in time to be present at the raising of the king's standard at Nottingham; and for the next three years the Mad Cavalier' was the life and soul of the royalist cause, winning many a battle by his resistless charges, to lose it as often by a too headlong pursuit. He had fought at Worcester, Edgehill, Brentford, Chalgrove, Newbury, Bolton, Mar- | ston Moor, Newbury again, and Naseby, when in August 1645 his surrender of Bristol after a three weeks' siege so irritated Charles, who the year before had created him Duke of Cumberland and generalissimo, that he curtly dismissed him, and sent him his passport to quit the kingdom. A court-martial, however, completely cleared him, and he resumed his duties, only to surrender at Oxford to Fairfax in the following June. He now took service with France, but in 1648 accepted the command of that portion of the English fleet which had espoused the king's cause. As admiral or corsair, Prince Rupert acquitted himself with all his old daring and somewhat more caution; and for three years he kept his ships afloat, escaping at last the blockade in which for nearly a twelvemonth he was held at Kinsale on the Irish coast by Blake. But in 1651 the latter attacked his squadron, and burned or sunk most of his vessels. With the remnant the prince escaped to the West Indies, where, along with his brother Maurice, till the loss of the latter in a hurricane (1652), he led a buccaneering life, maintaining himself as before by the seizure of English and other merchantmen. In 1653 he was back in France, where and in Germany he chiefly resided till the Restoration. Thereafter he served with distinction under the Duke of York, and, in concert with the Duke of Albemarle, in naval operations against the Dutch; and he died at his house in Spring Gardens, 29th November 1682, in the enjoyment of various offices and dignities, being a privy-councillor, governor of Windsor, an F.R.S., &c. He left a natural daughter, Ruperta, born to him in 1673 by Margaret Hughes, actress. His last ten years had been spent in retirement in the pursuit of chemical, physical, and mechanical researches, for which he evinced considerable aptitude. Though he was not the inventor of mezzotint (see ENGRAVING, Vol. IV. p. 381), Prince Rupert no doubt improved the processes of the art, which he described to the Royal Society in 1662, after executing several interesting engravings on the new principle. Among his discoveries were an improved gunpowder, the composition known as 'Prince's metal,' and perhaps the Prince Rupert's Drops,' or curious glass bubbles described under Annealing (q.v.). See Eliot Warburton's Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers (3 vols. 1849); Lord Ronald Gower's Rupert of the Rhine (1890); and other works cited at ELIZABETH (of Bohemia), CHARLES I., and CHARLES II. Rupert's Land. See HUDSON BAY COM PANY. Rupia is a somewhat severe form of skin disease. It is characterised by flattish, distinct bulle or blebs, containing a serous, purulent, or sanious fluid, which become changed into thick scabs. Several varieties of this disease have been established by dermatologists. In its simplest form the blebs are not preceded by any inflammatory symptoms, are about an inch in diameter, and contain a fluid which is originally thin and transparent, but soon thickens, becomes purulent, and dries into brown, ragged scabs, which are elevated in the centre. The scabs are easily separated, and leave ulcerated surfaces, on which several successive scabs usually form before healing ensues. In a more severe form, known as Rupia prominens, the scab projects so much in the centre as to resemble a limpet-shell in form. RUSH Rupia is a chronic disease, and is usually limited to the limbs, the loins, and the nates. It is not contagious, and generally attacks persons debilitated by old age, intemperance, bad living, or previous diseases, especially smallpox, scarlatina, and syphilis. The general treatment consists mainly in the administration of tonics (e.g. quinia), the mineral acids, ale, wine, animal food, &c. Some writers strongly recommend the tincture of serpentaria; and there is no doubt that certain cases which will not yield to tonics rapidly improve when treated with iodide of potassium. The local treatment consists in puncturing the blebs as soon as they arise, in removing the scabs by poulticing, and in applying a slightly stimulating application -such as a solution of nitrate of silver-to the subjacent ulcers. The disease is frequently tedious and obstinate, but the patient almost always ultimately