crept through the prairie grass, and with horrid yells fell upon Harrison's camp. The whole camp was soon awakened, and their fires were extinguished. A desperate fight ensued. Nineteen-twentieths of the troops had never seen a battle. The combat soon extended to almost the whole square. The Indians advanced and retreated several times until, after daylight, they were attacked and dispersed by the mounted men, leaving forty of their dead

was a battalion of United States infantry under Capt. W. C. Bean, acting as major, with Capt. R. C. Barton, of the regulars, in immediate command. These were supported on the right by four companies of Indiana militia, led respectively by Captains Snelling, Posey, Scott, and Warrick, the whole commanded by Lieut.-Col. L. Decker. The right flank, 80 yards wide, was filled with mounted riflemen under Captain Spencer. The left, about 150 yards in extent, was composed of on the field. Harrison's loss was upward mounted riflemen under Maj.-Gen. S. of sixty killed, and twice

as many

Wells, and led by Cols. F. Geiger and wounded. The mounted men rode to the David Robb. Two troops of dragoons Prophet's town and found it entirely deunder Col. J. H. Daviess, were stationed serted. They had left much that was in the rear of the first line, and at a right- valuable behind. The town was burned, angle with those companies was a troop and Harrison deemed it prudent to make of cavalry as a reserve, under Capt. B. a speedy retreat, encumbered as he was Parke. In the centre were the wagons, with the wounded. He destroyed much baggage, officers' tents, etc. Having sup- of the baggage of the army to afford ped, Harrison gave instructions to the transportation to the wounded, and several officers, and very soon the whole fell back to Vincennes. This battle camp, excepting the sentinels on duty, were of Tippecanoe gave Harrison desoundly slumbering. There was a slight cided military reputation. The battledrizzle of rain, and the darkness was in- ground is close by Battle Ground, a tense. little town near the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago Railway, in Indiana. The battle-field, yet covered with the same oaks as at the time of the con

In the camp of the Prophet all were awake, prepared to execute his orders, and after midnight (Nov. 7) the warriors

a

there were exported to England in three
years 40,000,000 lbs., of which about one-
half was re-exported and the remainder
consumed in England.

The following shows the production in
pounds of manufactured tobacco in the
United States in the calendar year 1899:
Chewing, smoking, and snuff.... 286,453,738
Cigars and cigarettes.
Exports, domestic..
Exports, foreign.

106,855,524 346,823,677

1,847,637

741,980,576

test, belongs to the State of Indiana, Carolina. The disappointed planters aswhich has enclosed about 7 acres. sembled, and in a riotous manner cut up Tobacco, a plant so called by the the tobacco-plants extensively. They were natives of Haiti, or Santo Domingo. It prosecuted. Several of them were found played an important part in the early guilty, and, under advice from England, history of Virginia, and was found there some of them were executed-not for the under cultivation by the natives by the act of cutting the plants alone, but for a first adventurers sent by Raleigh, and violation of a colonial act which proby them introduced into England, where nounced the assembling of eight or more its use rapidly increased. Ralph Lane and persons to destroy crops of any kind to be his companions, who went back to Eng- high treason. It was afterwards cultiland from Virginia with Sir Francis vated in other English-American colonies, Drake, carried with them the first to- and at the middle of the last century bacco seen in that country, and Sir Walter introduced it to the Queen and the nobility. When the English became seated at Jamestown, they began its cultivation, and it soon became the staple agricultural product of the colony, and their chief source of revenue. Within less than ten years it became the standard currency of the colonies, by the price of which values were regulated. The standard price was about 66 cents a pound. For the seven years ending in 1621, the annual exportation of tobacco to England from Virginia averaged about 143,000 lbs. King James tried to suppress its inordinate use, and wrote A Counter-blast Tocqueville, ALEXIS CHARLES HENRI to Tobacco; and in May, 1621, Parliament CLEREL, COUNT DE, statesman; born in passed a bill for that purpose, by which Paris, France, July 29, 1805; became a no tobacco was allowed to be imported into lawyer in 1827; visited the United States England except from Virginia and the with Gustave de Beaumont in 1831 to Somers Isles (Bermudas), and none was study the penitentiary system. Returnallowed to be planted in England. It was ing to France he there advocated the also subject to a crown duty of 6d. per solitary method as practised in the penipound. In 1624 the King forbade by proc- tentiary of Cherry Hill, Philadelphia, and lamation its cultivation except in Vir- was largely instrumental in entirely reginia and the Somers Isles. Finally, by modelling not only the penitentiary sysrelaxing restrictions, it became a source tem of France, but of the continent. of large revenue to England, amounting He was the author of The Penitentiary in 1676 to $775,000. In 1680 it had fallen System of the United States and its Apin price to a penny a pound, and the plication in France (with Gustave de colonists were not able to buy common Beaumont); Democracy in America; On necessaries. They petitioned for permis- the Penitentiary System in the Unitsion to resort to an old plan for reducing ed States and the Confidential Mission production and so raising the price by a for the Minister of the Interior of MM. cessation of crops for a year or two. The de Beaumont and de Tocqueville, etc. inhabitants of several counties signed a He died in Cannes, France, April 16, petition to the governor to call a special 1859.

