one third of the actual valuation. The rate of taxation for 1890 was 41.25 cents on each $100. County Debts.-The total debt of Wyoming counties in 1890 was $1,081,482, an increase of $912,105 in ten years. Of this sum, $655,000 is a bonded debt and $426,482 a floating debt. Nearly every county has a debt.

Settlement.-The number of acres of land in Wyoming is 62,645,120. Nearly 48,000,000 acres have been surveyed. More than three fourths of the lands of Wyoming are yet open for settlement under homestead and other United States land laws, and the field is rich for the emigrant. United States land officers are located at Cheyenne, Laramie County; Sundance, in Crook County; Douglas, in Converse County; Buffalo, in Johnson County; Lander, in Frémont County; and Evanston, in Uinta County. Territorial Legislative Session.—The eleventh Legislative Assembly of the Territory convened at Cheyenne on Jan. 14, and adjourned on March 14. Early in the session a memorial to Congress was adopted praying for admission of the Territory to the Union under the Constitution of 1889. The legislation of the session includes an election law that establishes a method of registration for voters and introduces the Australian ballot system. It is provided that all ballots cast in elections for public officers (except schooldistrict officers) shall be printed at public expense. Nominations of candidates may be made by the convention or primary meeting of any political party, or by petition signed by legal

voters, not fewer than 100 when the office is to be filled by electors of the entire Territory, and not fewer than 10 in other cases. Certificates of nomination for candidates to be voted for in a district greater than a single county shall be filed with the Secretary of the Territory; certificates for county and precinct officers, including members of the Legislature, shall be filed with the county clerks, and certificates for municipal officers with the municipal clerks. The names of all candidates nominated shall be published prior to the election in the local papers. All ballots shall be of white paper, printed with black ink, and shall contain the name of every candidate duly nominated. The names of candi-. dates for each office, with the name of the party to which they belong, shall be arranged under the designation of the office, except that the names of presidential electors, presented in one certificate of nomination, shall be arranged in a separate group. The voter shall retire with his ballot to a booth, and indicate his choice by placing a cross before or after the name of the person to be voted for; or, if a question is submitted, by marking out such parts of the ballot that the remainder shall express his choice. He may also write in the name of any other person for whom he may wish to vote, and he may take into the booth any unofficial sample ballot to assist him in his choice, but such sample must differ in size and color from the official ballot. The voter shall fold his ballot so as to conceal his choice and so that the official indorsement upon the back shall be seen, and shall deposit it in that condition. Payment of a poll tax shall in no case be necessary to entitle any one to vote. All days on which regular Territorial or county elections are held shall be legal holidays.

Another law provides for the organization and government of the Territorial militia. The Capitol-building commissioners were legislated out of office, and the Auditor, Territorial Engineer, and Treasurer were designated as such commissioners, to serve without pay. The live-stock commission act of 1888 was amended in many of its details. It was also enacted that honorably discharged Union soldiers and sailors should be preferred for appointment and employment in all public departments and works of the Territory, cities, and counties, and that loss of limb or other physical impairment, which does not incapacitate for the discharge of the duties required, shall not disqualify. Other acts of the session were as follow:

To prevent and punish fraud upon miners by mine owners, lessees, operators, or agents, in weighing the output.

Providing that the next regular session of the Legislature shall convene on the second Tuesday of January, 1891, and that succeeding sessions shall be held every second year thereafter.

To prohibit the selling, giving, or furnishing of tobacco in any form to minors.

Repealing the law imposing a tax for the stock indemnity fund.

To permit the purchase, lease, sale, and aiding of railroads by each other, and to ratiy prior sales and consolidations.

To provide for the incorporation of mutual building and loan, or building, loan, and trust associations.

Requiring fire-insurance agents to pay to the city if such city or town supports a fire department, a tax or town where property insured by them is situated,

or rate of 1 per cent. on all premiums received by them upon property in such city or town, such sum to be used for the support and benefit of the fire department.

Empowering county commissioners to offer a bounty of not over $10 an acre to every person who shall plant one or more acres of land with forest trees and properly cultivate them for five years.

To create the county of Weston out of a portion of Crook County.

To provide for the creation of Big Horn County out of portions of Johnson and Frémont Counties. To regulate voluntary assignments for the benefit creditors.

of

Revising and codifying the criminal law.