recovers. lake of the same name, which communicates with Ruppin, NEU, a town of Prussia, on a small the Elbe, 48 miles by rail NW. of Berlin. It was built by Frederick William II. after a fire in 1787, itants, who manufacture cloth, picture-books, and is a handsome town with (1890) 14,584 inhabmachinery, starch, brushes, &c. Rupture. See HERNIA. Rural Dean. See DEAN. Rurik, the founder of the Russian monarchy. See NORTHMEN, and RUSSIA. Rurki, a town in the North-west Provinces of India, 22 miles E. of Saharanpur, with the Thomason Engineering College, a station for British troops, mission school, and meteorological observatory. Pop. 15,953. Rush, BENJAMIN, an American physician, was born in what is now the twenty-third ward of Philadelphia, December 24, 1745, graduated at Princeton in 1760, studied medicine in Philadelphia, Edinburgh, London, and Paris, and in 1769 was made professor of Chemistry in the Philadelphia Medical College. Elected a member of the Continental Congress, he signed the Declaration of Independence (1776). In April 1777 he was appointed Surgeon-general, and in July Physician-general, of the Continental army. His duties did not prevent him from writing a series of letters against the articles of confederation of 1776. In 1778 he resigned his post in the army, because he could not prevent frauds soldiers in the hospital stores, and returned to his professorship. He was a founder of the Philadelphia dispensary, the first in the United States, and of the College of Physicians, was active in the establishment of public schools, was a member of the state conventions which ratified the Federal constitution and formed the state constitution. He next became professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at Philadelphia, to which chair he added those of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Practice (1791), and of the Practice of Physic (1797); and during the epidemic of 1793 he was as successful as devoted in the treatment of upon yellow fever. Virulently attacked, owing to his methods of practice, by William Cobbett, who published a newspaper in Philadelphia, he prosecuted him for libel, and recovered $5000 damages. In 1799 Rush was appointed treasurer of the United States Mint, which post he held till his death, 19th April 1813. He was called 'the Sydenham of America,' and his medical works brought him honours from several European sovereigns. The chief of them were Medical Inquiries and Observations (5 vols. 1789-93), Essays (1798), and Diseases of the Mind (1821; 5th ed. 1835).—His son, RICHARD (1780-1859), a lawyer RUSH and statesman, was minister to England in 1817-25, where he negotiated the important Fisheries and North-eastern Boundary Treaties, and was Secretary of the Treasury from 1825 to 1829. In 1828 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the vicepresidency of the United States; and in 1836-38 he secured for his country the whole of the legacy which James Smithson had left to found the Smithsonian Institution. Rush, a seaport of Ireland, 16 miles by rail NE. of Dublin. Pop. 1071. Rush (Juncus), a genus of plants of the natural order Junceæ, having a glume-like (not coloured) perianth, smooth filaments, and a many-seeded, generally three-celled capsule. The species are numerous, mostly natives of wet or marshy places in the colder parts of the world; some are found in tropical regions. Some are absolutely destitute of leaves, but have barren scapes (flower-stems) resembling leaves; some have leafy stems, the leaves rounded or somewhat compressed, and usually jointed internally; some have plane or grooved leaves on the stems; some have very narrow leaves, all from the root. The name Rush perhaps properly belongs to those species which have no proper leaves; the round stems of which, bearing or not bearing small lateral heads of flowers, are popularly known as Rushes. The Soft Rush (J. effusus) is a native of Japan as well as of Britain, and is cultivated in Japan for making mats. The Common Rush (J. conglomeratus) and the Soft Rush are largely used for the bottoms of chairs and for mats, and in ruder times, when carpets were little known, they were much used for covering the floors of rooms; to this many allusions will be found in early English writers. The stems of the true rushes contain a large pith or soft central substance, which is sometimes used for wicks to small candles, called rushlights. There are twenty or twenty-two British species of rush, some of which are very rare, some found only on the highest mountains, but Common Rush (Juncus some are among the most conglomeratus). common of plants. They are often very troublesome weeds to the farmer. Thorough drainage is the best means of getting rid of them. Lime, dry ashes, road scrapings, &c. are also useful. Tufts of rushes in pasture are a sure sign of insufficient drainage. Many marshy and boggy places abound in some of the species having leafy stems and the leaves jointed internally, popularly called Sprots or Sprits, as J. acutiflorus, J. lamprocarpus, and J. obtusiflorus. They afford very little nourishment to cattle; but are useful for making coarse ropes for ricks, &c., which are stronger than those made of hay.