SECTION I. On the Genuineness and Authenticity of 1. Origin of the Appellation, Catholic Epistles.-II. Its SECTION II. On the General Epistle of James. I. Account of the Author of this Epistle.-II. Its Genu- ineness and Authenticity.-III. To whom addressed. -IV. Its Scope.-V. Synopsis of its Contents.- SECTION III. On the First General Epistle of Peter. I. Account of the Apostle Peter.-II. Genuineness and Canonical Authority of this Epistle.-III. To whom written.-IV. Of the Place whence it was sent.- SECTION IV. On the Second General Epistle of Peter. SECTION V. On the First General Epistle of John. I. Genuineness and Canonical Authority.-II. Date.- III. Of the Persons to whom this Epistle was written. -IV. Its Occasion and Scope.-Account of the false Teacher whose Principles are refuted by the Apostle. -V. Synopsis of its Contents.-VI. The Question 358 358-360 360-362 362-364 I. The Genuineness of this Book shown, 1. From Ex- ternal Evidence; 2. From Internal Characters.- II. Its Date.-III. Occasion and Scope.-IV. Synopsis APPENDIXES. 1. ON THE SOURCES OF THE FIRST THREE GOS- I. Different Hypotheses stated.-II. Examination of the Hypothesis, that the Evangelists abridged or copied from each other.-III. Examination of the Hypothe- sis, that the Evangelists derived their Information from a primary Greek or Hebrew Document.- IV. Examination of the Hypothesis, that they con- sulted several Documents.-V. And of the Hypothe- sis, that Oral Tradition was the Source of the first three Gospels.-VI. That the only Document con- A TABLE OF THE ORDER AND DATES BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. OF THE PLACES WHERE THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN; AS I. THE HISTORICAL BOOKS. II. THE EPISTLES OF PAUL. 2 Timothy EPISTLES. III. THE CATHOLIC OR GENERAL EPISTLES. James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John {(perhaps 2 and 3 John Jude The Revelation of Saint John TO THE CRITICAL STUDY AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. SUMMARY OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES. PART I. A SKETCH OF THE HISTORICAL AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND.1 CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. I. Names.—II. Boundaries.—III. Inhabitants before the Conquest of Canaan by the Israelites.-IV. Division by Joshua.Allotments of the Twelve Tribes.-V. The Kingdom under David and Solomon.-VI. The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel. -VII. Divisions in the Time of Jesus Christ.-VIII. Account of the City of JERUSALEM:-1. Its Situation ;-2. Names ; -3. Fortifications and Walls ;-4. State of the City before the fatal War of the Jews with the Romans;-5. Remarkable Buildings;—6. Notice of the successive Captures of the City ;-7. Sketch of its Present State.-IX. Later Divisions of Palestine:-1. Under the Romans ;-2. In the Time of the Crusades ;— -3. Modern Divisions under the Turkish Government. I. THIS country has in different ages been called by various NAMES, which have been derived either from its inhabitants, or from the extraordinary circumstances attached to it. Thus, in Ruth i. 1. and Jer. iv. 20. it is termed generally the land: and hence, both in the Old and New Testament, the word Ia, which is sometimes rendered earth, is by the context in many places determined to mean the promised land of Israel; as in Josh. ii. 3. They be come to search out all THE COUNTRY (Sept. Ty); Matt. v. 5. The meek shall inherit the EARTH (2, the land); and in Luke iv. 25. where a great famine is said to have prevailed throughout all the LAND (7 av T 2). In like manner, a, which primarily means the inhabited world, and is often so rendered, is by the connection of the discourse restrained to a particular country, as in Isa. xiii. 5. (Sept.); and to the land of Judæa, as in Luke ii. 1. xxi. 26. Acts xi. 28. and James v. 17. But the country occupied by the Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews, is in the sacred volume more particularly called, 1. The LAND OF CANAAN, from Canaan, the youngest son of Ham, and grandson of Noah, who settled here after the confusion of Babel, and divided the country among his eleven children, each of whom became the head of a numerous tribe, that ultimately became a distinct nation. (Gen. x. 15. et seq.) 2. The LAND OF ISRAEL, from the Israelites, or posterity of Jacob, having settled themselves there. This name is of most frequent occurrence in the Old Testament: it is also to be found in the New Testament (as in Matt. ii. 20, 21.); and in its larger acceptation comprehended all that tract of ground on each side the river Jordan, which God gave for an inheritance to the children of Israel. Within this extent lay all the provinces or countries visited by Jesus Christ, except Egypt, and, consequently, almost all the places mentioned or referred to in the four Gospels. 3. The LAND OF JEHOVAH, or, the LORD'S LAND (Hos. ix. 3.); that is, the land which the LORD sware...... to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them (Deut. xxx. 20.); and which he did accordingly give to the Israelites, their descendants, still reserving the ownership of it unto himself. (See As this portion of the present work is designed to exhibit only an outline of the Geography of the Holy Land, and not a complete system of Biblical Geography; the reader will find, in the Historical, Biographical, and Geographical Index, annexed to this volume, a concise notice of the principal countries and places, both in and out of Palestine, which are mentioned in the Scriptures. Lev. xxv. 23.)2 With reference to this circumstance, we meet with the appellation of the LAND OF GOD, in various parts of the Old Testament. 