1841 till July 1845). The 2nd Earl was Prime Minister (1830-34).

Greytown. See ENGINEERING (NICARAGUA SHIP CANAL).

Griffiths' Valuation. Sir Richard Griffiths, a Welshman, who was especially celebrated for his knowledge of fiscal questions and matters affecting landed property, was appointed under a special Act of Parliament to value the land of Ireland for the purposes of taxation. He commenced this important task about the year 1830, and spent the greater part of the ten years following in making a most elaborate and minute survey. A good deal of the work was necessarily performed by deputy; but Sir Richard superintended, and it is generally admitted that his valuations were equitable, besides being arrived at with exceptional skill, and on the strength of marvellously complete information. They do not apply to urban property. The valuation was about 30 per cent. below the average of rents in Ireland prior to the Act of 1881; and since that year the judicial rents fixed by the Land Courts have approached a mean between the average of landlords' valuation and Griffiths' valuation.

"Grimbosh, H." See NOMS DE PLUME. Grimsthorpe, Edmund, 1st Baron (creat. 1886), the title by which Sir Edmund Beckett has been recently raised to the peerage.

Grimston, Hon. James Walter, Viscount, M.P., the eldest son of the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Verulam, was b. 1852. Educated at Harrow, and served in the 1st Life Guards. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Mid Hertfordshire (1885).

Grimston Patent Lamp. See ILLUMINANTS. Grinstead, Baron. See ENNISKILLEN. Griqualand East. See KAFFRARIA. Griqualand West. A province or district of Cape Colony; area 16,000 sq. miles; capital Kimberley. It has Bechuanaland on the N., Orange Free State on the E., and the Orange river divides it from the rest of Cape Colony on the S. It was settled after 1836 by the Griquas or "Baastards," a tribe of Dutch-Hottentot half-breeds. A party under the chief, Adam Kok, migrated from it to Noman's Land, since called Griqualand East, one of the Transkeian territories, in 1852. In 1867 diamonds were discovered in Griqualand West, and a rush from all sides into it ensued. In 1871 the Griqua chief, Waterboer, was induced to cede his authority, and the province was annexed to Cape Colony, but with independent jurisdiction. In 1881 it became an integral part of Cape Colony. It is the chief seat of the diamond diggings. See CAPE COLONY.

Grocers, The Worshipful Company of. See CITY GUILDS, THE. Grosvenor, Rt. Hon. Lord Richard De Aquila. See STALBRIDGE, Baron. Ground Game Act, 1880. See GAME LAWS. Grove, Sir Thomas Fraser, M.P., late of the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons. Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Wilts. He is also J.P. for Dorset. Formerly High Sheriff for Wilts. Colonel of the Wilts Yeomanry, Returned in the Liberal interest as member for South Wiltshire (1865-74); re-elected 1885. Guano. See MANURES.

Guardianship of Infants Bill, 1885. This Bill, as amended by a Select Committee of the House of Lords, provides that on the death of the father of an infant, the mother, if surviving, shall be its guardian, either alone

or jointly with any guardian appointed by the father. Where there is no such guardian, or he dies or declines to act, the court may appoint a guardian to act jointly with the mother. The mother of an infant may, by deed or will, appoint any person to be guardian after the father's death, or guardian jointly with the father after her death; but the latter appointment must have the confirmation of the court. Where guardians are appointed by both parents, they are to act jointly. In the event of disagreement between the guardians, any of them may apply to the court, and it may make such order as it shall think proper. court is to have power to make an order for the custody of an infant upon the application of the mother, and with regard to the conduct and wishes of both parties. The court referred to is, in England and Ireland, the High Court or the county court (with powers of removal and appeal to the High Court); and in Scotland, the Court of Session and the sheriff's court. Applications to the High Court are to be made to the Chancery Division by petition or summons at chambers.

The

Guion, Stephen Barker, d. December 19th, 1885. He originated the "Guion Line" of Atlantic steamers. From 1869 until last November he represented Exchange Ward in the Liverpool City Council. He was by birth an American; but about thirty-four years ago was naturalised as a British subject. Gum Koffi. See TOGO-LAND.

Gunmakers, The Worshipful Company of. Gunter, Mr. R., M.P., was b. 1831. Educated at Rugby. Late of the 4th Dragoon Guards. He is a J.P. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Knaresborough during part of the last session. Returned for Barkston Ash Division, West Riding (1885).