-Rushlights or candles with rush-wicks were anciently much in use, and Gilbert White tells us how, by carefully dipping the rush in grease with a little wax added, the poor man might enjoy five and a half hours of comfortable light for a farthing. Rushes, with a few sweet herbs, were used to strew the floors before carpets came into use, and, as they were seldom entirely renewed, the insanitary consequences may be imagined. The stage was also strewed with rushes in Shakespeare's time, as well as the churches with rushes or straw according to the season of the year-a custom still honoured at the Hull Trinity House-and anciently rushes were scattered in the way where processions were to pass. To order fresh rushes was a sincere mark of honour to a guest. The strewing of the churches grew into a religious festival conducted with much pomp and circumstance. This ceremonious rush-bearing lingered long in the northern counties, and has been occasionally revived in modern times, as at Grasmere in 1884, &c. Rush-nut (Cyperus esculentus). See CYPERUS. Rushworth, JOHN, whose Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, Weighty Matters of Law, Remarkable Proceedings in Five Parlia ments, is an important contribution to our knowledge of the Civil War, and the events that led to it, belonged to an ancient family in Northumberland, and was born there about 1607. He studied at Oxford, and settled in London as a barrister. He appears to have spent a great deal of his time for many years in attending the Star Chamber, the Court of Honour, the Exchequer Chamber, Parliament, &c., and in taking down shorthand notes of the proceedings. When the Long Parliament met in 1640 he was appointed assistant to Henry Elsyngne, clerk of the House of Commons. He sat in parliament as member for Berwick; was in 1645 secretary to Sir Thomas Fairfax, and in 1677 to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. In 1684 he was flung into the King's Bench for debt, and here he died, 12th May 1690. Rushworth's Historical Collections cover the period 1618-48, and were published in four instalments-in 1659, 1680, 1692, and 1701. The whole was republished in 1721 in 7 vols. Rushworth had the instinct of perpetuity, for he sets forth as the motive for his labour the impossibility for any man in after ages to ground a true History, by relying on the printed pamphlets of our days, which passed the press while it was without control.' The work has been blamed by royalist authors as unfair, and Carlyle often rails on its worthy author as a Dryasdust. Ruskin, JOHN, the most eloquent and original of all writers upon art, and a strenuous preacher of righteousness, was born in London, 8th February 1819. He was an only child; his father (17851864), a wealthy wine-merchant, was an Edinburgh man settled in London. He was educated in his father's house, first in London and afterwards at Denmark-hill, till he went, as a gentleman commoner of Christ Church, to Oxford. There he gained the Newdigate prize for English poetry-by a poem on Salsette and Elephanta in 1839, and took his degree in 1842. He studied painting under Copley Fielding and Harding; but his masters in the art were, he says, Rubens and Rembrandt. The story of the earlier years of his life has been told by Ruskin himself very fully in his Præterita, one of the most charming autobiographies in the language. In 1843 appeared the first volume of his Modern Painters, the primary design of which (in reply to a criticism of Turner in Blackwood's Magazine) was to prove the superiority of modern landscape-painters, and more especially of Turner, to the Old Masters; but in the later volumes (the fifth and last was published in 1860) the work expanded into a vast discursive treatise on the principles of art, interspersed with artistic and symbolical descriptions of nature, more elaborate and imaginative than any writer, prose or poetic, had ever