4. The LAND OF PROMISE (Heb. xi. 9.), from the promise made by Jehovah to Abraham, that his posterity should possess it (Gen. xii. 7. and xiii. 15.); who being termed Hebrews, this region was thence called the Land of the Hebrews.3 (Gen. xl. 15. 5. The HOLY LAND; which appellation is to this day conferred on it by all Christians, because it was chosen by God to be the immediate seat of his worship, and was consecrated by the presence, actions, miracles, discourses, and sufferings of the Lord Jesus Christ, and also because it was the residence of the holy patriarchs, prophets, and apostles. This name does not appear to have been used by the Hebrews themselves, until after the Babylonish Captivity, when we find the prophet Zechariah applying it to his country. (ii. 12.) After this period it seems to have become a common appellation: we meet with it in the apocryphal book of Wisdom (xii. 3.), and also in the second book of Maccabees. (i. 7.) The whole world was divided by the ancient Jews into two general parts, the land of Israel, and the land out of Israel, that is, all the countries inhabited by the nations of the world, or the Gentiles: to this distinction there seems to be an allusion in Matt. vi. 32. All the rest of the world, together with its inhabitants (Judæa excepted), was accounted as profane, polluted and unclean (see Isa. xxxv. 8. lii. 1. with Joel iii. 17. Amos vii. 17. and Acts x. 14.); but though the whole land of Israel was regarded as holy, as being the place consecrated to the worship of God, and the inheritance of his people, whence they are collectively styled saints, and a holy nation or people in Exod. xix. 6. Deut. vii. 6. xiv. 2. xxvi. 19. xxxiii. 3. 2 Chron. vi. 41. Psal. xxxiv. 9. 1. 5. 7. and lxxix. 2.; yet the Jews imagined particular parts to be vested with more than ordinary sanctity according to their respective situations. Thus the parts situated beyond Jordan were considered to be less holy than those on this side: walled towns were supposed to be more clean and holy than other places, because no lepers were admissible into them, and the dead were not allowed to be buried there. Even the very dust of (1 Kings ix. 26.), though they are not noticed in this place. or turn "And as for the WESTERN BORDER, ye shall have the Great Sea for a border. This shall be your west border." The Great Sea is the Mediterranean, as contrasted with the smaller seas or lakes, the Red Sea, the Salt Sea, and the Sea of Tiberias, or Galilee. 6. The LAND OF JUDAH. Under this appellation was at And this shall be your NORTH BORDER: from the Great Sea first comprised only that part of the region which was al- you shall point out Hor ha-hor, (not "Mount Hor," as renlotted to the tribe of Judah; though the whole land of Is- dered in our English Bible, confounding it with that on the rael appears to have been occasionally thus called in subse- southern border, but) "the mountain of the mountain," or quent times, when that tribe excelled all the others in dignity."the double mountain," or Mount Lebanon, which formed After the separation of the ten tribes, that portion of the land the northern frontier of Palestine, dividing it from Syria; which belonged to the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, who consisting of two great parallel ranges, called Libanus and formed a separate kingdom, was distinguished by the appel- Antilibanus, and running eastwards from the neighbourhood lation of the land of Judah (Psal. lxxvi. 1.) or of Judæa; of Sidon to that of Damascus. which last name the whole country retained during the existence of the second temple, and under the dominion of the Romans. 7. The appellation of PALESTINE, by which the whole land appears to have been called in the days of Moses (Exod. xv. 14.), is derived from the Philistines, a people who migrated from Egypt, and having expelled the aboriginal inhabitants, settled on the borders of the Mediterranean; where they became so considerable as to give their name to the whole country, though they, in fact, possessed only a small part of it. Herodotus called the whole tract of country from Syria to Egypt, by the name of Palestine; and Philo, in his book concerning Abraham, expressly says, that the region inhabited by the Canaanites was, by the Syrians, termed Palestine. The same region is also called the Syrian Palestine (Syria Palæstina) by Tacitus and other ancient geographers.4 II. The ancient geographers placed the Holy Land in the centre of the then known world. Its extent has been variously estimated; some geographers making it not to exceed one hundred and seventy or eighty miles in length, from north to south, and one hundred and forty miles from east to west in its broadest parts (or towards the south), and about seventy miles in breadth, where narrowest, towards the north. From the latest and most accurate maps, however, it appears to have extended nearly two hundred miles in length, and to have been about eighty miles in breadth about the middle, and ten or fifteen more or less, where it widens or contracts. By the Abrahamic covenant recorded in Gen. xv. 18. the original grant of the Promised Land to the Israelites, was from the river of Egypt unto the river Euphrates. The boundaries of it are thus accurately described by Moses (Num. xxxiv. 