academy, he was soon after taken by everybody for the author of a fresh series of scurrilous and indecent couplets. He charged Saurin with writing them and attempting to foist the paternity upon him, and raised an action against him. Failing to make good the charge, he found himself in 1712 condemned in absence to perpetual banishment par contumace. Henceforth he lived abroad under the patronage of the Comte de Luc, French ambassador to Switzerland, and afterwards of Prince Eugene and the Duc d'Aremberg. At Brussels he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, but from a friend the latter soon became a bitter enemy. Rousseau visited England, and there published in 1723 a new edition of his works. He was never suc cessful in getting his banishment annulled, although once at least he visited Paris incognito. He died at Brussels, March 17, 1741. Rousseau was not a great, only a supremely clever poet. His sacred odes and cantates are splendidly elaborate, frigid, and artificial; his epigrams, on the other hand, are bright, vigorous, sharp, with stinging satire, and unerring in their aim. Editions are by Amar (1820) and A. de Latour (1869). See also his Euvres Lyriques, by Manuel (1852), and Contes inédits, by Luzarche (Brussels, 1881). Rousseau, JEAN JACQUES, was born on June 28, 1712, in Geneva, where his family had been settled since 1550, when Didier Rousseau, a French Protestant, sought shelter from persecution. His mother died immediately after his birth, and he was left to the companionship of his father, Isaac Rousseau, a watchmaker and dancing-master, a man selfish and sentimental, passionate, dissipated, and frivolous. In 1722 his father having involved himself in a brawl fled the city to escape imprisonment, and left him to the charitable care of his relations. When he was thirteen his uncle apprenticed him to a notary, who soon found him utterly incompetent, and sent him back as a fool; and thereafter he was apprenticed to an engraver, whose cruelty during the three years he lived with him, he says, made him stupid by tyranny, cunning from fear, and wretched by ill-treatment. One evening, having rambled beyond the city walls till the gates were closed, he was too terrified to face his master, and resolved never to return, but to seek elsewhere his fortune. Now, in 1728, began his adventurous and vagrant career, for the details of which his Confessions form our chief authority, in which with picturesqueness and charming vivacity, with marvellous frankness, if not with scrupulous accuracy, he tells the story of his life. As he wandered on he was entertained by a priest of Savoy, eager for proselytes from heresy, and Jean Jacques, pretending to be eager to espouse the Catholic faith, was sent off to Madame de Warens at Annecy, who should look after the ROUSSEAU Calvinistic vagrant. received and then transmitted to a hospice in Turin By her he was hospitably filled with some fellow-catechumens; and soon initiated into the faith and duly baptised, he was discharged with a few francs in his pocket. He in vain sought work as an engraver, till a shopkeeper's wife gave him employment, and to her he acted in the double capacity of servant and lover, till on her husband's return he was kicked out of doors. He next became footman to a Comtesse de Vercellis, and on her death not long after he took service again as lackey to Comte de Gouvon, and as nondescript secretary to the abbé, his master's son, till he became intolerable both to his masters and his fellow-servants, and was summarily dismissed. Now in 1731 he travelled back to Madame de Warens, who welcomed him and installed him as permanent inmate of her house. Warens or, as her name was otherwise written and Madame de pronounced, Vorrans or Vuarrans, lived apart from her husband a very independent life, having a pension, which late investigation suggests may have been earned by acting as a political spy. twenty-eight years old, pretty and piquant, kindly She was in disposition, not rigid in morals, but rich in sentiment. She was clever and flighty, dabbling in chemistry and alchemy, dabbling also in commercial speculations which made her the dupe of adventurers, and indulging in religious speculations which combined Deism in creed with Roman | Catholicism in worship. To her Jean Jacques, now nineteen years old, became pupil and friend, factotum, and ultimately lover, through nearly nine years. This period was diversified by adventurous interruptions: he at one time set himself up in Lausanne as a teacher of music though hardly able to play a tune, and as a composer though not able to write a score; became secretary to an archimandrite of the Greek Church, collecting subscriptions to restore the Holy Sepulchre; and then went to Paris as servant to an officer. Thereafter he returned to live with Madame de Warens at Chambéry, and from 1736 at Charmettes, in which lovely retreat his happiest and idlest years were spent, in desultory reading with his maman, in music, indolence and sentiment. This attachment and companionship ceased ingloriously at last when on returning from recruiting his health at Montpellier he found himself supplanted in the heart of Madame de Warens by one Vintzenried, whom he describes as a journeyman wig-maker, ugly and a fool, who as a lover was tyrannising over his facile mistress, mismanaging her affairs and dissipating her money. disgust in 1740 Jean Jacques quitted his beloved Charmettes, the idyllic memories of which lived in his heart, as by his picturesque description they live immortal in literature. in Lyons to the sons of M. de Mably, the brother He became now tutor of the famous Condillac and of the once wellknown Abbé de Mably, where he taught with lamentable incapacity. In In 1741 he set off to seek his fortune in Paris, with a little money, some letters of introduction to Parisian notables, and a system of musical