before attempted. Modern Painters was essentially revolutionary in its spirit and aim, many of the most distinguished landscape-painters, both of old and new schools, being summarily dealt with and condemned; and the work naturally excited the aversion and hostility of the conservatives in art. But the unequalled splendour of its style gave it a place in literature; the originality vals for several years, in the form of letters to the of its views, the lofty conception of the painter's workmen and labourers of Great Britain, on a art displayed in it, and the evident justness of great variety of topics (vols. i-viii. with full much of the criticism, secured recognition. Dis- index, 1887). Proserpina, published in the same ciples soon appeared; and the views of art enunci- way, gives studies of wayside flowers. Hortus ated by Ruskin gradually made way, and have Inclusus (1887) is a series of letters to the ladies largely determined the course and character of of the Thwaite.' Second-hand copies of the early later English art. The first volume was published works are still eagerly bought up at high prices: in a much altered form in 1846. The last three thus, the old edition of Modern Painters, worth £6, volumes contained illustrations by the author. A 10s. at its publication in 1860-67, has repeatedly revised and altered edition appeared in 1860-67; been sold since 1880 for £30 or £35. All Mr another in 1873; and an edition in six volumes, Ruskin's books were for a time published privately with some additional plates, an epilogue, and new at Orpington in Kent; but they are now published index, in 1889. In 1849 appeared The Seven Lamps through an agent of his own in the usual way, of Architecture; and in 1851-53 The Stones of except that the author insists on their being sold Venice, both being efforts to introduce a new and at net prices. From 1869 till 1879 Ruskin was loftier conception of the significance of domestic Slade professor of Art at Oxford; in 1871 he gave architecture. They were exquisitely illustrated £5000 for the endowment of a master of drawing by the author himself. About this time Pre- there; in 1883 he was re-elected professor, but Raphaelitism (q.v.) began to develop itself as a resigned in the following year. He is a D.C.L. of distinctive phase of modern art, and Ruskin Oxford, and an honorary student of Christ Church. warmly espoused its cause in letters, pamphlets, In 1871 the degree of LL.D. was bestowed upon and Notes on the Academy Exhibition (1855-60). him by the university of Cambridge. Subsequently He was the earliest literary advocate of this school, he founded a museum at Walkley, near Sheffield whose leading principle he defined as the resolve (in 1890 transferred to Sheffield itself), where to paint things as they probably did look and he bestowed part of his own priceless library and happen, not as, by rules of art developed under art treasures. In his later years he established Raphael, they might be supposed gracefully, de- himself at Brantwood, on Coniston Lake, in the liciously, or sublimely to have happened.' Lake Country. In 1854 he published four admirable and suggestive Lectures on Architecture and Painting; and in 1858 two Lectures on the Political Economy of Art. The Notes on the Construction of Sheepfolds (1851), dealing with the discipline of the church, illustrate his ingenuity in devising picturesque titles that suggest no notion of the subject treated. The King of the Golden River, a fairy story, was published in 1851; and in 1854 The Two Paths, lectures on art and its application to decoration and manufacture. The Elements of Drawing and the Elements of Perspective appeared in 1857 and 1859. The Crown of Wild Olive is a series of four essays on work, traffic, war, and the future of England; Sesame and Lilies, lectures on good literature. The Queen of the Air is a study of the Greek myths of cloud and storm; Ethics of the Dust, lectures on crystallisation; Ariadne Florentina, on wood and metal engraving; Aratra Pentelici, on the principles of sculpture. The Laws of Fesolé are the elements of painting and drawing; Frondes Agrestes are readings from Modern Painters; Giotto and His Works, Love's Meinie (on Birds), and Deucalion (on Geology) are other publications. Munera Pulveris contains the elements of political economy according to Ruskin; while Unto this Last -in Ruskin's opinion, the best of his worksattacks the current doctrines of the dismal science.' Val d'Arno contains lectures on the art of the 13th century in Pisa and Florence; later courses dealt with