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names of every artist employed, the wages they receive 1, and the price of every article uscu, as far as the account continucs.

The amount of the wages dur ing the whole time of this account, was 3501. 125. old.; and of the materials used in the building, 1581. 4s. 41d.; making together 5081. 168. 51⁄2d.

These works were not completed for several years after the termination of this account; but on the 6th of August 1348, in the 22d year of Edward III. that king, by his royal charter, recited that a spacious chapel, situate within the palace of Westminster, in honour of St. Stephen, protomartyr, had been nobly begun by his progenitors, and had been completed at his own expence, which, to the honour of Almighty God, and especially of the blessed Mary his mother, and of the said martyr, he ordained, constituted and appointed to be collegiate.

Notwithstanding this constitution of the college, yet it is evident that the chapel was not then finished for on the 18th of March, 135, in the 24th Edward lil. the king appointed Hugh de St. Albans, then master of the painters for the works within the chapel, to take and choose as many painters, and other workmen, as should be necessary for carrying on the works in the chapel, as he should find in the counties of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, Surry, and Sussex; such workmen to be employed and paid at the expence of the king. Rymer's Fœdera, tom. 5, p. 670.

A like appointment was made of John Athelard, for the counties of Lincoln, Northampton, Oxford Warwick, and Leicester; and of

Benedi&t Nightengale, for the coun ties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, N ri., and Suffolk.

June 4th, 1363, according to Ry. Again in the 37th Edward III. mer, William de Walsingham was appointed to take a suficient num ber of painters and workmen, to be cinployed at the charge of the within the royal palace. Unfor king, in the chapel of St. Stephen, tunately the accounts of these workmen have not come to our view.

King Edward III. erected for the use of this college, at some distance west, in the Little Sanctuary, out of the place court, a strong clochard, or bell tower, of stone and timber, covered with lead; and placed therein three great bells, which were afterwards usually rung at coronations, triumphs, and fune

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of princes, which gave such ge sound,that it was commonly they soured all the drink in the town. Howell's Londinopo5, p. 378.

sa.

This college of St. Stephen was valued at the suppression to be worth 10851. 10s. 5d. and was surrendered in the first year of king Edward VI. A list of the deans and canons of this college may be seen in Newcourt's Repertorium.

The chapel of St. Stephen was soon afterwards fitted up for the meeting of the house of commons, which had before usually assembled in the chapter house of the abbey of Westminster, and has since continued to be appropriated to the same use, to the present time.

Of ancient Spain and its original Inhabitants. From Mannert's Northern Geography of the Greeks

and Romans.

THE

THE name of Spain is probably of Phoenician origin. The Ro. mans borrowed it from the Cartha. ginians, through whom they first became acquainted with the country. The Greeks every where call it Iberia, without attaching always the same idea to the denomination. The elder Greeks, till the period of the Achæan league and of their closer acquaintance with Roman affairs, understood by it the whole sea-coast from the columns of Hercules to the mouth of the Rhine: because throughout this district, the Iberi were to be found, sometimes apart, sometimes mingled with Ligurians. The river Ebro has its name from them.

The sea coast beyond the pillars they called i artessis. The interior of the country went long without a name among the inhabitants, because each nation considered itself as a whole, and lived nearly unconnected with its neighbours. Among the Greeks, it obtained the vague name of Kelrica; which was also applied to the whole north-west of Europe. Time altered these ideas, and the latter Greeks appropriate the name Iberia to the same country which the Romans called Hispania. Even this last name the Greeks occasionally use, but understand by it the region between the Pyrenées and iber or Ebro. Not till the second or third century was the Latin name fully received into the Greek tongue, although earlier in stances occur. Hesperia, or the west country, is a common name among the Greek poets both for Italy and Spain; for the latter, with the occasional epithet ultima.

History mentions as the most an

cient se:tle inhabitants of the country in the western parts, the Kynete; and on the southern coast, the Tartessians beyond the Iberians within the Pillars of Her cules. Part of the latter, between the Pyrenees and the Ebro, were known by the name of Igleta. Herodotus learned these from the Phocaans; so that our first notices of the country reach back to the times of the early Per sian kings. I pass over the fable of Luscus and Pan, Generals of Bacchus, said to have given their names to Lusitania and Hispania.

names

Herodotus also notices some intruded tribes, the Phoenicians who had colonized the coasts, and the Celts who had wandered into, the interior. These dwell less west. ward than the Kynetæ, and pro bably in the same regions in which we find them at a later period; and these were probably the only Celts or Kelts of whom the Phoenicians had experimental knowledge; which occasions Herodotus to place erroneously among a city, Pyrene, near to which he supposes the Danube to rise.

