SHOVEL

result of accident in three different directions-viz. (1) downwards and inwards into the axilla, which is by far the most common form; (2) forwards and inwards; and (3) backwards on the infra-spinous fossa, or the dorsum of the scapula. The first of these varieties is of very common occurrence, and everybody should know how to recognise, and even (in an emergency) to treat it. The bones are in the position shown in the figure; the arm is lengthened; a hollow may be felt under the acromion, where the head of the bone ought to be; the shoulder is flattened; the elbow sticks out from the side, and cannot be made to touch the ribs; and the head of the bone can be felt if the limb be raised, although such an attempt causes great pain and weakness. The methods of treating such a case are discussed at DISLOCATION. The scapula may also be fractured in any of its parts as the result of direct violence, and its inferior angle may slip from its natural position.

Shovel, SIR CLOUDESLEY, a brave but ill-fated admiral, was born of poor parents, about 1650, most probably at Clay, a Norfolk fishing-village. Here he was apprenticed to a shoemaker, but he ran away to sea, and soon rose by his remarkable ability and courage through the grades of cabinboy and seaman to the quarter-deck. He served as lieutenant under Sir John Narborough in the Mediterranean (1674), burned four pirate ships under the walls of Tripoli, commanded a ship at the battle in Bantry Bay (1689), and was soon after knighted for his conduct. In 1690 he rose to be rear-admiral of the blue, and took an active part in the battle off Beachy Head; two years later, as rear-admiral of the red, he supported Admiral Russell heroically at La Hogue, and himself burned twenty of the enemy's ships. He was sent to Vigo in 1702 to bring home the spoils of Rooke, next served under that hero in the Mediterranean, and led his van at Malaga. In January 1705 he was made rear-admiral of England. That year he took part with Peterborough in the capture of Barcelona, but failed in his attack on Toulon in 1707. On the voyage home his ship, the Associa tion, struck a rock off the Scilly Isles, on the foggy night of the 22d October 1707, and went down with 800 men on board. Four vessels of his squadron perished with as many as 2000. Sir Cloudesley Shovel's body was washed up next day and buried in Westminster Abbey.

Shoveler (Rhynchaspis or Spatula), a genus of birds of the duck family, Anatidae, having the

The Common Shoveler (Rhynchaspis clypeata), male and female.

hind-toe small, free, and unlobed; and remarkable for the expansion of the end of the mandibles in adult birds, particularly of the upper mandible.

The lamellæ of the mandibles are long and very delicate. The legs are placed near the centre of the body, so that these birds walk much more easily than many of the ducks. The Common Shoveler (R. clypeata) is smaller than the wild duck, but rather larger than the widgeon. The shoveler is a visitant to the British Isles, especially during cold weather. A few remain all the year. It is widely distributed over North Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. It is reported as having been found in Australia. Its nest is made of fine grass, with a lining of down, on dry ground on the borders of rushy lakes. The eggs, from eight to fourteen in number, are of a pale greenish buff colour. Its food consists of grasses, worms, slugs, snails, insects, and small crustaceans. Its flesh is well flavoured and very highly esteemed. The bird is often called Broad-bill.

Showers of Fishes occasionally fall in different parts of the world, exciting great astonishment. Instances of this kind have occurred in Britain. On one occasion a shower of small three-spined sticklebacks fell near Merthyr-Tydvil in Wales, sprinkling the ground and housetops over a large area. If caught up by a whirlwind from any of the brackish ponds near the sea, in which this species of fish abounds, they must have been conveyed through the air a distance of almost thirty miles. Another similar instance occurred at Torrens, in the Isle of Mull, in which herrings were found strewed on a hill five hundred yards from the sea, and one hundred feet above it. Such downfalls are more common in tropical countries. In India a shower of fishes varying from a pound and a half to three pounds in weight has been reported. Sometimes the fishes are living, more frequently they are dead, and sometimes dry or putrefying. They are always of kinds abundant in the sea or fresh waters of the neighbourhood. The occurrence of the phenomenon is readily explained by the partial vacuum and strong up-draught produced in the centre of a whirling column of air like that of a Tornado (q.v.). Such a whirling column in passing over the surface of a lake or river or of the sea may suck up a considerable quantity of water along with any living creatures that may be in it. This may be carried for a considerable distance, and is discharged as a waterspout or cloudburst when the rotational energy of the whirl is expended. Showers of frogs (when authenticated) are similar phenomenon. Showers of dead flies have also been reported. The analogous showers of 'sulphur' or of blood' are produced by wind. borne pollen from pine-trees, or minute organisms of fungoid nature and bright red colour. In the latter cases the organic particles probably play the part of dust in causing the rain-drops to form. See BLOOD-RAIN.