the modern art of England and English history (Pleasures of England). Mornings in Florence are studies of Christian art for English travellers; and St Mark's Rest is on the history of Venice. The Eagle's Nest discusses the relation of natural science to art; Time and Tide are letters to a working-man of Sunderland. Arrows of the Chace is a selection of his letters; On the Old Road is the title of a republication of his miscellaneous pamphlets, articles, and essays contributed to various reviews and magazines, containing famous utterances on Samuel Prout, the History of Christian Art, the Lord's Prayer, the Cestus of Aglaia,' &c. An early volume of poems, issued for private circulation, became a much sought after bibliographical treasure; in 1891 it was reprinted (in 2 vols.) with many additional pieces and illustrations from the author's drawings. Fors Clavigera appeared as a sort of periodical at irregular inter Ruskin is or was primarily a critic of art; but, as the titles of his works indicate, his teaching has extended over a wide area. Art for him is closely and inseparably bound up with truth, with morals, with religion; and in most departments of political philosophy, in social and political economy, Ruskin has been constant, in season and out of season, in lifting up his testimony against what he conceives to be low views, perverted ideals, coarse and vulgar complacencies. Like Carlyle, whose pupil he professes to be, he holds the world in these later days to have gone on a wrong tack; in his views of nature and life he is, he says, alone in the midst of a modern crowd, which rejects them all,' and has to maintain himself against the contradiction of every one of his best friends.' Within the sphere of art criticism he declares that an important part of his life-work has been to teach the supremacy of five great painters, despised till he spoke of them-Turner, Tintoret, Luini, Botticelli, and Carpaccio. His life-long contention with political economy is based on the belief that the science has been used to inculcate the unchecked and competitive pursuit of merely material wealth. He affirms broadly that his Munera Pulveris contains the first accurate analysis of the laws of political economy which has been published in England. What is usually called political economy is in reality nothing more than the investigation of some accidental phenomena of modern commercial operations, and has no connection with political economy as treated by the great thinkers of the past-such as Plato, Xenophon, Cicero, Bacon. True political economy regulates the acts and habits of a society or state, with reference to its maintenance, as domestic economy does those of a household. It is neither an art nor a science, but a system of conduct and legislation, founded on the sciences, directing the arts, and impossible except under certain conditions of moral culture. By the maintenance of the state, which is the object of political economy, is to be understood the support of its population in healthy and happy life, and the increase of their numbers, so far as is consistent with their happiness. It is the multiplication of human life at the highest standard,' cherishing and developing the noblest type of manhood, alike in beauty, in intelligence, and in character. The wealth of which Ruskin takes cognisance is not RUSKIN mere exchangeable value, but intrinsic and effectual wealth, consisting of things contributing to the support of life in its fullest sense-as land, houses, furniture, instruments, food, medicine, clothing, books, works of art. The subject of political economy, therefore, embraces a large part of the sphere of private and public morals, and of political philosophy. It deals with the relation of master to servant, employer to workman, of the state to its subjects, with the province of sanitary and commercial legislation, and with the duty of the state in promoting education, suppressing luxury, regulating the hours and wages of labour. He is as confident as the most revolutionary reformer that the conditions of modern society must be completely changed and reconstructed; his ideals coincide in many points with those of some Socialists, though many of his aims would be regarded as distinctly reactionary. A 'violent illiberal' rather than a conservative, Ruskin regards reverence for natural beauty, truth, and godliness as the highest elements in life, and would give properly constituted authority extensive powers; usury of any kind is as indefensible as avarice or dishonesty. Till of late he was seldom treated