notation by which he expected to make his reputation. had to live in a dirty, shabby inn, and to earn a He meagre livelihood by copying music, while his musical system was pronounced by the Academy of Sciences 'neither useful nor original.' a sojourn of eighteen months at Venice, where After he acted as cheap secretary to the embassy till he quarrelled with the ambassador, he returned to his inn, his copying, and a secretaryship with M. de Francueil. Meanwhile he had formed a companionship with a girl he found acting as drudge at the inn, called Thérèse le Vasseur, | utterly illiterate, densely stupid, plain-featured, possessed of every grace in body, mind, and soul. mean and vulgar, although he imagined her and consigned by him to the hospital for foundBy her he had five children, each in turn deserted lings. He had gained acquaintance with men of letters, with D'Alembert and Diderot, as needy as himself; and when they were producing the famous encyclopædia he wrote articles, of which the most His first distinguished appearance in literature was notable were those on music and political economy. successfully for a prize offered by the Academy of in 1749 by a Discourse on Arts and Sciences, written Dijon on the problem whether science and the arts have corrupted or purified morals. Here with bold letters, arts, sciences, and all culture as alike paradox he denounces fiercely and eloquently proofs of and causes of corruption. The audacious independence of his thought, the freshness of his literary and welcome to fashionable circles of brilliant style, made him at once celebrated in guished as a composer by his opera the Devin du society. In 1753 he next made himself distinwhich, slightly modified, is the well-known hymnVillage, full of novel and sparkling airs (one of played with success before the court at Fontainetune called Rousseau's Dream), which was first him a popularity which was not sustained by subbleau, and when performed in Paris achieved for sequent efforts. there appeared his Discourse on the Origin of InIt was in the same year that equality, which, though unsuccessful in winning the prize from the Academy at Dijon, was successful in establishing his position as a writer in France. In this discourse he argues that all civilisation literature, all social institutions and refinements is a state of social degradation, that all science and life, which, with all its ignorance and brutishness, are forms of degeneration from the primeval savage plicity and perfection. All property is asserted to he audaciously pronounces the state of human simall government is tyranny, all social laws are unbe derived from confiscation, all wealth is a crime, just. His brilliant denunciation of society made him the more attractive in society; but hating alike ing fashionable conventions, he lived poorly, the company of wits and of courtiers, and despisindependence, with that morose self-consciousness, dressed meanly, and acted churlishly to show his blended with vanity, which was becoming with him d'Épinay the offer of a retired cottage, the Hera disease. Gladly he accepted from Madame mitage, on the skirts of the forest of Montmorency, near her own château Chevrette. There he retired with Thérèse, her obnoxious mother, and his ing music, which produced about £60 a year, he meagre chattels. Still earning his living by copyency with conceiving and writing his romance, The employed his days amidst the woods of Montmorrapturous passages by a passion he had formed New Héloïse, inspired in the composition of its d'Épinay. for Madame d'Houdetot, the sister of Madame understandings with his patroness, and bitter His suspicious temper fostered misquarrels with her friend Baron Grimm, and with his own warm friend Diderot; and he quitted the beloved Hermitage with reluctance for a cottage at in the Duke and Duchess of Luxemburg. In 1760 Montlouis not far off, where he found kind friends received with applause, and Rousseau became the the New Heloise was published, and was instantly idol of the sentimental though artificial society of treatise on the Social Contract, published in Paris. His work was followed in 1762 by the Amsterdam in order to escape French censorship; and there two months later also appeared Emile. By the first work the recluse rose to the first rank ROUSSEAU as a writer of the romance of sentiment; by the second as a political socialist; by the third as an educationist. But the views in Émile on kings and government made him obnoxious to the state, and the parlement condemned the author to be arrested and his book to be burned; while its deistic teaching in the Savoyard vicar's confession made him hateful to the church, and called forth a denunciatory pastoral from the Archbishop of Paris. Rousseau in terror fled from France, and found shelter at Motiers, an obscure village in Neuchâtel, where he was safe under the tolerant rule of Frederick the Great, and the friendship of the Earl Marischal, George Keith, the governor of the province. Although he lived unobtrusively in botanising rambles, in making laces, and in writing his aggressive Letters from the Mountain, and his powerful reply to the Archbishop of Paris, religious rancour followed him to the remote and peaceful Val de Travers. The ministers stirred up the villagers against the heretic, and to escape their open hostility he took flight in 1764. A residence of delicious quietude in St Pierre on Lake Bienne was ended by threat of prosecution from the government of Berne; and he accepted the offer of a home in England, given through David Hume. Under the charge of the good-natured historian, the irritated and sensitive fugitive came to England in January 1766. During about eighteen months he lived at Wootton in Staffordshire, solitary and quiet: here he busied himself with botany and his Botanical Dictionary, and especially in composing his Confessions, in