State. He was in both branches of the legislature, and in the council in 1785. He died in Newburyport, Mass., June 24, 1803. Thornton, JAMES SHEPARD, naval he signed the Declaration. He was made officer; born in Merrimac, N. H., Feb. 25, chief-justice of the county of Hillsboro, 1826; entered the navy as midshipman and judge of the Supreme Court of the in 1841; served in the sloop John Adams during the Mexican War; became a passed midshipman in 1846; and resigned from the navy in 1850. He was reinstated in 1854; promoted master in 1855; and lieutenant in 1855; served during the Civil War in the brig Bainbridge; was executive officer of the flag-ship Hartford; promoted lieutenant commander in 1862; had charge of the gunboat Winona in the engagements at Mobile; executive officer of the Kearsarge in the fight with the Alabama off Cherbourg, and for his gallantry in this action was given a vote of thanks and advanced thirty numbers in his rank. He served in the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1866–67; promoted commander in 1866; and captain in 1872. He died in Germantown, Pa., May 14, 1875. Thornton, SETH BARTON, military officer; born near Fredericksburg, Va., in 1814; served in the Seminole War as second lieutenant of United States Dragoons, becoming first lieutenant in 1837 and captain in 1841; had command of a squadron in the Mexican War and exchanged the first shots with the enemy at La Rosia, April 25, 1846, in which engagement he was severely wounded and captured with the greater part of his force. At the close of Scott's campaign, while leading his squadron in advance of Worth's division at the village of San Augustin, he was shot dead. Thornton, JOHN WINGATE, historian; Thorpe, FRANCIS NEWTON, author; born born in Saco, Me., Aug. 12, 1818; gradu- in Swampscott, Mass., April 16, 1857; ated at the Harvard Law School in 1840; studied at Syracuse University and at the was admitted to the bar and practised in University of Pennsylvania Law School; Boston; was one of the originators of the was fellow Professor of American ConNew England Historic-Genealogical So- stitutional History at the University of ciety. His publications include Lives of Pennsylvania in 1885–98. He is the author Isaac Heath and John Bowles, and of of The Government of the People of the Rev. John Eliot, Jr.; The Landing at Cape United States; Franklin and the UniAnne, or the Charter of the First Perma- versity of Pennsylvania; The Story of the nent Colony on the Territory of the Massa Constitution; The Government of the chusetts Company, now Discovered and State of Pennsylvania; The Constitution First Published from the Original Manu- of the United States, with Bibliography; script; Ancient Pemaquid and Historic A Constitutional History of the American Review; Peter Oliver's "Puritan Com- People, 1776-1850; The Constitutional monwealth" Reviewed; The Pulpit of the American Revolution, or the Political Sermons of the Period of 1776, with an Introduction, Notes, and Illustrations; Colonial Schemes of Popham and Gorges; The Historical Relation of New England to the English Commonwealth, etc. He died in Saco, Me., June 6, 1878. History of the United States in 1765-1895; and A History of the United States for Junior Classes. Thorpe, THOMAS BANGS, author; born in Westfield, Mass., March 1, 1815; received a collegiate education; settled in Louisiana in 1836 and devoted himself to literature; served in the Mexican War and was promoted colonel for meritorious services. His publications include The Big Bear of Arkansas; Our Army of the Rio Grande; Our Army at Monterey; A Voice to America; Scenes in Arkansaw; Thornton, MATTHEW, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; born in Ireland in 1714; came to America in early life; was educated at Worcester, and became a physician in New Hampshire. He was in Pepperell's expedition against Reminiscences of Charles L. Elliott, etc. Louisburg in 1745 as a surgeon; presided He died in New York City in October, over the New Hampshire Provincial Con- 1878. vention in 1775; and was a short time a delegate to the Continental Congress, taking his seat in November, 1776, when Thorvald, ERICSSON, navigator; born in Scandinavia in the tenth century. In 1002 he selected a crew of thirty men and sailed westward. He is supposed to have reached what is now the coast of Rhode Island, and to have wintered near the present site of Providence. In the spring of 1003 he sailed southward and westward and anchored near what is supposed to be Cape Alderton. Here were sighted three canoes containing nine savages, eight of whom were slain. The ninth escaped, and on the following night brought back a large number of Eskimos, who appeared ALLEN G. THURMAN. to have lived in the tenth century much farther south