Gurdon, Mr. Robert Thornhagh, M.P., of Letton Hall, Norfolk, was b. 1829. Educated at Eton and Trin. Coll., Cambridge. Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn (1856). Chairman of Norfolk Quarter Sessions, J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for the county. Returned in the Liberal interest for Mid Norfolk (1885). Gurney, Mr. Russell. See WOMEN'S RIGHTS.

Guy, W. A., M.B., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., d. Sept. 10th, 1885, in the 76th year of his age. He was b. at Chichester, and educated at Christ's Hospital, Guy's Hospital, and Pembroke Coll., Cambridge. In 1831 he obtained the Fothergillian prize medal for an essay on asthma, and in 1837 gradnated M.B. In 1838 he was appointed to the chair of forensic medicine in King's Coll., and in 1842 physician to King's Coll. Hospital. He was admitted a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1844, held office as Censor in 1855, 1856, and 1866, as Examiner in 1861-3, and in 1861, 1868, and 1875 was appointed Croonian, Lumleian, and Harveian Lecturer.

Gwydyr, Peter Robert Burrell, 4th Baron (creat. 1796); b. 1810; succeeded on the death of his kinsman the last Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1870) to the title of Gwydyr, which passed to him through his grandfather the 1st Lord Gwydyr, whilst the barony of Willoughby de Eresby fell into abeyance between the two sisters of the last holder of that title.

H. See MINERALOGY. Habeas Corpus, Writ of. A writ directed to a person who has another person in custody requiring him to produce his prisoner in court upon a day specified therein. From the time of Magna Charta imprisonment at the discretion of any person, even the sovereign, has been unlawful in England. But down to the seventeenth century the royal prerogative was so indefinite, and the royal power so great, that persons were frequently detained in custody at the discretion of the Crown. In order to make the writ effectual it was provided by an Act of the 31st year of Charles II. (1679), that upon service thereof the person having custody of the prisoner should (unless the commitment were for treason or felony plainly expressed in the warrant) produce him before the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper, or any one of the judges of the court whence the writ issued, and should certify the cause of his imprisonment. Disobedience to the writ subjected the offender for a first offence to a penalty of 100, and for a second offence to a penalty of £200 and incapacity to execute his office. When the prisoner has been produced the court may discharge him, either absolutely or upon his recognisances. Once set free, he cannot be recommitted on the same charge otherwise than by legal process issuing out of the court in which he has been bound by recognisances. Any one recommitting him otherwise incurs a penalty of £500. If any person committed upon a charge of treason or felony plainly expressed in the warrant prefer a petition in the first week of term or on the first day of the assizes to be put on his trial, and if he is not indicted the next term after his commitment, the judges may, and upon motion made the last day of term or of the assizes must, set him at liberty on bail, unless it is proved to them that the witnesses for the Crown could not be produced the same term or the same assizes. If upon such petition as above mentioned he is not indicted, the second term after his commitment he must in any case be discharged from his imprisonment. A person committed cannot be removed from prison to prison otherwise than on certain specified grounds, nor can he be sent to a prison out of the kingdom. Any person so sent has an action for false imprisonment against those who sent him, in which he is to recover treble costs and at least £500 damages. The culprits further incur perpetual incapacity for office, and other penalties. By an Act of the 56th year of George III. (1816), the judges are required to issue the writ of habeas corpus in vacation time upon probable ground for complaint shown, and such writ is to be returnable immediately. Upon the return of the writ the judge may inquire into the facts contained in the return, and if they appear doubtful to him he may enlarge upon bail the person committed. Disobedience to the writ constitutes a contempt of court. But the provisions of the last-named Act do not apply to a person committed for a criminal or supposed criminal matter. The general effect of the above Acts is to reduce within the strictest limits all imprisonment of persons not convicted of any criminal offence.

In troubled times, however, they have occasionally been suspended for short periods. Haberdashers, The Worshipful Company of. See CITY GUILDS.

Habitual Criminals Act Amendment Bill, 1884. A bill presented by the Earl of Milltown, purporting to amend the Habitual Criminals Act of 1869 (which had been totally repealed in 1871) by extending to all cases of resisting or wilfully obstructing a police constable in the execution of his duty, or his assistants, the maximum penalty of £20 fine or six months' imprisonment with hard labour, provided by the repealed Act for persons convicted of assault and battery upon police constables engaged as aforesaid.

