Jacks, Mr. William, M.P., was b. at Cornhill, Berwickshire, 1841. He was for some time manager of the Sunderland and Seaham Engine Works and Foundry. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Leith Boroughs (1885). Jackson, Thomas, executive engineer, d. Jan. 3rd, 1885. He was b. 1808, commenced work at the early age of eight on the Birmingham Canal, and toiled as a day labourer amid the greatest discouragements, till 1827, when he undertook a sub-contract on the canal near Market Drayton. In 1837 his first railway contract was accepted for a part of the Birmingham and Derby Railway. One of his chief contracts was for the renovation of the Caledonian Canal, which had in 1843 become unnavigable. In 1847 he commenced the construction of the gigantic breakwater at Alderney. For nearly twentyfive years he waged a contest with the whole force of the Atlantic; but the breakwater was at last completed. The fortifications for the defence of the harbour of Alderney, and the breakwater at St. Catherine's Bay, Jersey, were also constructed by Mr. Jackson. Jackson, Mr. William Lawies, M.P., was b. 1840. He is an extensive leather currier and tanner, J.P. for Leeds, and a Director of the Great Northern Railway Company. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Leeds (1880-85); re-elected 1885. "Jacob, Bibliophile." See NOMS DE PLUME. Jacoby, Mr James Alfred, M.P., of Normanton House, Normanton. An extensive lace manufacturer at Nottingham and in Germany; is J.P. for Nottinghamshire, and was formerly Sheriff of Nottingham. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Mid Derbyshire (1885). James, Hon. W. H., M.P., of Updown, Sandwich, the eldest son of Lord Northbourne, was b. at Whitehall Place, London, 1846. Educated at St. Peter's College, Radley, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. J.P. for Kent. Returned in the Liberal in terest as member for Gateshead (1874-85); reelected 1885. James, Mr. Charles Herbert, M.P., was b. 1817. Is a solicitor. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Merthyr Tydvil (1880-85); re-elected 1885. J the Academy of Sciences in the section of Physics, in which he took the place of M. Pouillet (1868). He published (1858) his lectures on physics at the Polytechnic Schoola work which has gone through three editions -and was the author of a large number of valuable articles and papers on scientific subjects, published in the Transactions of different societies. During the last years of his life he devoted his chief attention to electro-magnetism and the electric light. Was appointed permanent secretary in succession to Mons. J. B. Dumas. Died Feb. 12th, 1886, at Paris. Jansenists. See OLD CATHOLICS. Japan. A state adjacent to China, from which it is separated by the Eastern Sea and the Straits of Corea, formed of the archipelago of Niphon, which consists of four large islands, Yesso, Hondo, Kiushiu, and Shikoku, and of nearly 4,000 rocky islets. Its area is about 160,000 sq. miles, with a pop. not much under 40,000,000. Its history is almost as ancient as that of China, the present Mikado being the representative of a dynasty which claims to have possessed the throne since B.C. 660; but much nearer our own than the well-authentithe legendary period comes down to a time cated annals of the middle kingdom during the last 2000 years. Mikado is Mutsu Hito, and he was born in 1852. The name of the present his existence in the seclusion of the palace of During the earlier part of his career he passed Kioto, to which the Mikados had been kept confined for 250 years by their ambitious ministers, the Shoguns. The Mikados had been indisputably supreme up to the twelfth century. Then the baronial system came into force, and in 1603 the most powerful feudal family, that of the Tokugawa, seized the reins of power, with the designation of Shogun, a title corresponding to vizier or prime minister. The Shogun incurred the jealousy of the other "daimios or barons, and when he assumed the title of Tycoon for the purpose of concluding treaties with foreign powers, he strengthened the party which had been formed for recalling the Mikado from his place of confinement to assume the charge of the government of his country. The deaths of the old Mikado and Shogun in 1866 simplified the solution of the difficulty, and towards the end of 1867 the new Shogun resigned his title and office to Mutsu Hito in person at Kioto. The question was not settled without a recourse to arms, as the powerful daimio Satsuma provoked hostilities. result remained undisturbed so far as the Shogun was concerned, but the Mikado was a mere puppet in the hands of Satsuma and the other barons. During nine years (that is, until 1877) affairs went on in this manner; but in that year a fresh struggle for power commenced between the Mikado and the Satsuma family. This war is known as the Satsuma rebellion, in which the Mikado put in the field 65,000 troops against the 40,000 men of the rebels. It has been computed that more than 13,000 men were killed and more than 20,000 wounded before the authority of the Mikado was fully established. The present constitution of Japan therefore dates from 1878, with the death of Saigo, the most capable of all the Satsuma leaders. In 1881 James, The Rt. Hon. Sir Henry, Q.C., M.P., P.C., son of Mr. Philip Turner James, of Hereford, was b. at Hereford, 1828. Educated at Cheltenham; Lecturer's Prizeman at the Inner Temple (1850-51); called to the bar at the Middle Temple (1852). Nominated to ancient office of "postman of Court of Exchequer (1867); appointed Q.C. (1869), Was SolicitorGeneral (1873), in which year he was knighted; Attorney-General (1873-74), re-appointed (1880). Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Taunton (1869-85), Bury (1885). Jam Manufacture. See FRUIT FARMING. Janin, M. Jules, permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences for the section of Physics and Natural History, was b. at Ternes 1813. He commenced his career as one of the masters of the Collège Bourbon, now the Condorcet Lyceum. Professor of Physics at the Polytechnic School, and subsequently (1863) to the Faculty of Sciences at Paris. Entered The a Sanji-in, or council of state, was formed for the purpose of framing bills and criticising the acts of the executive. Some important changes in the principles and personnel of the Government were made by Imperial notification (Dec, 23rd, 1885), abolishing the Council of State, and creating a new Court council and a new cabinet, the new ministers of state occupying more responsible and better defined positions than previously. The chief posts in the new cabinet are held by Counts Ito, the President, and Inouye, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. These changes will prepare the way for the new constitution, to come into force in 1890, when the first Japanese Parliament will be inaugurated. The trade of Japan is valued at £13,000,000, of which the exports exceed the imports by nearly £2,000,000. Most of the imports come from England, while the United States, China, and France take most of the exports. Yokohama is the principal port of trade. The coal fields of Yesso, which are estimated to be capable of producing an immense quantity of coal, are only partially worked; and it is believed that there still remain unutilised 48,000,000 acres capable of cultivation. The most valuable crop is silk, of which £9,000,000 sterling worth are used at home, and the other £2,000,000 worth are sent abroad. The revenue and expenditure in 1884 each exceeded £15,000,000, whereas the national debt is more than £70,000,000. The army at its full war strength exceeds 100,000 men, and the navy, owing chiefly to the natural aptitude of the Japanese for the sea, has been allowed the first place among Asiatic peoples. The Japanese are undoubtedly a very intelligent and progressive people, but the condition of their finances and a certain restlessness in their disposition, which influences their foreign policy, renders their future more uncertain than their intelligence and the natural wealth of their country would render probable. They have been styled "the French of Asia." "Jaques." See NOMS DE PLUME. Jardine, Sir Robert, M.P., F.R.G.S., was b. 1826. Head of the firm of Jardine, Matheson and Co., merchants in China. Received a baronetcy (1885). Deputy Lieutenant for Dumfries-shire. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Ashburton (1865-68); Dumfries District (1868-74); Dumfries-shire (1880-85); re elected 1885. was Jersey, Victor Albert George Child Villiers, 7th Earl of (creat. 1697); b. 1845; succeeded his father Oct. 1859; eldest son of the 6th Earl by the eldest dau. of the late Sir Robert Peel, Bart. Was a Lord-in-waiting to the Queen (June 1875 to June 1877). "Jerusalem," The. The Jerusalem Exchange, situate in Cowper's Court, Cornhill, originated in the Old Jerusalem Coffee House, so well known in the time of the "Honourable East India Co." In those days the officers and captains of the "Company" congregated to compare notes of their adventures with the French and Dutch, while merchants and shippers endeavoured to gain commercial information from those lately returned from the East. But since the development of telegraphy all this is changed. Still merchants and shippers trading with India, China, and Australia continue to meet every day at 4 p.m. to transact business and arrange freights, without the romance of the old days. It is stated that ships have been loaded in one day by bargains made at the "Jerusalem." Amongst the records to be found at the "Jerusalem "are many things to interest the antiquarian and historian. For instance, memoranda of the Capture of St. Helena in 1601; the account of the eight ships that sailed from Plymouth for that island with Buonaparte in 1815, besides numerous accounts of the engagements of the East Indian Company's fleet with the French and Dutch menof-war. There are also chronicled the high charges for freight in those days, the instructions given by the Directors of the Honourable Company" to commanders regarding religious observances on board each ship, and the details of the uniform worn from time to time by the officers, as well as many other matters which would interest the painter as well as the historian. Jews. The number of Jews in the various countries of Europe at the date of the last census in each (about 1880-1) was as follows:Russia Austro-Hungary. EUROPE 4,008,639 1,643,708 561,612 260,000 100,000 81,693 76,000 65,000 40,000 7,373 6,973 3,492 2,652 2,102 6,879,238 Jenkins, Mr. David James, M.P. b. at Exeter 1824, and educated at Exeter and Teignmouth grammar schools. During the Crimean war he commanded a troopship in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Black Seas. He is partner of the steamship firm of Jenkins and Co., London. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Penryn and Falmouth (1885). Jenkins, Sir John Jones, M.P., of Swansea, Outside Europe no satisfactory enumeration is 1834. Deputy-Lieutenant and J.P. for co. possible, but it is probable that Asia contains Glamorgan; J.P. and Alderman of Swansea, 200,000; Africa, 220,800; the Americas, 250,000; for which borough he has served as Mayor and Australia, 15,000. There are probably eight on three occasions, and vice-chairman of the millions of Jews in existence at the present Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway Company. date (1886). Until very recently Jews were Sir John Jenkins sat for the Carmarthen Dis-restricted in their rights throughout the world; trict in the Liberal interest (1882-85); re-elected and those of eastern Europe, Africa, and the East still labour under many disabilities, which it is 1885. the object of the "Alliance Israelite" of Paris, and similar societies in Germany, Austria, and England(Anglo-Jewish Association, 100, Suther"The land Gardens, W.), to remove. Even in western Liberal Europe much of the feeling of ill-will which led to earlier restrictions still remains, and has led Jennings, Mr. Louis John, M.P., b. 1837, is the author of several works, amongst Which are "Eighty Years of Republican Government in the United States," Croker Papers," etc. member for Stockport (1885). Returned as of late years to a recrudescence of medieval intolerance, which has given rise to the socalled 44 Jewish Question." This was first raised in Germany, in the "big gooseberry" season of 1875, by some Ultramontane journals anxious to discredit the authors of the May Laws, the National Liberal party, to which most German Jews belong. The writers sought to create ill-will against Jews on two grounds: their commercial prosperity amid the general depression of trade, and their alien race amid the newly-formed passion of Panteutonism. The Jews unwisely made a great stir in answering these attacks, which only served to provoke others, till at last opposition took an organised form in the creation of an Anti-Semitic League which attempted to "boycott" Jews socially. Prince Bismarck had broken with the National Liberals about this time, and he seemed not unwilling that his former allies should be discredited and hampered with the Jewish Question. The German Anti-Semitic movement, which reached its height in the winter of 1880-1, encouraged the enemies of the Jews in other lands, and throughout the year 1881 excesses took place in southern Russia which led in many cases to outrages and loss of life. The Russian Government has always regarded the Jews as "an heritage from Poland," and has accordingly restricted their right of domicile to the former provinces of the Polish kingdom; it accordingly took no effective steps to restrain the peasantry, who were led to think that the property of the Jews had been handed over to them by an ukase of the Czar. At last the attention of Europe was drawn to the persecutions by an attack at Warsaw on Christmas 1881 and the two following days; and a fortnight afterwards two articles appeared in the Times giving a history of the persecutions. Great indignation was in consequence spread throughout Europe, and especially in England, where many public meetings were held, and a Mansion House Fund formed, which collected over £100,000. This was chiefly expended in resettling over 20,000 Jews who had lost house and home by sending them to America or restoring them to new homes in Russia. In AustroHungary Anti-Semitism, though widely spread, has not led to any great excesses, owing to the friendly attitude of the Government towards the Jews. Much excitement was caused, however, during the year 1883, owing to a revival of the absurd charge of "ritual murder (originally brought against the early Christians). Some Jews were accused of murdering a girl named Esther Solymosi for ritual purposes in the Passover meal, and evidence was manufactured by the police officers of the district. The charge entirely broke down, after a protracted trial which excited European interest. The chief country in which anti-Semitism still raises its head is Roumania, which, though enfranchised by the Treaty of Berlin on condition of freeing its Jews, still evades fulfilment of its treaty obligations. See D. F. Schloss, "Persecution of Jews in Roumania" (Nutt). In Roumania no popular ill-will exists against the Jews, but the Government treats them harshly to gain favour with the Third