To provide rules for leasing the university lands in the Territory.

Revising and amending the road laws.

Railroads.-The Union Pacific Railway extends across the southern portion, the Oregon Short Line across the northwest; the Denver Pacific and the Colorado Central come in at Cheyenne; the Laramie, North Park and Pacific comes in at Laramie from the south to the Union Pacific; and the Cheyenne and Northern extends northward from the Union Pacific at Cheyenne. The Cheyenne and Northern is completed 125 miles, and the iron is being laid on an extension of nearly 50 miles, which will connect it with the Wyoming Central Railway. The Wyoming Central (Northwestern) extends from the eastern line of Wyoming westerly throughout the central portion to Casper, some 150 miles. The Cheyenne and Burlington has about 30 miles extending from Cheyenne east ; and the Burlington and Missouri, through its Wyoming branch, has a line extending into the northeast, in Weston County. There are about 1,000 miles of railroad already constructed.

66

The Admission Act.-Early in the session of the fifty-first Congress Wyoming presented her claims for Statehood, asking for admission to the Union under the Constitution of September, 1889, which was adopted by the people on Nov. 5 following (see " Annual Cyclopædia" for 1889, page 828). The bill for admission passed the House of Representatives on March 27, 1890, passed the Senate on June 27, and received the President's signature on July 10. By its terms Wyoming became a State from and after the date of the President's approval. The boundaries were defined as follow: Beginning at the intersection of the 27th meridian of longitude west from Washington with the 45th degree of north latitude and running thence west to the 34th meridian of west longitude; thence south to the 41st degree of north latitude; thence east to the 27th meridian of west longitude; and thence north to the place of beginning.

Sections 16 and 36 in every township, or lands in lieu thereof, were granted to the new State for the support of common schools, on condition that the proceeds from the sale thereof be set apart as a permanent school fund. This fund is entitled also to receive 5 per cent. of the proceeds of sales of public lands within the State hereafter made by the United States. Seventytwo sections of the public lands are confirmed to the State for university purposes, the proceeds of which shall constitute a permanent university fund, and 90,000 acres are granted for the support of an agricultural college. Fifty sections are also given to aid in the erection of public buildings at the State capital. The Penitentiary, at Laramie City, and all lands connected therewith, shall become the property of the State. The following grants are also made: For the establishment, maintenance, and support of the insane asylum in Uinta County, 30,000 acres; for the penal reformatory or educational institution in course of construction in Carbon County, 30,000 acres: for the Penitentiary, in Albany County, 30,000 acres; for the fish hatchery in Albany County, 5,000 acres; for the deaf, dumb, and blind asylum in Laramie County, 30,000 acres; for the poor farm in Frémont County, 10,000 acres; for a hospital for miners who shall become disabled or incapacitated to labor while working in the mines of the State, 30,000 acres; for public buildings at the capital of the State, in additon to those herein before granted for that purpose, 75,000 acres; for State charitable, educational, penal, and reformatory institutions, 260,000 acres; making a total of

500,000 acres.

Election. Pursuant to the provisions of the new Constitution and the admission act, Gov. Warren issued his proclamation on July 15, designating Sept. 11 as the date of the first election for State, county, and precinct officers. Soon thereafter calls were issued by the respective State committees for State conventions of the Republican and Democratic parties, to be

held at Cheyenne on Aug. 11. The Democratie convention nominated George W. Baxter for Governor; John S. Harper for Secretary of State; J. C. Miller for Treasurer; George A. Campbell for Auditor; A. V. Quinn for Superintendent of Public Instruction; Samuel T. Corn, P. G. Bryan, and Henry S. Elliott for Justices of the Supreme Court; and George F. B. Clark for member of Congress. Resolutions were adopted denouncing the McKinley bill, demanding the free coinage of silver, and favoring a secret ballot and the election of United States Senators by the people. Regarding woman suffrage, the platform declares: "We believe that no citizen of the United States, male or female, who is well disposed to the good order and happiness of the country should be denied the right of suffrage."