Haddington, George Arden-Baillie-Hamilton, 11th Earl of (creat. 1619); b. 1827; succeeded his father 1870. Elected a representative peer for Scotland (Jan. 1874).

to

the

the

Haeckel, Ernst. The best known of the popularisers of Darwin in Germany: he is both brilliant and accurate. Was b. Feb. 16th, 1834, at Potsdam. Pupil of Johannes Müller and Virchow, at Berlin and Würtzburg. Afterwards worked at Vienna. Went on a zoologist's excursion to Heligoland and Nice. Took his Doctor's degree (1857). Practised medicine at Berlin less than two years. Visited Naples and Messina (1859); returned Germany (1861). Private teacher of Zoology at Jena (1862); made Extraordinary Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Jena University, then Ordinary Professor (1865)-a position he still holds. Visited England (1866), where he met Darwin; Madeira, Teneriffe, Canaries, Spain; in 1869, 1873 (Red Sea), 1875, 1882 (Ceylon).-Works: "On certain Tissues of the common Crayfish"; Latin treatise on taking his degree; "Die Radiolarien" (the Radiolaria)-a monograph on an order of Rhizopoda; "Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Hydromedusæ (Contributions to Natural History of the Hydromedusæ); "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (based on Darwin's views); Gesammelte populäre Vorträge " (translated by Aveling as The Pedigree of Man"); monograph of the Siphonophora" (a class of Hydrozoa); "Biological Studies"; monograph on Calcareous Sponges (containing a premature hypothesis as to the evolution of these organisms); Anthropogenie (history of man's development); Arabische Korallen"; "Protistenreich (account of Protista, or first living beings, neither distinctively animals plants); "Free Science and Free Teaching (answer to Virchow's attack on Evolution); "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (translated as the "Natural History of Creation"); "Travels in Ceylon" (translated); pamphlet on "Aurelia aurita," a Medusa; monograph of Medusæ, and on Radiolaria collected in the voyage of the Challenger (both in progress). Hæmatite. See MINING. Hagada. See TALMUD.

nor

Haghe, Louis, President of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, d. March 9th, 1885. He was b. at Tournay, in Belgium, 1806. He came to England to practise his art, and his pictures were regularly to be seen at

Middlesex (1868-85); re-elected, Ealing Div.,

1885.

Hamilton, Mr. John Glencairn Carter, M.P., was b. 1829. Educated at Eton. Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Lanarkshire. Capt. late 2nd Life Guards; colonel Queen's Own Glasgow Yeomanry Cavalry. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Falkirk Burghs (1857-59); South Lanarkshire (1868-74, 1880-85); re-elected 1885.

Hamilton, William Alexander Louis Stephen Douglas-Hamilton, K.T., 12th Duke of (creat. 1643); Duke of Brandon and Baron Dutton (1711), by which last two titles he holds his seat in the House of Lords; was b. 1845, and succeeded his father 1863. Is Premier Peer of the land; confirmed in the French dukedom of Chatelherault by decree (Aug. 1864). The 2nd Earl of Arran of this line was chosen Regent of Scotland (1542), and was the next year declared heir pres. to the Crown; he was created Duke of Chatelherault by Henry II. of France, a dignity which he subsequently surrendered to the French monarch. The 1st Duke was beheaded, having been taken at the battle of Preston, fighting under Charles I.; the 2nd Duke was slain at the battle of Worcester in the service of Charles II.

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan. See QUATERNIONS.

"Hamlet." See IRVING, HENRY, and BARRETT, WILSON.

Hamley, Lieut. Gen. Sir Edward B., R.A., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., M.P., the fourth son of the late Admiral Sir William Hamley, was b. 1824. Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Entered the army (1843). He served in the Crimean war, took part in the battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman. Gen. Hamley has held the offices of Professor of Military History at the Staff College, Sandhurst, member of the Council of Military Education, Commandant of the Staff College, Sandhurst, H.M.'s Chief Commissioner for the delimitation of Bulgaria, of the TurcoRussian frontier, supervisor of the evacuation of the territories ceded by Turkey to Greece, and commander of the second division of the expeditionary force in Egypt. He has also written several works on military subjects. Gen. Hamley was returned at the recent election (1885) for Birkenhead in the Con

servative interest.

"Hammer." See TATTERSALL'S.

TERMS.

'Hammering." See STOCK EXCHANGE Hammond, Edmund Hammond, P.C., 1st Baron (creat. 1874), was b. 1802; Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; formerly Fellow of Univ. Coll., Oxford; appointed clerk in the Privy Council Office (Oct. 1823); a clerk in the Foreign Office (April 1824); UnderSecretary of State for Foreign Affairs (April 1854), resigned Oct. 1873.