Total
Less imports.
Net

17,107,839

724,872,737

session of the Assembly for that purpose. Tod, DAVID, diplomatist; born in The governor, alarmed by symptoms of Youngstown, O., Feb. 21, 1805; admitted a new rebellion, did so (April 18); but that body proceeded no further than to petition the King to order a "stint," or cessation," in Virginia, Maryland, and

66

to the bar in 1827 and practised in Warren for fifteen years; was a member of the State Senate in 1838; minister to Brazil in 1847-52; delegate to the Charleston

convention in 1860; and governor of Ohio in 1861. He died in Youngstown, O., Nov. 13, 1868.

schools and at Ypsilanti Normal School, in Michigan; admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of California in 1881; and Todd, CHARLES BURR, author; born in practised there for several years. She Redding, Conn., Jan. 9, 1849; received a wrote Prof. Goldwin Smith and His Satelpublic school education; taught school lites in Congress; Protective Tariff Defor several years; was appointed secre- lusion; Pizarro and John Sherman; and tary of the commission to print the early Railroads of Europe and America. records of New York City in 1895. His Todd, THOMAS, jurist; born in King publications include History of the Burr and Queen county, Va., Jan. 23, 1765; Family; History of Redding, Conn.; Life served in the latter part of the Revolution and Letters of Joel Barlow; Story of the with the Continental army; became a City of New York; Story of Washington, lawyer in 1786; was appointed clerk of the National Capital; Lance Cross and the United States court for the district Canoe in the Valley of the Mississippi of Kentucky, and when it became a State (with Rev. W. H. Milburn); A Brief in 1799 was made clerk of the court of History of New York, etc. appeals; became chief-justice of the court in 1806. He was appointed an associate justice of the United States Supreme

Todd, CHARLES SCOTT, military officer; born near Danville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1791; graduated at William and Mary College in 1809; was a subaltern and judge advocate of Winchester's division of Kentucky volunteers in 1812; made captain of infantry in May, 1813; and was aide to General Harrison in the battle of the THAMES (q. v.). In March, 1815, he was made inspector-general, with the rank of colonel; and in 1817 was secretary of State of Kentucky. In 1820 he was confidential agent to Colombia, and in 1841-45 was United States minister to Russia. He died in Baton Rouge, La., May 17, 1871.

Todd, JOHN, military officer; born in Montgomery county, Pa., in 1750; was adjutant-general to Gen. Andrew Lewis in the action of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774; accompanied DANIEL BOONE (q. v.) on an exploring tour as far as Bowling Green, Ky., in 1775; settled near Lexington, Ky., in 1776; represented Kentucky county in the Virginia legislature in the same year; was commissioned colonel in 1777; for two years was commandant of the civil government of that county, which subsequently was made the State of Illinois. He was killed while leading his forces against the Indians at the Blue Licks, Ky., Aug. 19, 1782.

CHARLES SCOTT TODD.

Court, Feb. 7, 1826, but died in Frankfort,
Ky., on the same day.

Tohopeka, or Horseshoe Bend, BATTLE
AT. In February, 1814, troops from east
Tennessee were on the march to reinforce
Jackson for the purpose of striking a
finishing blow at the power of the Creek
Indians. About 2,000 of them pressed

Todd, MARION, lawyer; born in Plym- towards the Coosa, and at the same time outh, N. Y.; educated in Eaton Rapids a similar number from west Tennessee

were making their way into Alabama. peninsula, near the river, was a village of Colonel Williams, with 600 regulars, log-huts, where hundreds of canoes were reached Fort Strother on Feb. 6. Other moored, so that the garrison might have troops soon joined them, and the Choctaw the means of escape if hard pushed. They Indians openly espoused the cause of the had an ample supply of food for a long United States. At the close of February, siege. They were about 1,200 in number,

There the Indians determined to defend themselves to the last extremity.