Whether the Phoenicians or the Kelts were the earlier intruders cannot be ascertained. Both their emigrations precede the beginning of authentic history. The build. ing of Gadeir, their chief sea-port, by the Phoenicians, is placed soon after the Trojan war. The in trusion of the Kelts loses itself in the midst of antiquity. Later history mentions them to have come from beyond the Pyrenées, to have waged long wars with the Iberi, and finally to have melted into one nation; which under the name of Keltiberi, possessed a considerable

tract

tract of land in the south, and was noted for its bravery, during the wars between the Carthaginians and the Romans. The union was not general; only the inhabitants of the south became one nation with the Kelts; the other Iberi re. mained unmixed. From the great Keltic army some tribes separated, who established themselves near to the mouth of the river Anas (Guadiana). Another portion occupied the north-west extremity under the name of Artabri. The former preserved the general name of Kelts.

The Greeks established some colonies along the coast of Iberi within the columns: but, except the Saguntum of the Lakyntihans and the Emporium of the Massilians or Phocæans, they were of little importance.

All the numerous tribes, therefore, which are afterwards found in Spain, may be divided, 1. into the unmixed aboriginal inhabitants, and II. into the tribes wholly or partially composed of intruders. The former occupied the east and west coast of the ocean, the Pyrenées, and great part of the country east of the Iber. It cannot be proved that the north-west inhabitants are the same with the proper Iberi of the south-east: but I find no obstacle to this opinion. To these belong the Lusitani, Karpetani, Kallaiki, and Vakkæi, of the west; the Asturian, Cantabrian and Vask, of the north; the inhabitants of the Pyrénées, through whose territory many hordes passed without staying, and some tribes dwelling along the Iber, of the east; finally, the inhabitants of the highlands, of Ortospeda, the Oretani Olkadi, and

Bastitani, of the south. The language, manners, and weapons of these people are alike: they ate one people in many subdivisions.

The mixed tribes may be again divided into the Keltiberi and the people of the south-coast. The former comprehend in a manner all the inland inhabitants of the south. The Kelts chiefly struggled with the Iberi in the neigh. bourhood of the river so called; but after the incorporation they jointly occupied the mountainous country on the west of the Iber, as far as the source of the Durius and Tagus. This was Keltiberia in its narrowest import: but the nation, having multiplied greatly, dispos sessed or reduced to slavery several tribes, as the Vakkæi, Karpetain, Oretani, &c. who are thence incor rectly reckoned as a part of it.

The people of the coast beyond the pillars are a mixture of the na tives with Phoenicians; and, with in the pillars, a mixture of the na tives with Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians. Their commerce with strangers destroyed all pecu liarity of character. At first, they learned the Punic, afterward the Roman language and manners. The commerce to which they were devoted, habituated them to assume every form. For this reason, the inlanders despised them, made in roads on them, and forced them to recur for defence to foreign pro tection. The Keltiberians, on the contrary, prided themselves on retaining their native savageness of dress, weapons, language, and

manners.

More will be said of the pecu, liarities of each people, when the description of their boundaries is undertaken. Thus much was ne,

cessary

essary to prepare a clear survey of tinguish the Paonians from the

he remainder.

Of the Illyrians and Pannonians.

From the same.

The Illyrians are probably of the same stem with the Thracians; at least, the elder writers, who had visited the country or conversed with natives of it, confound them together whereas the Kelts are always contradistinguished from them, even when resident among them. Of all the European nations, the Illyrians and Thracians only had the practice of tattooing their bodies. Their original language is probably preserved in the Epirotic dialect of the present times: but in Illyria itself, the Slavonian tribes have wholly extinguished every other tongue. The eastern continuation of the Alps comprised the ancient dwel. lings of the Illyrian nations. From the Julian Alps, the high lands spread uninterrupted between the Save and the Adriatic to the Hamus and to Macedon. Of this mountainous district, the Illyrians Occupied the southern declivity, together with the sea-coast, from about Aquileia to the modern Epirus.