The nominees of the Republican State Convention were as follow: Francis E. Warren for Governor; Amos W. Barber for Secretary of State; Otto Gramm for Treasurer; Charles W. Burdick for Auditor; Stephen T. Farwell for Superintendent of Public Instruction; Willis Van Devanter, Herman V. S. Groesbeck, and Asbury B. Conaway for Justices of the Supreme Court; and Clarence D. Clark for member of Congress. The platform strongly approves the protective tariff system, congratulates the people upon the passage by Congress of the law providing for increased silver coinage, demands strict enforcement of the Chinese exclusion act, and commends the action of the new State in enfranchising women. The entire Republican ticket was elected. For Governor the vote was: Warren, 8,879; Baxter, 7,153. Members of the first Legislature were elected as follows: Senate, Republicans 14, Democrats 2; House, Republicans 27. Democrats 6. Pursuant to the State Constitution, a board of State canvassers met at Cheyenne on Oct. 11 to canvass the returns of this election and to declare the result. The board completed its work on Oct. 14, and declared the election of the Republican ticket; whereupon Gov. Warren and his associates took the oath of office.

State Legislative Session. - Immediately after qualifying under the State Constitution, Gov. Warren issued his proclamation convening the Legislature at Cheyenne on Nov. 13. Its first duty was to elect two United States Senators. On Nov. 15, Joseph M. Carey, Republican, was elected to one of these offices by the following vote: Senate, Carey 12, George W. Baxter, Democrat, 2; House, Carey 27, Baxter 5. For the second Senatorship the Republicans were not united upon any candidate, but on the first ballot in joint convention distributed their votes among eleven aspirants. Seven ballots were taken before à choice was reached, on the last of which, Nov. 18, Gov. Warren, the successful candidate, received 29 votes, M. C. Brown 7, John McCormick 3, H. R. Mann 1, and Henry A. Coffeen, Democrat, 9. The work of legislation was unfinished at the close of the year.

864

Baker, Peter C., sketch, xiv, 617.
Baker, W. E., sketch, xiii, 621.
Baking powders, xiv, 132.
Balance of power, xii, 72.
Baldissera, Gen., xiii, 3.
Bald-Knobbers, xiii, 565; xiv, 567.
Baldwin, C. H., sketch, xiii, 622.
Ballet, the, xiii, 581: xiv, 579.
Ball, John, sketch, xiv, 655.
Ballot-box forgery, xiv, 674.
Ballot reform, xiv, 536.
Baltic provinces, xiii, 727; xiv, 753.
Bancroft, George, sketch and port.,
XV, 57.

Banks, national, xiii, 785; xv, 840.
Baptists, xiii, 74; xiv, 65; xv, 62.
Barbadoes, x.ii, 839; xiv, 403.
Barbey d'Aurevilly, J. A., sketch,

xiv, 655.

Barbour, Oliver L, sketch, xiv, 617.
Barcelona exhibition, xiii, 748.
Bargash, Ben Said, sketch, xiii,
660.

618.

Barlow, S. L. M., sketch, xiv, 618.
Barnard, D. P., sketch, xiii, 622.
sketch
Barnard, Frederick A. P.,
and portrait, xiv, 73.
Barnes, A. S., sketch, xiii, 622.
Barnes, Demas, sketch, xiii, 622.
Barnett, J., obit., xv, 674.
Barnum, W. H., sketch, xiv,
Barron, Samuel, sketch, xiii, 622.
Barrundia, arrested, xv, 414.
Barry, P., obit., xv, 632.
Bartlett, Sidney, sketch, xiv, 618.
Bartsch, Karl F., sketch, xiii, 660.
Barttelot, Major, xiii, 295 et seq.
Bass, Lyman K., sketch, xiv, 618.
Bates, C. F., obit., xv, 632.
Bath, N. Y., xv, 120.
Battye, Col. R., killed, xiii, 436.
Battle Creek, Mich., xv, 120.
Bauernfeld, E., obit., xv, 674.
Baxter, J. H., obit., xv, 632.
Baxter, W. E., obit., xv, 674.
Bazaine, François Achille, sketch
and portrait, xiii, 80.
Beale, Joseph, sketch, xiv, 618.
Beard, Charles, sketch, xiii, 660.
Beard, Henry, sketch, xiv, 618.
Beardsley, S. B., obit., 632.
633.
Beatty, Ohio, obit., xv,
Bechuanaland, xiv, 106; xv, 95.
Beck, J. B., obit., xv, 633.
Beckwith, C., obit., xv, 633.
Beckwith, J. W., obit, xv, 633.
Beds, folding, xiii, 81.
Beech, Major, xiii, 2.
Beecher, W. H., sketch, xiv,
Beggars, xiii, 134.