than in later times. These natives, after discharging a shower of arrows on the Scandinavians, fled. During the attack Thorvald received an arrow wound of which he died. After burying him at Cape Alderton his crew returned to Rhode Island, and in 1005 sailed for Greenland. Three Rivers, BATTLE OF. When a large British and German force began to arrive in the St. Lawrence (May, 1776) the Americans retreated up the river to the mouth of the Sorel. A British force took post at Three Rivers. General Sullivan sent General Thompson with Pennsylvania troops, led by St. Clair, Wayne, and Irvine, to attack the British there. Thompson was badly beaten, and he and Irvine, with 150 private soldiers, were made prisoners. This disaster discouraged Sullivan, and he was compelled to abandon Canada. Thurman, ALLEN GRANBERY, states man; born in Lynchburg, Va., Nov. 13, 1813; prac tised law in Chillicothe, O., and became eminent at the bar; was a life-long Democrat. In 1845-47 he represented Ohio in the national House of Representatives, and in 1851-55 was a judge of the State Supreme Court. In 1867 he was the candidate for governor in opposition to Rutherford B. Hayes, and the campaign was close and exciting, though Hayes won. During two terms, 1869 to 1881, Thurman was a member of the United States Senate, where he served on the judiciary committee and on the electoral commission of 1877, and was a leader of the party and an authority on constitutional questions. He had been a candidate for the Presidential nomination, and in 1888 he accepted the second place on the ticket with Grover Cleveland. In the election Cleveland and Thurman were defeated by Harrison and Morton. Senator Thurman died in Columbus, O., Dec. 12, 1895. Thurston, LORRIN A., diplomatist; born in Hawaii; studied law in Columbia College in 1880-81; practised in Honolulu, where he also published the Daily Bulletin in 1884; elected to the legislature in 1886; prominent in the reform movement of 1887; minister of the interior in 1887-90; member of the House of Nobles in 189298; and was chairman of the commission appointed in 1893 to present to the United States government the project for the annexation of the Sandwich Islands. See HAWAII. Thwaites, REUBEN GOLD, historian; born in Dorchester, Mass., May 15, 1853; was educated at Yale College; served as editor of the Wisconsin State Journal in 1876-86; then became secretary and superintendent of the Wisconsin State Historical Society. He is the author of Historic Waterways; The Story of Wisconsin; The Colonies in 1492–1750; Afloat on the Ohio, etc. He was also editor of the Wisconsin Historical Collections (volumes ix.-xv.); Chronicles of Border Warfare; The Jesuit Relations (73 volumes); Ori. ginal Journals of Lewis and Clark (1903); etc. Tibbles, THOMAS HENRY, politician; born in Washington county, O., in 1840; joined in the movement to settle Kansas and make it a free State; became an itinerant Methodist preacher, then a Presbyterian minister, and subsequently a journalist and editor of the Independent of Lincoln, Neb. He early affiliated with the Populist party and was its candidate for vice-president in 1904. Ticknor, GEORGE, author; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1791; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1807; admitted to the bar in 1813; professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard College in 1819-35. His publications include History of Spanish Literature; the Life of General Lafayette; Report of the Board of Visitors on the United States Military Academy at West Point for 1826; Life of W. H. Prescott; etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 26, 1871. 4 miles from Ticonderoga. The whole country was covered with a dense forest, and tangled morasses lay in the way of the English. Led by incompetent guides, they were soon bewildered; and while in that condition the right column, led by Lord Howe, was suddenly attacked by a small French force. A sharp skirmish ensued. The French were repulsed with a loss of 148 men made prisoners. At the first fire Lord Howe was killed, when the greater part of the troops fell back in confusion to the landing-place. From the prisoners Abercrombie learned that a reinforcement for Montcalm was approaching. He was also told of the strength of the garrison and the condition of the fortress; but the information, false and deceptive, induced him to press forward to make an immediate attack on the fort without his artillery. This was a fatal mistake. The outer works were easily taken, but the others were guarded by abatis and thoroughly manned. Abercrombie ordered his troops to scale the works in the face of the enemy's fire (July 8), when they were met by insuperable obstacles. After a bloody conflict of four hours, the