Shrapnel Shell. See SHELL.

а

Shreveport, the second city of Louisiana, capital of Caddo parish, on the west bank of Red River (here spanned by an iron bridge of 1200 feet), at the intersection of four railways, and 328 miles by rail NW. of New Orleans, with which it has also regular steamboat connection. It ships cotton (125,000 bales yearly), hides, wool, and tallow, contains planing and saw mills, foundries, machineshops, breweries, and manufactories of cotton-gins, cotton-seed oil, soap, ice, carriages, &c. Pop. (1880) 8009; (1890) 11,979.

Shrew (Soricida), a family of insectivorous mammals closely resembling, in general form and appearance, the true mice and dormice, but in reality widely differing from and not to be confused with those rodents. The shrews have the head small, muzzle long and pointed, eyes small but

well developed, external ears usually small; body mouse-like, covered with hair; limbs short, nearly equal in size, the feet not adapted for digging; tail nearly naked and scaly. The teeth vary in number from twenty-eight to thirty-two; the formula i. c. p.m. shows the numbers of teeth so far as they are constant, v meaning that the incisors and premolars in the upper jaw vary in different species. Along the sides of the body, or at the root of the tail, are peculiar glands, which secrete a fluid of a very strong odour. The shrews are very widely distributed, being found over North America and the whole of the eastern hemisphere except Australia. The Oriental region has twenty-eight species, the Nearctic twenty-four, the Ethiopian eleven, and the Palearctic ten. The classification of the shrews is a matter of extreme difficulty. The family is said to consist of one genus, eleven sub-genera, and about sixty-five species.

The Common Shrew (Sorex vulgaris), found in the British Isles and over the whole continent of Europe, has a body about 2 inches long, the fur being generally reddish gray above and grayish below, and a tail about 1 inch long, four-sided with the angles rounded off, and not tapering. It abounds in dry fields, gardens, and hedge-banks, feeding chiefly on insects, worms, and slugs. It burrows and makes long runs just under the surface of the ground. It is very pugnacious, and two shrews rarely meet without one of them being killed and eaten. Its natural enemies are moles, weasels, owls, and cats; but although killed by these it is not always eaten by them. Great numbers of shrews are often found dead in autumn

The Common Shrew (Sorex vulgaris).

without apparent cause, a circumstance as yet unexplained. The shrew breeds in spring; the female brings forth five to seven young in a nest of soft dry herbage in a hole in the ground. Though harmless and inoffensive, the shrew has long been regarded with dread and aversion (see White's Natural History of Selborne, Letter xxviii.). The Lesser Shrew (S. pygmæus), another British species, closely allied to the common shrew, but with a proportionately longer tail and white on the under parts of the body, is the smallest British mammal. The Water Shrew (Crossopodus fodiens), larger than the common shrew, is not known to occur in Ireland, but is found in Great Britain and over the whole continent of Europe as far north as the shores of the Baltic. Though not absolutely confined to the water-side, it prefers to live there, where it forms its dwelling as a burrow in a soft bank. It feeds chiefly on aquatic insects, molluscs, crustaceans, fish spawn, and even large fish. The Garden Shrew (Crocidura aranea) is common over almost the whole of Europe, but does not occur in Sweden or in the British Isles. The Tuscan Shrew (C. etrusca), found in the south of Europe, from France to the Black Sea, and also in the north of Africa, has a body only about an inch and a half long and a tail about an inch, and is the smallest living mammal. The Rat-tailed Shrew