618.

633.

Bombay, views in, xiv, 426, 427.
Bomberger, J. H. A., obit., xv, 635.
Bonham, M. L., obit., xv, 635.
Book of the Dead, xiii, 31.
Books. See LITERATURE.
Booth, James C., sketch, xiii, 624.
Booth, Mary L., sketch, xiv, 619.
Borgess, C. H., obit., xv, 635.
Borneo, xiii, 97; British, xiv, 398.
Bosnia, xiv, 64.

Botkin, J. D., nominated, xiii, 461.
Bottesini, G., sketch, xiv, 655.
Boucicault, Dion, sketch and port.,
XV, 72.

Boudinot, E. C., obit., xv, 635.
Boulanger, election of, xiv, 333;
measures against him, 335;
flight and trial, 337.
Boulangism, xiii, 347.

556; xv, 546.

587.

Bounties, xiii, 472.

Bourn amendment, the, xiii, 715.
Bouverie, E. P., sketch, xiv, 656.
Bovee, Marvin H., sketch, xiii, 624.
Bowditch, J. I., sketch, xiv, 620.
Bowen, F., obit., xv, 635.
Bowen, J. E., obit., xv, 685.
Bowen, Levi F., sketch, xiv, 620.
Bowling Green, xii, 159.
Boxing, xiii, 98.

Boyce, James P., sketch, xiii, 625.
Boycott, xv, 73.

Boyd, R., obit., xv, 635.

Boynton, J. F., obit., xv, 636.

Brace, B. F., sketch, xiii, 625.
Brace, C. L., obit. and port., XV,

636.

436.

Blaine, W., obit., xv, 634.

753.

Bramwell, F. J., address, xiii, 45.

Brazil, xii, 103; xiv, 80; xv, 75;

Empress of, sketch, xiv, 671.
Breed, William P., sketch, xiv, 620.
Bremen, incorporation of, xiii, 372.
Brenner, Carl, sketch, xiii, 625.
Brethren Church, xiv, 69.
Brethren in Christ, xiii, 770.
Brewer, David J., sketch, xiv, 805;

Blair educational bill, the, xiii, 234. Brand, Sir J. H., obit., xiii, 660.
Blair, S. S., obit., xv, 634.
Blanchard, E. L., sketch, xiv, 655.
Blanchett, J. G., obit., xv, 675.
Blinn, Christian, sketch, xiv, 619.
Bliss, D. Willard, sketch, xiv, 619.
Bliss, Isaac G., sketch, xiv, 619.
Bliss, Philemon, sketch, xiv, 619.
Blizzard, illustrated, xiii, 602.
Bloomington, Ill., xv, 120.
Blunt, Asa P., sketch, xiv, 619.
Boats, house, xiii, 416, et seq.; col-

lapsable, 93; submarine, 798.
Bobbett, Albert, sketch, xiii, 623.
Bodley, Rachel L., sketch, xiii, 624.
Boehm, Sir E., obit., xv, 675.
Bogart, W. H., sketch, xiii, 624.
Boggs, C. S., sketch, xiii, 624.
Bohemia, xiv, 61.

Bohemian Ausgleich, xv, 53.

port., xv, 820.

Brewster, B. H., sketch, xiii, 625.
Brickwork, xiii, 106.
Bridges. See ENGINEERING,
Bridgman, L. D., sketch, xiv., 620.
Brigandage, xiii, 115; xiv, 98.
Brigham, David, sketch, xiii, 625.
Brigham, M. A., sketch, xiv, 620.
Bright, J., sketch and port., xiv,

Boker, G. H., obit., and port., xv, Brinckmann, J. B., sketch, xiv,

634.

658.

Bolivia. xiii, 96; xiv, 79; xv, 71; Brinley, Francis, sketch, xiv, 621.

exploration in, xiv, 355.

Brinton, D. G., address, xiii, 44.