as a serious political economist; but it has recently been admitted that he has actually pointed out some real weaknesses of the old abstract political economy as a scientific theory. voted a great part of his originally large fortune to founding the St George's Guild, which was intended to be a kind of primitive agricultural community, where the old-world virtues should be strenuously inculcated on young and old, and where ancient and homely methods might be cherished in defiance of all modern mechanical and manufacturing processes. He has also striven to promote home industries in various places. Not more remarkable than the eloquence, power, and richness of his English style are the confidence and dogmatism of his assertions, the audacity of his paradoxes, the fearlessness of his denunciations; while his earnestness, conviction, and self-denying honesty of purpose are undisputed. His influence in creating a new interest in the beauty of nature and of art in England has been profound; and although the world rejects his theories of social economy as perverse, paradoxical, and impractic able, he has done much to vivify ideals of life, and ennoble our standards of conduct. He de See E. T. Cook, Studies on Ruskin (1890); Shepherd's Bibliography (5th ed. 1882); J. P. Smart, Junr., A Ruskin Bibliography (1890-91); W. G. Collingwood, The Life and Work of John Ruskin (2 vols. 1893); and various collections of Ruskin's papers, unpublished lectures (1894), and letters to a college friend (1894). A new edition of the works was appearing in 1894. The Ruskin Society was founded in 1881; the Ruskin Reading Guild, in 1887. Russell, a great Whig house, whose origin has been traced back to Thor, through Olaf the sharpeyed, king of Rerik,' Drogo, brother of Rollo, the first Duke of Normandy, and Hugh Bertrand, lord of Le Rozel, a follower of the Conqueror's. Anyhow, a John Russell was constable of Corfe Castle in Dorsetshire in 1221; and from him have sprung twenty-two generations of Russells, whose seats have been Kingston Russell, near Dorchester; Cheneys, in Bucks, near Amersham; and Woburn Abbey, in Bedfordshire. Among them, besides William Lord Russell and Earl Russell (both noticed separately below), the following may be mentioned: Sir John Russell, Speaker of the House of Commons in 1424 and 1432; John, created in 1539 Baron Russell of Cheneys, and in 1550 Earl of Bedford, who got the abbey lands of Tavistock and Woburn; Sir William Russell, who in 1594 became Lord Deputy of Ireland, and in 1603 was created Baron Russell of Thornhaugh; Francis, fourth Earl (died 1641), the drainer of the Bedford Level; William, fifth Earl, created in 1694 Marquis of Tavistock and Duke of Bedford; Admiral Edward Russell (1651-1727), who, semi-Jacobite though he was, beat the French at La Hogue in 1692, and for his victory was made Earl of Orford; John, fourth Duke (1710-71), Lord-lieutenant of Ireland; his grandson, Lord William Russell (1767-1840), who was murdered by his valet Courvoisier; Francis, ninth Duke (1819-91); and his brother Odo (1829-84), who from 1871 was ambassador to the German court, and in 1881 was made Baron Ampthill. See J. H. Wiffen's Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell (2 vols. 1833); and Froude's 'Cheneys and the House of Russell' (Short Studies, 4th series, 1884). WILLIAM RUSSELL, LORD RUSSELL, patriot, was born 29th September 1639, the third son of the fifth Earl of Bedford by Lady Anne Carr, daughter of the poisoner Countess of Somerset. He was educated at Cambridge, and then travelled on the Continent, visiting Lyons, Geneva, Augsburg, Paris, &c. (1656-59). At the Restoration he was elected M. P. for Tavistock, and was drawn by the from which he was rescued by his marriage in 1669 court into some disorders' (debts and duelling), with Lady Rachel Wriothesley (1636-1723), second daughter and co-heiress of the Earl of Southampton and widow of Lord Vaughan. He was a silent member till 1674, when he spoke against the doings of the Cabal, and thenceforth we find him an active adherent of the Country party. He dallied unwisely with France, but took no bribe; he shared honestly in the delusion of the Popish Plot; he presented the Duke of York as a recusant; and he carried the Exclusion Bill up to the House of Lords. The king and his brother resolved to be revenged on him and the other leaders of the Whig party; and he, Essex, and Sidney were arrested as participators arraigned of high-treason at the Old Bailey, and, in the Rye-house Plot. On 13th July 1683 he was infamous witnesses easily