SHREWSBURY

(C. myosura), known in India as the Musk-shrew or Musk-rat, is about 6 inches long, and has a strong musky odour. The Musk-rat of Ceylon (Sorex kandianus or serpentarius), a smaller form, is found in Southern India and Ceylon. Two very interesting species have been brought from Tibetthe Tibetan Water Shrew, with sucking discs on the under surfaces of its feet; and the Tailless Shrew (Anurosorex squamipes), with a body like a mole, ears entirely concealed, eyes almost imperceptible, and feet short and scaly.

Shrew Mole (Scalops), a genus of insectivorallied to the Moles (see MOLE). The tail is short ous mammals of the family Talpidæ, very closely and naked; the muzzle is long and slender, the nostrils looking forwards and upwards on the oblique slope at the end of the snout; the eyes are very small and are hidden in the fur. The teeth are peculiar in form; their number is represented semble those of the common mole, but the toes of by the formula i., c. 3, p. 3, m.. The feet rethe hind-feet are webbed. American. The Common Shrew Mole, or simply All the species are Mole (S. aquaticus), is found everywhere in the United States east of the Mississippi. The Prairie Mole or Silvery Shrew Mole (S. argentatus), about far eastwards as Ohio and Michigan. The Texan 7 inches long, is found on the western prairies as sessing broader fore-feet than any other species, is Shrew Mole (S. latimanus), larger in size and posfound in Texas and Mexico. Two other shrew moles have been placed in a separate genus: one, Brewer's Shrew Mole (Scapanus brewerii), closely ing in its dentition and habits with the star-nosed resembling the common mole externally, but agreemole, inhabits the eastern United States; the other, the Oregon Shrew Mole (Scapanus townsendii), is found plentifully on the banks of rivers on the Pacific coast.

Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire, on the Severn, 36 miles SSW. of Crewe, 42 W. by N. of Birmingham, and 163 NW. of London. The river here makes a serpentine curve round a hilly peninsula, and is spanned by the English Bridge (rebuilt 1774) of seven arches, the Welsh Bridge (rebuilt 1795) of five, and the iron bow-and-girder Kingsland Bridge (1882), which lead to the suburbs of Abbey-Foregate, Coleham, Frankwell, CastleForegate, and Kingsland. With its steep, narrow streets, and its wealth of black and white halftimbered houses, Shrewsbury is picturesque as very few English towns. Its Norman castle, built by Roger de Montgomery, still stands, though greatly modernised; and coeval with it is Holy Cross or Abbey Church, belonging to a Benedictine abbey (1083). Of the other eight Anglican churches the chief is St Mary's, Norman to Perpendicular in style, with a Jesse window, the tomb of Admiral Benbow, and a spire 222 feet high. Noteworthy also are the Roman Catholic church (1856), by Pugin; the council-house (1501-60), where Charles I. stayed in 1642, and James II. in 1687; the old markethouse (1595); the new market-hall (1868); the shire-hall (rebuilt 1836, and again, after fire, 1883); the corn exchange (1869); the post-office (1877); the county infirmary (1747-1830); the eye, ear, and throat hospital (1881); the 'Raven' Hotel, where Farquhar in 1704 wrote the Recruiting Officer; the Quarry,' a pretty park of 23 acres, with its lime-tree avenue (1719); a Doric column (1816) to Lord Hill, 134 feet high; and a bronze statue (1860) by Marochetti of Clive. The county museum and a free library now occupy the old buildings (1630) of the grammar-school, which was transferred to a fine new site of 26 acres (now 50 acres) in 1882, since which time the number of the boys has increased from 170 to over 300. Founded by

