Signal direction of approach or signalling the code letter "L" (· - · ·) if a better landing place for the craft in distress is located more to the left in the direction of approach. By night-Horizontal motion of a white light or flare, followed by the placing of the white light or flare on the ground and the carrying of another white light or flare in the direction to be indicated or firing of a red star-signal vertically and a white star-signal in the direction towards the better landing place or signalling the code letter "S" (···) followed by code letter "R" () if a better landing place for the craft in distress is located more to the right in the direction of approach or signalling the code letter "L" (· — · ·) if a better landing place for the craft in distress is located more to the left in the direction of approach. Signification "Landing here highly dangerous. A more favourable location for landing is in the direction indicated." (c) Signals to be employed in connection with the use of shore life-saving (d) Signals used by aircraft engaged on search and rescue operations to direct ships towards an aircraft, ship or person in distress (see explanatory NOTE below): (i) The following procedures performed in sequence by an aircraft mean that the aircraft is directing a surface craft towards an aircraft or a surface craft in distress: SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA (1) circling the surface craft at least once; (2) crossing the projected course of the surface craft close ahead at a low altitude, opening and closing the throttle or changing the propeller pitch; (3) heading in the direction in which the surface craft is to be directed. Repetition of such procedures has the same meaning. (ii) The following procedure performed by an aircraft means that the assistance of the surface craft to which the signal is directed is no longer required: -crossing the wake of the surface craft close astern at a low altitude, opening and closing the throttle or changing the propeller pitch. NOTE: Advance notification of changes in these signals will be given by the Organization as necessary. Regulation 17 Pilot Ladders Ships engaged on voyages in the course of which pilots are likely to be employed shall comply with the following requirements respecting pilot ladders: (a) The ladder shall be kept in good order and for use only by officials and other persons while a ship is arriving at or leaving a port, and for embarkation and disembarkation of pilots. (b) The ladder shall be secured in a position so that each step rests firmly against the ship's side and so that the pilot can gain safe and convenient access to the ship after climbing not less than 5 feet (or 1.5 metres) and not more than 30 feet (or 9 metres). A single length of ladder shall be used capable of reaching sea level in all normal conditions of trim of the ship. Whenever the distance from sea level to the point of access to the ship is more than 30 feet (or 9 metres), access from the pilot ladder to the ship shall be by means of an accommodation ladder or other equally safe and convenient means. (c) The treads of the ladder shall be not less than 19 inches (or 48 centimetres) long, 4 inches (or 11 4 centimetres) wide and 1 inch (or 2.5 centimetres) in depth. Steps shall be joined in such a manner as will provide a ladder of adequate strength whose treads are maintained in a horizontal position and not less than 12 inches (or 30.5 centimetres) or more than 15 inches (or 38 centimetres) apart. (d) A man-rope, properly secured, and a safety line shall be available and ready for use if required. (e) Arrangements shall be such that: (i) The rigging of the ladder and the embarkation and disembarkation of a pilot is supervised by a responsible officer of the ship. SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA (ii) Handholds are provided to assist the pilot to pass safely and conveniently from the head of the ladder into the ship or on to the ship's deck. (f) If necessary spreaders shall be provided at such intervals as will prevent the ladder from twisting. (g) At night a light shining overside shall be available and used and the deck at the position where the pilot boards the ship shall be adequately lit. (h) Ships with rubbing bands or other ships whose construction makes it impossible to comply fully with the provision that the ladder shall be secured at a place where each step will rest firmly against the ship's side shall comply with this provision as closely as possible. CHAPTER VI.-CARRIAGE OF GRAIN Regulation 1 Unless expressly provided otherwise, this Chapter applies to the carriage of grain in all ships to which the present Regulations apply. Regulation 2 The term grain" includes wheat, maize (corn), oats, rye, barley, rice, pulses and seeds. Regulation 3 Where grain is loaded in a ship, all necessary and reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent the grain from shifting. If any hold or compartment is entirely filled with bulk grain, the grain shall be trimmed so as to fill ail the spaces between the beams and in the wings and ends. Regulation 4 Stowage of full holds and compartments Subject to the provisions of Regulation 6 of this Chapter, if any hold or compartment is entirely filled with bulk grain it shall be divided either by a longitudinal bulkhead or shifting boards in line with, or not more than 5 per cent. of the moulded breadth of the ship from, the centre line or by longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards off the centre line of the ship provided that the distance between them shall not exceed 60 per cent. of the moulded breadth of the ship and that in the latter case trimming hatches of suitable size shall be provided in the wings at longitudinal intervals of not more than 25 feet (or 7.62 metres) with end trimming hatches placed not more than 12 feet (or 3·66 metres) from transverse bulkheads. In every case the longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards shall be properly constructed and fitted grain-tight with proper fillings between the beams. In holds such longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards shall extend downwards from the underside of the deck to a distance of at least one-third of the depth of the hold or 8 feet (or 2 44 metres) whichever is the greater. In compartments in 'tween decks and superstructures they shall extend from deck to deck. In all cases the longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards shall extend to the top of the feeders of the hold or compartment in which they are situated. Provided that in the case of ships loaded with bulk grain other than linseed in which a metacentric height (after correction for the free surface effects of liquids in tanks) is maintained throughout the voyage of not less than 12 inches (or 0.31 metres) in the case of one or two deck ships and not less than 14 inches (or 0.36 metres) in the case of other ships, longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards need not be fitted: (a) below and within 7 feet (or 2.13 metres) of a feeder, but only in way of a hatchway, if that feeder contains, or all the feeders collectively feeding a compartment contain, not less than 5 per cent. of the quantity of grain carried in the compartment which is fed; (b) in feeders which meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this Regulation and which have such dimensions that the free grain surface will remain within the feeders throughout the voyage after allowing for a sinkage of grain amounting to 2 per cent. of the volume of the compartment fed and a shift of the free grain surface to an angle of 12 degrees to the horizontal; in this case the possible effects of the above mentioned movement of the free grain surfaces within the feeders shall be taken into account in calculating the metacentric height given above; (c) in way of the hatchway where the bulk grain beneath the hatchway is trimmed in the form of a saucer hard up to the deckhead beyond the hatchway and is topped off with bagged grain or other suitable bagged cargo extending to a height in the centre of the saucer of not less than 6 feet (or 1·83 metres) above the top of the bulk grain (measured below the deck line); the bagged grain or other suitable bagged cargo shall fill the hatchway and the saucer below and shall be stowed tightly against the deck head, the longitudinal bulkheads, the hatchway beams and the hatchway side and end coamings. Regulation 5 Stowage of partly filled holds and compartments Subject to the provisions of Regulation 6 of this Chapter, if any hold or compartment is partly filled with bulk grain : (a) it shall be divided by a longitudinal bulkhead or shifting boards, in line with, or not more than 5 per cent. of the moulded breadth of the ship from, the centre line or by longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards off the centre line of the ship provided that the distance between them shall not exceed 60 per cent. of the moulded breadth of the ship. In every case the longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards shall be properly constructed and shall extend from the bottom of the hold or deck, as the case may be, to a height of not less than 2 feet (or 0.61 metres) above the surface of the bulk grain. Provided that, except in the case of holds partly filled with linseed in bulk, longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards need not |