1-16.), before the Israelites entered into it: "When ye come into the land of Canaan (this is the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan, with the coasts thereof), your SOUTH QUARTER shall be from the wilderness of Zin, along by the coast of Edom," or Idumæa. This was its general description. The boundary itself is next traced: And your south border shall be the utmost coast of the Salt Sea eastward," or, as explained by Joshua's description afterwards (xv. 2-4.)," the south border of the tribe of Judah began from the bay of the Salt Sea that looketh southward;" or, by combining both, from the south-east corner of the Salt Sea, or Asphaltite Lake. "From thence, your border shall turn | southwards to the ascent of Akrabbim," or the mountains of Accaba (signifying "ascent" in Arabic), which run towards the head of the Alanitic, or Eastern gulf of the Red Sea; passing (we may presume) through the sea-ports of Elath and Eziongeber, on the Red Sea, which belonged to Solomon 1 Lightfoot, Hor. Heb. in Matt. x. 14. ; Reland, Antiquitates Hebraicæ, pp. 1. 17. Beausobre's Introduction to the New Testament. (Bp. Watson's collection of Theological Tracts, vol. iii. p. 141) This distinction of holy and unholy places and persons throws considerable light on 1 Cor. i. 28. where the Apostle, speaking of the calling of the Gentiles and the rejection of the Jews, says, that God hath chosen base things of the world, and things that are despised, yea, and things which are not (that is, the Gentiles), to bring to nought (Gr. to abolish) things that are; in other words, to become God's church and people, and so to cause the Jewish church and economy to cease. See Whitby in loc. 2 Hist. lib. viii. c. 89. Annal. lib. ii. c. 42. • Alber, Hermeneutica Vet. Test. tom. i. p. 60. "From Hor ha-hor ye shall point your border to the entrance of Hamath," which Joshua, speaking of the yet unconquered land, describes, "All Lebanon, towards the sun-rising, from (the valley of) Baal Gad, under Mount Hermon, unto the entrance of Hamath." (Josh. xiii. 5.) This demonstrates, that Hor ha-hor corresponded to all Lebanon, including Mount Hermon, as judiciously remarked by Wells, who observes, that it is not decided which of the two ridges, the northern or the southern, was properly Libanus; the natives at present call the southern so, but the Septuagint and Ptolemy called it Antilibanus." From Hamath it shall go on to Zedad, and from thence to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazar Enan" (near Damascus, Ezek. xlviii. 1). This shall be your north border. "And ye shall point out your EAST BORDER from Hazar Enan to Shephan, and the coast shall go down to Riblah on the east side of Ain ("the fountain" or springs of the river Jordan), and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the [cast] side of the sea of Chinnereth. And the border shall go down to Jordan on the east side, and the goings out of it shall be at the Salt Sea." There it met the southern border, at the southeast corner of that sea, or the Asphaltite Lake. "This shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about" in circuit.9 Such was the admirable geographical chart of the Land of Promise, dictated to Moses by the God of Israel, and described with all the accuracy of an eye-witness. Of this region, however, the Israelites were not put into immediate possession. In his first expedition, Joshua subdued all the southern department of the Promised Land, and in his second the northern, having spent five years in both (Josh. xi. 18.): what Joshua left unfinished of the conquest of the whole, was afterwards completed by David and Solomon. (2 Sam. viii. 3—14. 2 Chron. ix. 26.) In the reign of the latter was realized the Abrahamic covenant in its full extent. And Solomon reigned over all the kingdoms from the river (Euphrates) unto the land of the Philistines, and the border of Egypt :for he had dominion over all the region on this side the river (Euphrates) from Tipsah (or Thapsacus situated thereon) even to Azzah (or Gaza with her towns and villages), "unto the river" of Egypt, southward, "and the Great Sea," westward (Josh. xv. 47.), even over all the kings on this side the river (Euphrates). 1 Kings iv. 21. 24.10 But the Israelites did not always retain possession of this tract, as is shown in the succeeding pages. It lies far within the temperate zone, and between 31 and 33 degrees of north latitude, and was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean or Great Sea, as it is often called in the Scriptures; on the east by Arabia; on the south by the river of Egypt (or the river Nile, whose eastern branch was reckoned the boundary Joshua (xv. 3.) interposes two additional stations, Hezron and Karkaa, before and after Addar, or Hazar Addar, which are not noticed by Moses. This termination of the southern border westwards, is exactly conformable to the accounts of Herodotus and Pliny the former represents Mount Casius lying between Pelusium and the Sirbonic lake, as the boundary between Egypt and Palestine Syria (iii. 5.); the latter reckoned the Sirbonic lake itself as the boundary. (Nat. Hist. v. 13.) The Septuagint Version has judiciously rendered it, apa тo ópos To • Dr. Hale's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. pp. 414-416. |