SHRIKE

Edward VI. in 1551, though not actually opened till 1562, and augmented by Queen Elizabeth in 1571, this school was recognised as one of the seven great public schools in the Public Schools Act of 1868, and owes its greatness partly to its rich endowment (£3100 per annum), but still more to the exertions of two successive headmasters, Dr Samuel Butler (1798-1836), afterwards Bishop of Lichfield, and Dr Kennedy (1836-66). Among its alumni have been Sir Philip Sidney, Fulke Greville, Wycherley, Judge Jeffreys, the Marquis of Halifax, Charles Darwin, Bishop Fraser of Manchester, Archbishop Thomson of York, Viscount Cranbrook, the Right Hon. H. C. Raikes, and such famous scholars as Professor B. H. Kennedy, F. A. Paley, Professor Munro, R. Shilleto, and Professor Mayor. Glass-painting, malting, ironfounding, and the manufacture of agricultural implements are leading industries; and the brawn and Shrewsbury cakes' made here have long been held in esteem. Chartered by Richard I., the borough returned two members from Edward I.'s reign till 1885, when the representation was reduced to one. Pop. (1851) 19,681; (1881) 26,481; (1891) 26,967. The Cymric Pengwerne (alder hill'), after its capture in 778 from the king of Powys by Offa of Mercia the place changed its name to Scrobbesbyrig (town in the wood'), of which the modern name is a corruption. Thenceforward it has figured often in history, having been visited by most of the English kings, and repeatedly besieged-e.g. by Llewellyn (1215) and the parliamentarians (1644). In the battle of Shrewsbury, fought at Battlefield, 3 miles NE., on 21st July 1403, Henry IV. (q.v.) routed Hotspur and his confederates. For the earls of Shrewsbury, see TALBOT, and SHEFFIELD.

See works by T. Phillips (1779), H. Owen and J. B. Blakeway (1825), H. Pidgeon (1857), and W. Phillips (1878).

Shrike (Lanius), a genus of passerine birds having the bill short and compressed, the upper mandible curved and with a prominent tooth, the base of the bill covered with hairs directed forwards, wings of moderate length, and very powerful feet. They are found in all parts of the world except in South America. They are called Butcherbirds from the habit, common to many species, of impaling their prey upon thorns. The food consists chiefly of insects, but often also of mice, frogs, lizards, and small birds. The Great Gray Shrike

Great Gray Shrike (Lanius excubitor). (L. excubitor) visits the British Islands in autumn and winter, but has not been known to breed. It is one of the largest species, its length being 9 to 10 inches. The back is of a light gray colour, wing and tail feathers black tipped with white,

bill and legs brownish black. The Lesser Gray Shrike (L. minor) has also been seen in England; but the commonest British species is the Redbacked Shrike (L. collurio), which breeds in wooded districts in England and Wales, and occasionally in the south-east of Scotland. The nest is made of twigs and roots, neatly lined with wool and hair. Only one brood is reared, and the birds usually migrate in August. The males of this, and of some other species, have considerable power of song. In Australia the shrikes are represented by the nearly allied Thickheads (Pachycephala), which abound in the forests throughout that continent and Oceania (see BUTCHER-BIRD).

The

the order Decapoda, allied to lobsters, crayfish, Shrimp (Crangon), a genus of crustaceans, of and prawns. The form is elongated, tapering, and arched as if hunch-backed. The beak is very short, affording a ready distinction from prawns. forceps are comparatively small. The whole structure is very delicate, almost translucent; and the colours are such that the shrimp may readily escape observation, whether resting on a sandy bottom or swimming through the water. For the change in colour on boiling, see PIGMENTS, Vol. VIII. p. 174. The quick darting movements, like short leaps, betray them to any one who looks attentively into a pool left by the retiring tide on a sandy shore. When alarmed they bury themselves in the sand by a peculiar movement of their fanlike tail. The Common Shrimp (C. vulgaris) is very abundant

Common Shrimp (Crangon vulgaris).

on British and other European coasts wherever the shore is sandy. It is about 2 inches long, of a greenish-gray colour, dotted with brown. It is in great esteem as an article of food, and is generally taken by a net in the form of a wide-mouthed bag, stretched by means of a short cross-beam at the end of a pole, and pushed along by the shrimper wading to the knees. Sometimes a net of larger size is dragged along by two boats. The Skeletonshrimp or Spectre-shrimp is a small crustacean of the family Caprellida (as Caprella linearis). The Brine-shrimp (q.v.) is the subject of a separate article. The Fresh-water Shrimp is treated at GAMMARUS.