On these very mountains, down the southern declivity towards the Save, were the oldest seats of the Pæonians, as the Greeks styled them of the Pannonians, as the Latins called them. They extended from the Ukraine to Macedonia. Thus Strabo specifies their station, and he flourished while Augustus and Tiberius were in con. fict with them; his account is confirmed by Velleius Paterculus, and Appian, from the commentaries of Augustus..

Strabo does not in any thing dis-
VOL. XXXVIII.

other Illyrians. Herodotus, who knew them experimentally, does not indeed expressly reckon them as a branch of the Thracian stem, because he says that the quantity of single tribes is too great to be enumerated: but he knows only of Thracians on the south side of the Danube; he describes them as covering many districts, and places among them the Paonians by the Strymon and the Drino, without distinguishing them from Thra cians;-and as he deduces the Pæonians from the Teucri of Asia, he farther corroborates the opinion of their being of Thracian race, whose Asiatic origin is certain. If the Thracians be one race with the Pæonians and Illyrians, the Kelts must not be derived from the Thracians; for the Romans constantly discriminate between the language and warfare of Kelts and Illyrians. Thucydides also notices the Pacnians in this site.

Perhaps, in elder periods, they had extended their seats farther north unto the Danube, and were compressed in the southern mountains by the Kelts; who, as I shal! shew, overflowed at one period the whole south of Hungary. Certain it is that the Romans found towns of the Pannonians only about the Save-but, when the Kelts were repulsed, and the plains emotied, the Pannonians began to migrate from their mountains into the champaign, and to extend their habitations to the Danube. At this pe ried, probably under Claudius, Pannonia obtained its constitution and boundary as a Roman province; although fortresses had long before been raised along the river. The original district of the Pannonians materially differs, it should Hḥ

be

be remembered, from the Roman Mount Thaguron (oxysen "qu province of Pannonia.

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Dion Cassius, himself a governor of Upper Pannonia, blames the Greeks for confounding the Pæonians near Macedon with the Pannonians near the Danube: but as he supports his opinions on slight grounds, and would derive the name Pannonia from pannis, (the material of their large sleeves), it seems more rational to reject his notion, trusting rather to Strabo, -Velleius, and Appian, who place the Pæonians and Pannonians all along these mountains. His error is natural enough to one who first knew the Pannonians in modern Hungary, in a tutored agricultural state, and had only heard of the rude Pæonians of Macedon; be tween which nations, much of Illyria and Masia seemed to interpose.

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Serica is bounded on the west by Scythia, on the north-cast by an unknown country, on the south by India beyond the Ganges, and also by the Sine in a latitude of about 35. This comprehends Koshotey, the Chinese province of Shiensi, Mongolia, and part of Siberia. The people are cailed Sêres.

The southern part of the country has many mountains, which are continuations of those in Scythia; such as the Aszak mountains in the Russian province Nertshink; and consequently they have been already mentioned. Still farther south, occur the Asmirean mountains (Aopięara dgn) which form the northern limit of the desert of Kobi. To these adjoin the Kasian mountains, which stretch along the Chinese wall,

stretches from south to north at the eastern end of the Kasian mountains, and must be that part of the Mongolian chain which meets the river Hoang-ho. Next lie the Emodian mountains, which extend from the north of Thibet towards the province Shiensi; of which the Ottorokorras, (To Orrogozoggas,) on which many rivers rise that fall into the Yellow river, is a portion.

sus.

Two great rivers water the må. jor part of Serica. First, the Oichardes, of which the northern source is to be sought in the moun tains of Aszak. A second stream of it comes from the Asmiræan mountains of the south-east in the 47 degree of latitude. Farther west, where the main stream inclines towards the Emodian mountains, a third tributary river arises, underthe 44th degree of latitude, but more to the north than the BautiThis latter arm is undoubt." edly the Erzineh, which loses itself in the desert of Sohuk, or in the lake Sopu. The eastern stream can hardly be any other than the river Onghen; which, like the Erzineh, never mingles with the main stream, but in a manner approaches it. Ptolemæus, it should seem, had two accounts before him: an intervening district was unknown to both his travellers: it was only from probability that he conducted their several rivers into the great "oné.“ The main stream, Oichardes, then, must be the Selenga; which, according to the geographer, takes a southerly direction.

Secondly, the Bautisus (or, ac. cording to the edition of Erasmu the Bautes) has its source in the north by the Kasian mountains on the bor. ders of Serica in the 430 degree of

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