satisfying a packed jury, was found guilty. His father's proffer, through availed nothing, nor his own solemn disavowal of the Duchess of Portsmouth, of £100,000 for his life of altering the government; and on the 21st he was any idea against the king's life or any contrivance beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields. The pity of his judicial murder, the pathos of Burnet's story of his end, and the exquisite letters of his noble wife, who at his trial appeared in court as his secretary, have secured him a place in history that else he had never attained to, for he was a man of virtues, not genius, a Christian hero rather than a statesman. See his life by Lord John Russell (1819; 4th ed. 1853); the Letters of Lady Russell (1773; 14th ed. 1853); and the Lives of her by Miss Berry (1819), Lord John Russell. (1820), and Guizot (Eng. trans. 1855). JOHN RUSSELL, EARL RUSSELL, K.G., was born on 18th August 1792, in Hertford Street, Mayfair, London, the third son of the sixth Duke of Bedford. A sickly child, he was educated at Sunbury, at Westminster (1803-4), and then at Woodnesborough vicarage, near Sandwich, until, in 1809, after a nine months' visit with Lord and Lady Holland to Spain and Portugal, he entered the university of Edinburgh. He lived there three years with Professor Playfair, studying under Dugald Stewart and Dr Thomas Brown, first exercising his powers of debate at the meetings of the Speculative Society, and paying two more visits to the Peninsula. In July 1813, while still a minor, he was returned for the family borough of Tavistock, but, though he spoke in 1815 against the renewal of war with France, foreign travel and literature for some years engrossed him rather than politics. He made his first motion in favour of parliamentary reform in 1819, and continued to bring the subject almost annually before the House. He was also the strenuous advocate of the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, of Catholic Emancipation, and of other measures of civil and religious liberty. At the general election of 1830, caused by the death of George IV., the rallying cry of reform won many fresh seats for the Liberals; the 'Great Duke' was driven from office, and Earl Grey proceeded to form a ministry. Lord John became Paymaster of the Forces, without a seat in the cabinet; but he was one of the four members of the government entrusted with the task of framing the first Reform Bill, and on him devolved the great and memorable honour of proposing it. The fortunes of the measure belong to the history of the day; enough that on 4th June 1832 it received the royal assent, and the country was saved from the throes of revolution that at one time seemed imminent. In November 1834 Lord John left office with the Melbourne government, which had succeeded Grey's; in March 1835 he brought forward a motion in favour of applying the surplus revenues of the Irish Church to educa tional purposes; and the success of his motion caused the downfall of Peel and the return of Melbourne to power. As Home Secretary and leader of the Lower House Lord John now attained the zenith of his career, four measures with which his name is associated being the Municipal Reform Act (1835), and the Tithes Commutation, Registration, and Marriage Acts (1836). In 1839 he exchanged the seals of the Home for those of the Colonial Office; in 1841 he proposed a fixed duty of 8s. per quarter on foreign corn and a reduction of the duties on sugar and timber. Defeated by the opposition, the Melbourne government appealed to the country without success, so once more made way for Peel. In this general election Lord John, who meanwhile had sat for Hunts, Bandon Bridge, Devon, and Stroud, boldly challenged the verdict of London on free trade by standing for the City. He was returned by the narrow majority of 9, and continued to represent the City until his elevation to the Upper House. In November 1845 he wrote a letter from Edinburgh to his London constituents, announcing his conversion to the total and immediate repeal of the Corn Laws. This letter led to Peel's resignation; and Lord John on 11th December was commissioned by the Queen to form an administration. He failed, however, owing to Lord Grey's antipathy to Palmerston, so Peel was forced back to office, and carried the repeal. On the very day on which the bill passed the Lords the Peel ministry was defeated in the Commons on a question of Irish coercion by a coalition of Whigs and Protectionists, whereupon a Whig ministry succeeded, with Lord John for prime-minister (1846). It succeeded to a difficult position. In Ireland there was the famine, followed by a foolish rebellion, whilst at home there was Chartism and the so-called 'Papal aggression,' which evoked from Lord John an indignant protest, first in the form of a letter to the Bishop of Durham, and next in the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of 1851. In the winter of that year Lord Palmerston's approval of the French coup d'état without the Queen's or Lord John Russell's knowledge procured him his dismissal from the office of Foreign Secretary; within two months he 'gave Russell his tit-for-tat,' defeating him over a militia bill (February 1852). After a short-lived Derby government, Lord Aberdeen in December formed a coalition ministry of Whigs and Peelites, with Russell for Foreign Secretary and leader in the Commons. His inopportune Reform Bill (1854), the Crimean mismanagement, his resignation (January 1855), and his bungling that same year at the Vienna Conference, all combined to render him thoroughly unpopular; and for four years he remained out of office. But in June 1859, in the second Palmerston administration, he became Foreign Secretary, which office he held six years, having meanwhile in 1861 been created Earl Russell. He did much for the cause of Italian unity; still, non-intervention was his leading principle-e.g. during the American civil war and the Sleswick-Holstein difficulty. On Palmerston's death in 1865 Earl Russell for the second time became prime-minister, but the defeat in the following June of his new Reform Bill left no alternative but resignation. He continued, however, busy with tongue and pen till his death, which took place at his residence, Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, on 28th May 1878. He is buried at Cheneys. Earl Russell was twice married, and by his second wife, a daughter of the Earl of Minto, was the father of John Viscount Amberley (1842-76), who was author of the posthumous Analysis of Religious Belief, and whose son succeeded as second earl. was The Lycurgus of the Lower House,' as Sydney Smith dubbed him, this little great man honest in all his convictions, in none more so than in his belief in himself. He knew he was right' gives the key to both his career and his character. Of his voluminous works, a score in number, and including a tale and two tragedies, need only be mentioned his Life of William Lord Russell (1819), Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe (1824), The Correspondence of John, fourth Duke of Bedford (3 vols. 1842-46), and the Memoirs of Fox and Moore. See his Selections from Speeches and Despatches (1870), his Recollections and Suggestions (1875), and Spencer Walpole's Life of Lord John Russell (2 vols. 1889). Russell, WILLIAM CLARK, a popular nautical novelist, was born in New York, 24th February 1844, son of the vocalist Henry Russell (born c. 1810), the composer of Cheer, Boys, Cheer,' 'There's a Good Time Coming,'A Life on the Ocean Wave,' &c. He had his schooling at Winchester and in France, and went to sea at thirteen. After about eight years' service he left the sea to devote himself to the life of letters. He was employed writing for the Newcastle Daily from 1887 reserved his energies mainly for fiction, in Chronicle and the London Daily Telegraph, but which he had already scored a remarkable success with John Holdsworth, Chief Mate (1874), The Wreck of the Grosvenor (1877), An Ocean Free Lance (1880), The Lady Maud (1882), Jack's Courtship (1884), and A Strange Voyage (1885). Later novels were The Death-ship (1888), Marooned (1889), My Shipmate Louise (1890), An Ocean Tragedy (1890), and My Danish Sweetheart (1891). Őther works are his collections of papers: Round the Galley Fire (1883), In the Middle Watch (1885), and On the Fok'sle Head (1884); a short Life of Nelson (1890), and another of Collingwood (1891). Russell, WILLIAM HOWARD, the first and the most famous of special correspondents,' was born at Lilyvale in County Dublin, 28th March 1821, had his education at Trinity College, Dublin, joined the staff of the Times in 1843, and was called to the bar in 1850. He went out to the Crimea at the beginning of the war, and there remained till the close, writing home those famous letters which opened the eyes of Englishmen to the shameful sufferings of the soldiers during the winter siege of 1854-55, and quickly brought about the fall of the Aberdeen ministry. He next witnessed the events of the Indian Mutiny, returning to England in 1858. He established the Army and Navy Gazette |