assailants were compelled to fall back to Lake George, leaving about 2,000 men dead or wounded in the forest. Abercrombie then hastened to his camp at the head of the lake. The loss of the French was inconsiderable. Pitt conceived a magnificent plan for the campaign of 1759, the principal feature of which was the conquest of all Canada, and so ending the puissance of France in America. Abercrombie, who had been unsuccessful, was superseded by Ticonderoga, OPERATIONS AT. In the Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst in the command summer of 1758 the Marquis de Mont- of the British forces in America in the calm occupied the fortress of Ticonderoga, spring of 1759. The new commander found on Lake Champlain, with about 4,000 men, 20,000 provincial troops at his disposal. French and Indians. General Abercrombie A competent land and naval force was sent personally commanded the expedition de- from England to co-operate with the signed to capture this fortress, and at Americans. The plan of operations against the beginning of July he had assembled Canada was similar to that of Phipps and at the head of Lake George about Winthrop in 1690. A powerful land and 7,000 regulars, nearly 9,000 provincials, naval force, under Gen. James Wolfe, were and a heavy train of artillery. The army to ascend the St. Lawrence and attack moved (July 5) down the lake in 900 Quebec. Another force, under Amherst, bateaux and 125 whale-boats, and spent was to drive the French from Lake Chamthe night at a place yet known (as then plain, seize Montreal, and join Wolfe at named) as Sabbath-day Point. At dawn Quebec; and a third expedition, under they landed at the foot of the lake, about General Prideaux, was to capture Fort Niagara, and then hasten down Lake On- was talked of in the Connecticut legislattario and the St. Lawrence to Montreal. ure after the affair at Lexington, and Amherst appeared before Ticonderoga (July 22, 1759) with about 11,000 men. The French commander had just heard, by Indian runners, of the arrival of Wolfe before Quebec (June 27), and immediately prepared to obey a summons to surrender. The garrison left their outer lines on the 23d and retired within the fort, and three days afterwards, without offering any resistance, they abandoned that also, partially demolished it, and fled to Crown Point. That, too, they abandoned, and fled down the lake to the Isle aux Noix, in the Sorel. Amherst pursued them only to Crown Point. several gentlemen formed the bold design of attempting their capture by surprise. With this view, about forty volunteers set out for Bennington to engage the cooperation of Ethan Allen, a native of Connecticut, and the leader of the GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS (q. v.). He readily seconded their views. They had been joined at Pittsfield, Mass., by Colonels Easton and Brown, with about forty followers. Allen was chosen the leader after the whole party reached Castleton, at twilight, on May 7. Colonel Easton was chosen to be Allen's lieutenant, and Seth Warner, of the Green Mountain Boys, was When, in 1775, it became apparent that made third in command. At Castleton war was inevitable, the importance of the Colonel Arnold joined the nartv. He had strong fortresses of Ticonderoga and heard the project spoken of in Connecticut Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, and their just as he was about to start for Campossession, became subjects of earnest con- bridge. He proposed the enterprise to the sultation among patriots. The subject Massachusetts committee of safety, and was commissioned a colonel by the Provincial Congress, and furnished with means and authority to raise not more than 400 men in western Massachusetts and lead them against the forts. On reaching Stockbridge, he was disappointed in learning that another expedition was on the way. He hastened to join it, and claimed the right to the chief command by virtue of his commission. It was emphatically refused. He acquiesced, but with a bad grace. place), and beating the door with the On the evening of the 9th they were on the shore of Lake Champlain, opposite Ticonderoga, and at dawn the next morn ing the officers and eighty men were on the beach a few rods from the fortress, sheltered by a bluff. A lad familiar with the fort was their guide. Following him, they ascended stealthily to the sally-port, where a sentinel snapped his musket and retreated into the fort, closely followed by the invaders, who quickly penetrated to the parade. With a tremendous shout the New-Englanders awakened the sleeping garrison, while Allen ascended the outer staircase of the barracks to the In June, 1777, with about 7,000 men, chamber of the commander (Captain Dela- Lieutenant-General Burgoyne left St. Two |