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is municipal property, 0.1 per cent. belongs to foundations, 2 per cent. is ecclesiastical property, 0-2 per cent. is held in trust, and 66.1 per cent. belongs in fee simple to private individuals. There are 2,348,107 owners who hold 15,027,889 jochs (1 joch 1:43 acre) in properties of from 8 to 30 jochs; 118,981 owners of from 30 to 200 jochs, whose aggregate holdings amount to 6,741,000 jochs; 13,757 proprietors, whose possessions range up to 1,000 jochs, aggregating 14,240,000 jochs; 4,695 proprietors of from 1,000 to 10,000 jochs, who have altogether 6,660,000 jochs; and 231 whose estates exceed 10,000 jochs and make 3,939,000 jochs in the aggregate. The area devoted to cereal crops is 8,021,000 hectares, of which 2,776,000 are under wheat, 1,828,000 under Indian corn, 1,126,000 under barley, 1,122,000 under rye, and 1,045,000 under oats. Vineyards occupy 353,000 hectares; the sugar-beet, 39,000; tobacco, 56,000. Meadows and pastures cover 8,427,000, and forests 9,275,000 hectares. Finances. The budget estimates for 1890 give the following amounts, in florins, of revenue from the various sources: State debts, 4,319,139; Accountant-General's office, 1,895; Ministry ad latus, 250; Ministry of the Interior, 1,059,547; Ministry of Finance, 266,021,133; Ministry of Commerce, 62,527,635; Ministry of Agriculture, 12,282.554; Ministry of Education and Worship, 852,409; Ministry of Justice, 769,117; Ministry of Defense, 271,241; total ordinary revenue, 348,134,920; transitory revenue, 7,124,327; grand total, 355,259,247.

The expenditure for 1890, in florins, under the various heads, was estimated as follows: Civil list, 4,650,000: Cabinet chancery, 74,978; Parliament, 1,236,802; quota of common expenditure, 23,297,673; pensions, 6,372,319; national debt, 120.018,588; guaranteed railroad debts, 11,287,623; administration of Croatia, 6,063,530; Accountant-General's office, 110,100; MinisterPresidency, 335,430; ministry ad latus, 54,212; Ministry for Croatia, 36,080; Ministry of the Interior, 11,694,434; Ministry of Finance, 57,246,567; Ministry of Commerce, 45,609,595; Ministry of Agriculture, 12,428,341; Ministry of Instruction and Worship, 6,971,260; Ministry of Justice, 12.324,139; Ministry of Defense, 10,712,585; total ordinary expenditure, 330,824,256; transitory expenditure, 6,399,461; investments, 12,225,383; extraordinary common expenditure, 6,214,546; grand total, 355,663,646.

The Resignation of Tisza.—Koloman Tisza, as the all-powerful Prime Minister of Hungary for more than fourteen years, has won the reputation of being one of the ablest statesmen of the age by lifting his country from a condition of disorganization, bankruptcy, and political impotency, and making it a united, powerful, and prosperous state, occupying the dominant position in the affairs of the Hapsburg Empire. The value of his achievements no serious Hungarian statesman will deny; yet for years past he has been more hated and reviled than any other European minister, and chiefly for the reason that he possessed the unshakable confidence of a great majority of the nation. Men of political talents and classes that formerly exercised a controlling influence, such as the magnates and patriotic Catholics, he disregarded and offended, although he could have easily gained

their support. He surrounded himself with new men, content to act as mere clerks under his direction, whom he shielded when they were charged with dishonorable acts, although his own reputation for integrity was above reproach. The autonomous rights of the counties and the Catholic sentiments regarding education and marriage he trampled upon with uncompromising harshness. Still, the Opposition have not ventured to oppose his policy or commit themselves to the repeal of his acts. Their attacks have been directed against his political methods. They accused him of maintaining his “dictatorship" and keeping together a solid body of parliamentary "mamelukes" by the abuse of official patronage, by bribery and administrative pressure at elections, by the perversion of the organs of justice, and by the arbitrary exercise of executive power. The unpopular army bill gave them the first opportunity to attack him on patriotic grounds. The defect in the bill which relaxed the strict parliamentary control over the army was remedied, and strong men who had formerly acted with the Moderate Opposition were taken into the Cabinet, such as Szilagyi, once the leader of that party, and Count Teleky, a representative of the feudal aristocracy. These concessions, which were made in a conciliatory spirit and not from political necessity, impaired his influence with the Austrian court party, which feared that he might be drawn to yield still more to the Hungarian desire for an independent national army, especially since he insisted on the dual character of the army being recognized by giving it the title of " Royal and Imperial." Tisza found that he could not work in harmony with the new ministers. The question on which a rupture occurred was one of little importance. The advanced Opposition, the visionary disciples of Kossuth, who call themselves the party of "1848 and of Independence," discovered that under the naturalization law passed in 1879 Louis Kossuth was about to lose his rights as a Hungarian citizen, as a paragraph of the act provides that a Hungarian settled abroad who for ten years neglects to notify the proper authorities of his intention to preserve his nationality can no longer claim to be a citizen. They demanded that a special act should be passed to keep alive the civil rights of the exile of Turin. Tisza said this was unnecessary, as his acceptance of the honorary citizenship of thirty Hungarian towns was equivalent to the formal notice required by the law. No other member of the Cabinet concurred in this view. The Independence party called for a separate act, and threatened to obstruct the passage of the Honved bill until one were passed. The Premier, without consulting his colleagues, announced that he had changed his mind, and thought that, in consideration of the numbers of Hungarian emigrants settled in America, the paragraph ought to be amended, and therefore he promised that after the Honved bill was disposed of, he would bring in a bill that would have the effect of repatriating Kossuth. When the matter came before the Cabinet, all except two of the other ministers supported Szilagyi's objections to amending the law of 1879 and approved a special act in favor of Kossuth. At this stage of the question the exiled patriot wrote

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after the new army law had fixed the yearly contingent for ten years at 103,000 men for the regulars and 22,000 for the reserves, provoked an outcry by saying that the peace effective of the army was certainly inadequate, and that small additional credits must be from time to time demanded unless 100,000,000 or 120,000,000 florins were voted in a lump for bringing the army up to the requirements of the time.