Jackson found himself at the head of one-fourth being women and children. 5,000 men. Supplies were gathered, and at the middle of March the troops were ready to move. Meanwhile the Creeks, from experience, had such premonitions of disaster that they concentrated their forces at the bend of the Tallapoosa River, in the northeast part of Tallapoosa county, Ala., at a place called Tohopeka, or Horseshoe Bend, a peninsula containing about 100 acres of land. White men from Pensacola and half-bloods hostile to the United States aided them in building a strong breastwork of logs across the neck of the peninsula. They pierced it with two rows of port-holes, arranged in such a manner as to expose the assailants to a cross-fire from within. Back of this was a mass of logs and brush; and at the foot of the

To this stronghold Jackson marched, sending his stores down the Coosa in flatboats; and on the morning of March 27 he halted within a few miles of the breastworks at Tohopeka. His spies soon informed him of the position of the Indians. He sent General Coffee, with all the mounted men and friendly Indians, to cross the river two miles below and take position opposite the village at the foot of the peninsula. Then he pressed forward and planted two cannon within 80 yards of the breastworks on the neck, and opened fire upon them. As the small balls were buried in the logs and earth the Indians sent up a shout of derision and defied their

Toledo, a city and county seat of Lucas county, O., near the junction of the Maumee River and Maumee Bay. Its early name was the Miami of the Lakes, which in time gave way to that of the Lady of the Lakes. Long before the whites settled here the place was a noted fishing resort of the Miami Indians. Subsequently it became a trading-post. It was not till after the victory of General Wayne at Fallen Timbers that it was possible for the whites to settle here. Population (1900) 131,822.

assailants. Coffee, with some Cherokees, they had no heart to make a stand any. swam across the river and seized the boats, where else. with which quite a body of troops were enabled to cross at once. These burned the Indian village and approached the enemy in their rear, but were too few to dislodge the Indians. Meanwhile Jackson had been vainly battering the works on the neck with cannon-balls, and he proceeded to storm them. In the face of a tempest of bullets they pressed forward. The leader of the storming-party (Maj. L. P. Montgomery) leaped upon the breastworks and called upon his men to follow. He was shot dead, when Ensign Sam Houston (afterwards conqueror and President of Texas, United States Senator, etc.), who was wounded in the thigh by a barbed arrow, leaped down among the Indians and called upon his companions to follow. They did so, and fought like tigers. Their dexterous use of the bayonet caused the Indians to break their line and flee in wild confusion to the woods that covered the peninsula.

Toledo War, a contest regarding the boundary-line between the State of Ohio and the Territory of Michigan in 1835-37. Owing to both the State and the Territory taking possession of a disputed section of land, each appealed to President Jackson for a settlement of the difficulty. He, however, refused to interfere, whereupon the governor of Ohio called out the State militia and the governor of Michigan Territory took possession of Toledo. Just as matters were assuming a threat

Michigan into the Union as a State, June 15, 1836, on conditions regarding the boundary-line which were formally accepted.

Believing torture awaited every captive, not one of them would suffer himself to be taken or ask for quarter. Some ening phase, Congress decided to admit attempted to escape by swimming across the river, but were shot by Tennessee sharp-shooters. Others secreted themselves in thickets, and were driven out and slain; and a considerable number took refuge under the river bluffs, where they were covered by a part of the breastworks and felled trees. To the latter Jackson sent a messenger, telling them their lives should be spared if they would surrender. He was fired upon. A cannon brought to bear upon the stronghold effected little. Then the general called for volunteers to storm it, and wounded Ensign Houston was the first to step out. Nothing could be effected until the torch was applied; and as the Indians rushed out from the flames they were shot down without mercy. The carnage continued until late in the evening; and when it ended 557 Creek warriors lay dead on the peninsula. Of 1,000 who went into the battle in the morning, not more than 200 were alive, The General Assembly of Maryland, and many of these were severely wounded. convened at St. Mary's, April 2, 1649, Jackson lost thirty-two killed and ninety- after enacting severe punishments for vine wounded. The Cherokees lost eighteen the crime of blasphemy, and declarKilled and thirty-six wounded. This blow ing that certain penalties should be broke the proud spirit of the Creeks, and inflicted upon any one who should call

Toleration Acts. At a General Court of Elections, held at Portsmouth, beginning May 19, 1647, for "the colonie and province of Providence," after adopting many acts and orders concerning the govern ment and for the punishment of crimes, it was decreed that "These are the laws that concern all men, and these are the penalties for the transgression thereof, which by common consent are ratified and established throughout the whole colony; and otherwise than thus, what is herein forbidden, all men may walk as their consciences persuade them, every one in the name of his God." This act of toleration was so broad and absolute that it would include Christian, Jew, Mohammedan, Parsee, Buddhist, or pagan.