which he determined to write his memoirs, to expose his enemies, to reveal himself -in spite of every fault, which he resolved to own -as one of the very best of men.' His suspicious nature, his morbid distrust and fears, had increased with his trials and his years. He had quarrelled with almost every friend, imagining the worst meaning in the best of motives; he believed that his truest friends, like Hume, acted with the most sinister designs, that the English government sought his life, and that he was everywhere dogged by spies. Suddenly he quitted Wootton, and, crossing the Channel, got a shelter from the doctrinaire Marquis de Mirabeau, and then from the Prince de Conti at Trye; and there he lived, under the name of M. Renon,' till he fancied that he was insulted by the domestics and that he was suspected of poisoning a servant. After various shifty changes he lived at Monquin, a retired, quiet spot, where he composed those later parts of his Confessions, in which each incident is coloured by his gathering delusions as to the motives of every one with whom he came in contact. In 1770 he returned to Paris, and remained unmolested, following his old life as copyist at ten sous a page, in a fifth story in the Rue Plâtrière, maintaining a surly independence, distrusting his friends, rebuffing admirers, insulting his customers. During these years, in different moods of mind and changing conditions of his broken health, he wrote the wild, half-mad dialogues, Rousseau juge de Jean Jacques, in which he vindicates his character in a strain which casts doubt on his sanity, and his Rêveries du Promeneur Solitaire, which, in singular contrast, are calm in their tone, idyllic in their beauty, and perfect in their style. Still the delusions increased, and his mental misery deepened till he even craved for shelter in a hospital; everywhere he felt watched by spies, hated by the very children in the streets. In 1778 he accepted the last of these many offers of shelter, and retired to a cottage given him by M. de Girardin on his estate at Ermenonville, 20 miles from Paris. There he suffered from the misconduct of Thérèse, and from inveterate delusions, till, with a suddenness which has given 5 If the character of Rousseau can be learned from the judgment of his friends and foes, it can be also discovered from his own writings, which tell the story of his life-his Confessions, his Letters, his Reveries. We may receive his own version of many of his own acts with doubt, and his interpretation of the acts of others with reserve, while details in the Confessions are known to be in many cases inaccurate; but as a picture of the man they are strikingly truthful. He is moved by a daring determination to conceal nothing, believing that every defect will only show the intrinsic beauty of his character as patches show off better the complexion of the face. Therefore he tells his ignoble intrigues and his paltry actions, how he deserted his companion when he fell in a fit, how he basely accused a poor girl, his fellow servant, of theft to conceal his own dishonesty. He exhibits his jealousies and his hates, his lofty sentiments and his petty practices, his unbounded confidence in himself not only as a man of genius, but as a man of supreme rectitude. In spite of the worst he confesses and the worst charged against him by others, he needs commiseration in his faults, as arising from a mind disordered, and he deserves respect for his sincerity of thought, his independence of conduct in spite of its coarseness, his spirit of reverence, and his generosity of heart and hand. As a writer his influence has been exercised in diverse directions. His New Héloïse, suggested alike in its clumsy form of letters, its didactic passages, and its fervid romance by Richardson's novels, stirred by its strain of passion a spirit of sentiment in the society and literature of France, Germany, and Italy; by its idyllic pictures and exquisite descriptions it awakened a new admiration for nature in its grand and wild aspects, and touched the fashionable world with interest in rural life and in its simple ways. Amidst all its falsetto passion, it taught an artificial society the rights of the poor and the duties of the rich. The Social Contract proceeds on the premise that the basis of society is an original compact by which each member surrenders his will to the will of all, on the condition that he gets protection or defence; and arguing that the community is the true sovereign, that each member of it has equal power and right to make its laws, Rousseau arrives at the conclusion that kings are usurpers, that no laws are binding to which the whole people's assent has not been gained. True to his own Genevan traditions and tastes, he considers a republic in which all the people have personal votes as alone valid, and his doctrines of liberty, equality, and fraternity were adopted by leaders of the people, were carried by demagogues to logical extremes he never dreamt of, and became war-cries of the Revolution. By Emile, in which the man who abandoned his own offspring becomes the instructor of the age on the nursing of infants, the rearing of children, and the education of youth, with keen observation of life he pointed out the defects of common methods in the nursery and the schoolroom. The work had marked results in discouraging the faults and neglects in artificial society towards children, and in indicating a more natural and less pedantic method of training and developing the physical, mental, and moral faculties; and his ideas on this head (while many absurdities and whimsicalities in the book were avoided) were in large measure carried out by educationists like Froebel and Pestalozzi, and affected the educational methods of all Europe. By his famous chapter on the Savoyard vicar's confession he gave a confession of his own deistic faith, which disgusted |