Hampden, Henry Bouverie William Brand, P.C., 1st Visct. (creat. 1884), was b. 1814. Sometime private secretary to Sir Geo. Grey, a Lord of the Treasury (1855-58); Keeper of Privy Seal to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales (1858); and Parliamentary Secretary to Treasury (1859-66); was M.P. for Lewes (1852-68); and for Cambridgeshire (1868-84, when he was raised to the peerage); Speaker of the House of Commons (1872-84).

Hampton, John Slaney Pakington, 2nd Baron (creat. 1874), was b. 1826; succeeded his

father 1880. The 1st Baron was successively Secretary for Colonies, First Lord of Admiralty, and Secretary for War.

Hamyngton, Major-General. See FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE,

Hanbury, Mr. Robert William, M.P., of Ilam Hall, Dovedale, Staffordshire, was b. 1845. Educated at Rugby and at Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford. Hon. Col. Preston Artillery Volunteers; Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. of Staffordshire. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Preston (1885).

Handel, George Frederick, was b. at Halle u. Saale in 1685, and died in London in 1759. He came to London in 1712 when the Elector of Hanover became King of England as George I., Handel, who was in his service, settled in England. Of his chief works, the Messiah" was written in 1741, and "Israel in Egypt" in 1738. Before beginning his grand English oratorios (the first, "Esther," was written in 1720) Handel was only known as an "Italian" opera composer (he wrote thirty-nine Italian operas), and was commonly called "Signor Handel." In all he composed nineteen oratorios.

Hand Grenade. See FIRE EXTINCTION. Hänel, Dr. See GERMAN POLITICAL PARTIES. Hankey, Mr. Frederick Alers, M.P., of Educated Silverlands, Chertsey, was b. 1833.

at Harrow and Oriel Coll., Oxford. Chairman of the Consolidated Bank. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for NorthWest Surrey (1885).

of Mr. Samuel Hannington, of Brighton, and of Hannington. Rev. James, D.D., was a son Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree (1873), and M.A. (1875), in which year he became curate of St. George's, Hurstpierpoint, and remained there until 1882. Ordained deacon by the Bishop of Exeter in 1874, and priest in 1876 by the Bishop of Chichester. He was engaged by the Church Missionary Society as a missionary to Nyanza, East Central Africa, in 1882. 1884 the diocese of East Equatorial Africa was formed, and Dr. Hannington was consecrated the first Bishop, with the charge of ten clergy(Oct. 1885), by order of Mwanga, the native men. He was captured and put to death King of Uganda, while endeavouring to find

a

In

shorter route from Mombasa, on the seacoast, to the Victoria Nyanza Lake.

Hanover, Princess Frederica of. Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen, eldest daughter of the late King George V. of Hanover, was b. 1848, at Hanover. In 1866, when the battle of Langensalza sealed the fate of the kingdom of Hanover, and King George was obliged to take refuge in Austria, the Princess filled the duties of a secretary and amanuensis throughout her father's lifetime, he being blind. She accompanied him on his visit to England in 1876. After the death of the king (in 1878) she married Baron von Pawel-Rammingen, who became a naturalised English subject by an Act of Parliament passed for the purpose. Since her marriage and residence in this country the Princess Frederica of Hanover has obtained general favour by her genial and affable disposition, as well as by the interest she has displayed in benevolent objects, more especially in connection with institutions established for the welfare of the blind. Hans. See CHINA.

Hapsburg, House of. See AUSTRO-HUN

GARY.

Harcourt, Mr. Edward William, M.P., was b. 1825. Educated at Ch. Ch., Oxford. Married (1849) Lady Susan Harriet Holroyd, daughter of the second Earl of Sheffield. He is J.P. for Berkshire and Sussex, and Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Oxfordshire; High Sheriff of Oxfordshire (1875). Hon. Col. Cinque Ports Artillery Militia. Many years President of the National Artillery Association. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Oxfordshire (1878-85); re-elected 1885.

Harewood, Henry Thynne Lascelles, 4th Earl of (creat. 1812), and Viset. Lascelles; was b. 1824. Deputy Lieutenant for West Riding of Yorkshire. "Harkaway." See NOMS DE PLUME.

Harker, Mr. William, M.P., was b. 1819. Manufacturer in Bradford (1837-62). Is a J.P. for the West Riding and city of Ripon. Chairman of the Bradford Banking Co. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Ripon Division, West Riding (1885).

Harlech, William Richard Ormsby Gore, 2nd Baron (creat, 1876), was b. 1819; succeeded his brother 1876. Was M.P. for Sligo (1841-52), and for co. Leitrim (1858-76).