Shrine, a case or reliquary for containing the Relics (q.v.) of saints and martyrs.

Shropshire, or SALOP, a West Midland county of England, on the Welsh border, bounded by the counties of Cheshire, Stafford, Worcester, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, and Denbigh. It measures 50 miles by 41, and has an area of 844,565 acres or 1319 sq. m. The Severn, entering from Montgomeryshire, winds 55 miles across the interior, dividing Shropshire into two pretty equal portions, and being joined here by the Tern, whilst a lower tributary, the Teme, traces much of the southern boundary. Ellesmere (116 acres) is the largest of several lakes. The northern and eastern portion, to the left of the Severn, is level with the exception of the isolated Wrekin (1320 feet), and is occupied by the New Red Sandstone. The southwestern portion, belonging to the Old Red and

422

acres.

SHROVETIDE

earlier formations, is rugged and mountainous, and in the Clee Hills attains 1805 feet. Coalbrookdale is the chief of five coal-fields, and the mineral wealth also includes iron, lead, limestone, and freestone. The soil is variable, but generally fertile and well cultivated, so that only about oneseventh of the whole area is waste, whilst woods and plantations cover 71 sq. m. and orchards 4000 Much attention is paid to live-stock, the cattle exceeding 150,000 and the sheep 430,000. The county, whose council has 68 members, is divided into 14 hundreds and 253 civil parishes. It contains the parliamentary borough of Shrewsbury, the county town, and the municipal boroughs of Bridgnorth, Ludlow, Oswestry, and Wenlock. It returns four members for the Oswestry, NewClive port, Wellington, and Ludlow divisions. was a native; and historic scenes or antiquities, other than those noticed in the articles on the different towns, are Acton-Burnell, Boscobel, Wroxeter, Watling Street, and Offa's Dyke. Pop. (1801) 169,248; (1841) 225,820; (1871) 248,111; (1891) 236,339.

See works by C. Hulbert (2 vols. 1837), E. Lloyd (1844), R. W. Eyton (12 vols. 1853-60), J. C. Anderson (1864), Mrs F. C. Acton (1868), M. E. C. Walcott (1879), Miss G. Jackson (Dialect, 1879-81), and Miss C. Burne (Folklore, 1883-85).

Shrovetide, 'shriving-time,' 'absolution-time,' the name given to the days immediately preceding Ash-Wednesday, which, as indeed the whole period after Septuagesima Sunday appears to have been, were anciently days of preparation for the penitential time of Lent. In the modern discipline of the Roman Catholic Church a trace of this is still preserved, as in many countries the time of the confession, which precedes the paschal or Easter communion, commences from Shrovetide. These days were sometimes called Fasting-tide, Fastmass, Fasten-e'en, or Fastern's-e'en, names still retained in some parts of Great Britain, as Fastnacht is the regular German name. The name of Shrovetide was retained in England after the Reformation, although the practice of shriving was abandoned. The duty of confession having been fulfilled, the faithful, upon the eve of entering upon the Lent, were indulged with permission to give themselves up to amusements and to festive celebrations, of which the counterpart is still seen in the continental carnival. In England the pastimes of football, cock-fighting and throwing at cocks, bull-baiting, &c. were long recognised usages of Shrovetide; and the festive banquets of the day are still represented by the pancakes and fritters from which Pancake Tuesday took its name, and by the 'collops' which gave its title to Collop Monday. Shrovetide cakes and ale, the last surviving relic of Shrove Tuesday celebrations, were discontinued by Brasenose College in 1887. The Mardi Gras of the French, with its merrymakings, is Shrove Tuesday. It is a popular festival at New Orleans.