The

688,122; the surplus of births over deaths, 202.541. The population of Vienna at the end of 1888 was estimated at 1,350,000; of Prague, 304,000; of Trieste, 160,000; of Lemberg, 122,000; of Gratz, 106,000.

Finances.-The revenue is given in the financial estimates for 1889 as follows:

SOURCES OF REVENUE.
Council of Ministers.

Ministry of the Interior..
Ministry of Defense..
Ministry of Worship and Education.
Ministry of Finance:
Administration
Land tax..
House tax..
Industry tax.
Income tax...

Customs
Indirect taxes:
Excise...
Salt..
Tobacco..
Stamps
Judicial fees.
Lottery..
Various
State property.

Florins.

722,000

1,144,206

269,279

5,574,849

8,324,500

35,190,000

31,058,000

11,000,000

25,170,000

87,400,000

100,656,800

20,825,000

$1,378,000

18,500,000

84,000,000

21,500,000

3,979,590

2,425,555

29,627,670

44,406,650

792,180

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Ministry of Commerce:
Posts and telegraphs..
Railroads..

Various

Austria.-The Austrian Reichsrath in 1889 numbered in the Upper House or Herrenhaus 20 archdukes, 66 territorial nobles, 10 archbishops, 7 prince bishops, and 109 life-members, and in the Lower House or Abgeordnetenhaus 353 members, of whom 85 represent the landed proprietors, 116 the towns, 21 the chambers of trade and industry, and 131 the rural communes. representation of Bohemia in the Abgeordnetenhaus is 92 members, or 1 to 62,551 inhabitants; of Galicia, 63, or 1 to 100,420; of Lower Austria, 37, or 1 to 68,761; of Moravia, 36, or 1 to 61,505; of Styria, 23, or 1 to 54,835; of Tyrol, 18, or 1 to 45,100; of Upper Austria. 17, or 1 to 45,100; of the Coast Province, 12, or 1 to 57,085; of Carniola, 10, or 1 to 47.418; of Silesia, 10, or 1 to 69,026; of Dalmatia, 9, or 1 to 57,203; of Corinthia, 9, or 1 to 39,873; of Bukovina, 9, or 1 to 69,026; of Ministry of Agriculture: Vorarlberg, 3, or 1 to 36,671; of Salzburg, 5, or 1 to 33,961. Each province has a Diet, consisting of a single chamber, which is competent to legis- Ministry of Justice.. late on all matters not reserved by the Constitution to the Reichsrath. The provincial diets are composed of the archbishops and bishops of the Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic churches, representatives of the large land-owners, representatives of the towns, representatives of chambers of commerce and trade guilds, and representatives of the rural communes elected indirectly. The respective number of members in the sixteen provincial diets is as follows: Lower Austria, 72; Upper Austria, 50; Salzburg, 26; Styria, 63; Carinthia, 37; Carniola, 37; Goricia and Gradiska, 22; Istria, 33; Tyrol, 68; Vorarlberg, 21; Bohemia, 242; Moravia, 100; Silesia, 31; Galicia, 151; Bukovina, 31; Dalmatia, 43. The deputies are elected for six years.

The Austrian Council of Ministers is composed of the following members: President and Minister of the Interior, Count Edward Taafe, appointed Aug. 19, 1879; Minister of Public Instruction and of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Dr. Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, appointed Nov. 6, 1885; Minister of Finance, Dr. J. Dunajewski, appointed June 26, 1880; Minister of Agriculture, Count Julius Falkenhayn, appointed Aug, 19, 1879; Minister of Commerce and National Economy, Marquis von Bacquehem, appointed July 28, 1886; Minister of Landesvertheidigung or National Defense, Count S. von Welsersheimb, appointed June 25, 1880; Minister of Justice, Count Friedrich von Schönborn, appointed Oct. 13, 1888; without portfolios, Baron von Prazak, appointed Oct. 11, 1888, and Ritter von Zalski, appointed on the same date.

Area and Population.—The area of Austria proper is 115,903 square miles. The official estimate of population for Dec. 31, 1888, was 23,484,995, varying in density from 61 to the square mile in Salzburg to 338 in Lower Austria, and averaging 202. The number of marriages in 1888 was 186,273; of births, 890,663; of deaths,

Other sources...

Total ordinary receipts...
Extraordinary receipts..

Total revenue........

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The revenue for 1890 was reckoned at 547,368,704 florins, and the total expenditures were estimated at 545,771,700 florins. The expected surplus is likely to change into a deficit, as it has invariably before. Nevertheless, the financial condition of Austria has shown a steady improvement for years past, though not without adding to the severe load of taxation that the people have to bear.

Education.-Attendance in the elementary schools is compulsory from the age of six to the age of fourteen, except in Istria, Galicia, Bukovina, and Dalmatia, where, as in Hungary, the

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