Harmonium. An instrument of the free-reed

cal Tripos, Senior Optime (1851). Called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1854), Q.C. (1866), APpointed Whewell Professor of International Law in the University of Cambridge (1869). Sir W. Harcourt entered parliament in the Liberal interest as member for Oxford (1868-80), Derby (1880-85); re-elected 1885. He has held the following offices: Solicitor-General (1873-74); Secretary of State for the Home Department (1880-85); holds the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer in the present Gladstone administration (1886). Sir W. Harcourt married (1876, his second wife) Mrs. Ives, daughter of the late Mr. J. L. Motley, the historian, and United States Minister in London. Under the nom de plume of " Historicus," he is the author of the

well-known letters on International Law.

Hardcastle, Mr. Edward, M.P., Headlands, Prestwich, was b. 1826. Educated at Trin. Coll., Cambridge. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for South-East Lancashire (1874-80); North Salford (1885).

Hardcastle, Mr. Frank, M.P., of Firwood, near Bolton, fourth son of the late Mr. James Hardcastle, J.P., was b. 1844. Educated at Repton School. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for South-East Lancashire, West Houghton Division (1885).

Hardinge, Charles Stewart Hardinge, 2nd Visct. (creat. 1846), was b. 1822; succeeded his father 1856. M.P. for Downpatrick (1851-56); Under-Secretary for War (1858-9). The 1st Viscount was a field-marshal, who distinguished himself throughout the Peninsular war, subsequently became Governor-General of India, served as second in command at the battles on the Sutlej, and eventually held the office of Commander-in-chief (1852-56), including the period of the Russian war; he was granted a pension of £3,000 from parliament for the lives of his next two successors.

Hardwicke, Charles Philip Yorke Harker, P.C., 5th Earl of (creat. 1754); was b. 1836; succeeded his father 1873. Served in the Indian campaign (1858-9), and received the war medal; was Controller of the Queen's Household (1866-68); Master of the Queen's Buckhounds (1874-80); M.P. for Cambridgeshire (1865-73). The 1st peer was Lord Chancellor (1736-7); his 2nd

son, great-grandfather of the present peer, was also Lord Chancellor, but died suddenly, before a patent, which was in progress for creating him a peer, could be completed. Hardwicke Stakes. See RACING. Hardy, Gathorne. See GATHORNE HARDY. Hare, Baron. See LISTOWELL.

kind, closely akin to the concertina and accor

with a reservoir for wind, fed by separate keyboard, and in being mounted in a fixed case feeders. The reservoir has a movable base, which, being forced upwards by springs, delivers all the keys are still, no wind can pass, but the wind to the reeds in a steady stream. When pressing down a key opens a pallet over the wind, it rushes up through it, and in passing reed, and a channel being thus freed for the causes the reed to vibrate and to give forth the characteristic tone of its weight and size. In some instruments, to insure perfect rapidity of reeds are struck by means of a sort of small "speech," the tongues on the principal row of pianoforte action, called “percussion action,” followed at once by the sound due to the wind, giving a crisp tinkling sound, which, when is not at all disagreeable, and gives variety of quality to the tone of that stop. The reeds are tongues of brass fitted above a stout brass frame, so that they can vibrate between the walls of the frame when set in motion by the wind, and while very nearly filling the space, yet just avoid touching the walls. By the use of much broader reeds the tone of the harmonium has been lately made much fuller and sweeter, and more organ-like than that produced by the former narrow reeds of the French makers. The favourite stops are: (1) Diapason bass and treble 8 ft.; (2) bourdon bass and double diap. treble; (3) clarion bass and principal treble; (4) bassoon bass and oboe treble, usually numbered as marked. In addition to these are: (E) expression, which practically annuls the steadying effect of the wind reservoir, so that according to the pressure of the feet the feeders vary the force of tone; (F) forte bass and treble, shutters which open to let the tone flow out freely; tremolo, which delivers the wind to the stop in a trembling manner, causing the tone to flicker; voix céleste two 8 ft. or 16 ft. stops, slightly out of tune so as to give a gentle and penetrating wave of beats instead of a firm tone; and sourdine, a half-wind stop, and therefore soft, used principally in the bass, so that a melody played in the treble may tell out clearly. Large instruments with several rows of keys and with organ-pedals are often made for home organ practice, or for small churches.

"Harper's Magazine." Originally started in America, but now published simultaneously in England by Sampson, Low & Co. (monthly, 1s.) It has an immense circulation in both countries -mainly owing, no doubt, to the high-class nature of its literary matter, as well as the beauty of its illustrations, and which, combined with those of the Century, have greatly tended