Shrub. See RUM. For Shrubs, see TREE. Shumla, or SCHUMNA, a city of Bulgaria, by rail 56 miles W. by N. of Varna and 80 SE. of Rustchuk. The roads from the fortresses (Silistria, Rustchuk) on the Lower Danube and in the Dobrudscha on the north, and from the passes of the Eastern Balkan on the south, converge upon Shumla, and make it an important strategic place. It is defended by strong detached forts and a fortified camp, all of which were to have been demolished according to the Berlin treaty, though the clause stipulating this has not been carried out. Shumla is a straggling place, and has numerous mosques and churches, the splendid mausoleum of Hassan Pasha (18th century), an arsenal, numerous

SIAM

barracks, and a military hospital. It manufactures slippers, clothing, copper wares, and silks. Pop, (1893) 23,517. The fortified works were attacked in vain by the Russians in 1774, in 1810, and in 1828, but were abandoned to them in 1878.

Shusha, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, 65 miles SSW. of Elizabethpol, occupies a strong position on a mountain, which is accessible only on one side, and is moreover defended by a citadel. Pop. (1886) 26,806, who make celebrated carpets and in great repute. coarse silk goods, and trade in horses that are held

Shuster, a decayed city of Persia, stands on the Karun, at the point where that river emerges from the hills, 250 miles W. by S. of Ispahan. It is protected by a citadel. It has been identified by that city is Sus, 40 miles WNW. of Shuster. Pop. some with the ancient city of Susa, but the site of

6000.

Shute, JOHN. See BARRINGTON.

Shwan-pan, the Chinese Abacus (q.v.).

Siah-posh (black-clothed'), a name given by their Moslem neighbours to the pagan Kafirs of Kafiristan (q. v.).

Sialagogues are substances which increase the secretion of saliva. They may do so by stimulating the secretory nerves of the salivary glands reflexly through the sensory nerves of the mouth, stomach, eye, or nose. Thus, sweet or slightly irritating substances in the mouth provoke a secretion of saliva, while the sight or smell of savoury eatables makes the teeth water.' These are known as topical sialagogues, and include such substances as mustard, ginger, pellitory-root, dilute acids, &c. Dilute acids and pellitory-root are the only ones which are much used in medicine to increase the flow of saliva and keep the mouth moist; a small piece of the latter is chewed from time to time. Sialagogues also act after absorption into the blood by a direct stimulating action on the secretory nerves. Jaborandi and mercurial compounds are well-known examples of this class. The former, or its alkaloid, pilocarpine, may cause the secretion of a pint or more of saliva within a short time after administration. This class is known as remote or general sialagogues.

Sialkot, a town in the Punjab, near the left bank of the Chenab, 72 miles N. by E. of Lahore, is large manufactures of paper and a native cloth. a rapidly grewing, clean, and well-built town, with There are an old fort, gallantly held by a few Europeans in 1857, but now converted into public offices, several shrines sacred to the Sikhs and the Mohammedans, the Punjab military prison, a public garden, &c. Pop. (1881) 45,760; (1891) 55,087, including the cantonment, one mile to the north.-The district has an area of 1958 sq. m. and a pop. of 1,250,000.

Siam (native name, Muang Thai, the Land of the Free) occupies the central portion of the IndoChina Peninsula. Its extreme length stretches from 4° in the Malay Peninsula to Chiengsen (20° 22' N.), on the river Mekhong, or a distance of nearly 1100 miles, and the greatest breadth from E. long. 98° to 106°, or about 530 miles. It is bounded on the south by French Cambodia, the Gulf of Siam, and the British Malay states, and on the west by Burma. The northern frontier was laid down by the Anglo-Siamese Boundary Commission (1890-91); and in 1893, after a French war vessel had appeared at Bangkok, the treaty of Bangkok conceded to France all the territory between the Mekhong and the hills that heretofore ranked as the Annamese frontier-territory-on which admittedly the Siamese had but a weak hold-as far north as the Laos country (about 18° N.). To this point, there

VIEW OF SHUSTER. ANCIENT BRIDGE ACROSS THE KARUN.

Vol. IX., page 422.