College of Electors, mainly composed of commercial rivals of the Jews. Here, in England, full emancipation was granted to Jews in 1858, and no ill-feeling exists against them. English Jews number some 65,000, of whom 50,000 live in London, three-quarters of them in the East-end, chiefly recruited from Russia. They possess a special Jewish Board of Guardians (13, Devonshire Square, E.C.), which takes care that no Jew shall depend for aid on the parish; several orphan asylums, Jewish wards in the chief hospitals and other charitable institutions; while the Jews Free School, Bell Lane, is the largest school in the world, and one of the most successful. There are two Jewish weeklies, of which the more important is The Jewish Chronicle (2, Finsbury Square, E.C.). The spiritual wants of Jews are provided for in the East-end by a number of hebras or minor congregations, while eleven of the larger synagogues are organised by the United Synagogue (2, Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W.). Ministers for these are mostly trained at Jews' College (Tavistock House, Tavistock Square), which has a very extensive library of works dealing with Jewish subjects. Another library specially noteworthy for Hebrew MSS. is situated at the Beth Hamidrash (St. James' Place, E.C.), where the sittings of the Beth Din, or ecclesiastical tribunal, are held, at which points of Jewish law are decided. Ecclesiastical matters are under the control of the Chief Rabbi, Dr. N. M. Adler, whose son, Dr. H. Adler, now acts as his delegate. His mandates are only binding on the so-called orthodox Jews, while there is a separate synagogue in Berkeley Street for "Reformed Jews, who pay less reverence to Jewish tradition: there has been a marked rapprochement of recent years between these two bodies. There are, besides, some 3000 Spanish_and Portuguese Jews (Sephardim) in London, whose ritual slightly differs from that of the more numerous German and Polish Jews (Ashkenazim): their most distinguished member was the late Sir Moses Montefiore (died 1885, aged 100 years and 9 months). As a religious term "Jew" has nowadays the very vaguest connotation, ranging from the superstition of the Chassidim of Russia and Galicia to the advanced agnosticism of the Society of Ethical Culture in New York. No tendency, however, can be discerned among Jews towards the acceptance of the dogmas which differentiate Christianity from Judaism. Jews have some special enactments connected with registration of their marriages, modifications of the Factory Acts to suit their Sabbath, etc. These, and other legislation likely to affect them, are looked after by the Jewish Board of Deputies (36, Finsbury Circus). On Jews generally see J. Loeb's article Juifs, in St. Martin's "Dictionnaire de Géographie"; J. Davis, Jews, Modern, in "Encyclopædia Britannica ; on the literature of the Judenhetze, J. Jacobs, "The Jewish Question," 1875-84 (Trübner); on their social and vital stitistics, J. Jacobs' "Studies in Jewish Statastics (Jewish Chronicle Office). For dates of Jewish festivals, etc., see the Jewish calendars published every year by Rev. M. H. Myers and by P. Vallentine. "Jezreelites," or the "New and Latter House of Israel. This new sect (whose headquarters are at Gillingham, Kent) was founded by James Jershom Jezreel (d. 1885), his real name being James White. He gave himself out to be the messenger of God, and claimed to have received direct revelations, which are contained in "The Flying Roll." They hold that Christ died only for the salvation of those souls who have lived since Moses. He did not die for the salvation of the body; therefore not for Adam and those before Moses, at Jingoes. A term first applied to the extreme Tory party in 1878, when the question of a war with Russia was on the tapis, but since frequently and derisively used by the Radicals to denote those who are in favour of any foreign policy that they consider aggressive. The term originated from a music-hall song, the refrain being "We don't want to fight, but by Jingo! if we do, We've got the ships, we've got the men, and got the money too! the seaport of Massowah appearing to be the goal of his ambition. A mission was sent to King Johannes (Jan. 8th, 1886), from Italy, to secure his co-operation with regard to the Red Sea Littoral. Re Johns, Mr. Jasper Wilson, M.P., was b. 1824. He is an architect and engineer. J.P and Deputy Lieutenant for Merioneth. turned in the Liberal interest as member for Nuneaton Division, Warwickshire (1885). Johnston, Mr. William, M.P., was b. 1829. Educated at Trin. Coll., Dublin. Called to the Irish bar (1872). Appointed Inspector of Irish tive interest as member for Belfast (1868-78); Fisheries (1878). Returned in the Conservare-elected for South Belfast (1885). He Joicey, Mr. James, M.P., of Newcastle, was b. 1845, at Kep Hill, co. Durham. is an extensive coal proprietor in the north of England. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Durham, Chester-le-Street Division (1885). Joiners The Worshipful Company of. See CITY GUILDS. Joint Stock Company. For the purposes of commerce a joint stock company is a magnified partnership; but for the purposes of law a joint stock company is a corporation, whilst a partnership is nothing more than the individuals who join to make it. A company being a corporation can be formed only in one of three ways: (a) by Act of Parliament; (b) by royal letters patent; (c) under the provisions of the Companies Acts, 1862 to 1880. The older methods, being very expensive and dilatory, are now rarely used, and advantage is almost always taken of the Companies Acts. Under these Acts any seven or more persons associated for any lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association, and by complying with the provisions as to registration, form an incorporated company, limited or unlimited. The liability of members may be limited either to the amount unpaid upon the shares held by them, or to any such amount as the members by their Joachim, Joseph, distinguished violinist, memorandum of association respectively underby birth a Hungarian, was b. near Presburg, take to contribute to the assets in the event of 1831. Already famous as a youthful prodigy, he a winding-up. The memorandum of association must in every instance state the name of the went to Leipzig in 1813, to the Conservatoire previously founded by Mendelssohn, who saw proposed company, the place in which its his genius and encouraged him. He first came registered office is to be situated, and its to London in 1844, and has since annually whether by shares or otherwise, the memoobjects. If the company is to be limited, visited us. Herr Joachim has been principal randum must give certain additional informaviolinist of the Monday and Saturday Popular tion. The memorandum must be stamped and Concerts from their very commencement. 1569 he became the head of the newly developed Academy of Music at Berlin. He has written several works for his instrument and the orchestra, the chief being the Hungarian Concerto. The University of Cambridge conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc., 1877. Jockey Club and Ring. See RACING. Johannes II., the present ruler of Abyssinia, was by English influence placed on the throne after the overthrow of King Theodore by Lord Napier at Magdala (1872). The patronage of England has proved most important to him in his successful military operations against the Egyptians. His services were expected to aid the English army against the Soudanese rebels; he remained, however, neutral. He has proved a very intelligent ruler, and seems anxious to find an outlet for commerce on the Red Sea In at least one witness. The memorandum of signed by each subscriber in the presence of association may, in the case of a company limited by shares, and must in the case of any other company, be accompanied by articles of association containing such regulations for the company as they shall deem expedient. The articles must be printed, stamped, and signed by the subscribers to the memorandum in the presence of at least one witness. The memorandum and the articles are then to be delivered to the registrar of joint stock companies, to be retained and registered by him. A certificate of incorporation given by him is conclusive evidence that the requirements of the Acts have been satisfied. The shares in a company are personal property, can be transferred according to the regulations of the company, and must be numbered. Every company must keep a register of its members, showing their names, addresses, and occupations, the number of shares held by each, the amount, if any, unpaid upon such shares, the date at which each became a member, and the date at which any one ceases to be a member. No notice of any trust is to be entered upon the register, which is to be kept available gratis for inspection by any member. Every company is bound to have a registered office, and to exhibit its name in legible letters outside each of its places of business. Every limited company must keep a register of all mortgages and charges affecting its property. A general meeting of every company must be held at least once a year. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and of the memorandum of association, a company may by special resolution alter all or any of the regulations contained in the articles of association. A special resolution must have been passed by a majority of not less than threefourths of the members present and entitled to vote, at a general meeting of which notice specifying the intention to propose such resolution has been given, and must have been confirmed by a majority at another general meeting of which due notice has been given, member (1868-74), Carnarvon Boroughs (1882-85); re-elected 1885. Jones, Mr. Pryce, M.P., was b. 1834. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Montgomery Boroughs (1885). Jones, T. Percy." See NOMS DE PLUME. Jordan, Mr. Jeremiah, M.P. Has been twice Chairman of the Enniskillen Town Commissioners. Is a member of the National League. Returned as a Nationalist for West Clare (1885). "Jorrocks, John." See NOMS DE PLUME. Jowett, Rev. Professor B., D.D., b. 1817. Became scholar of Balliol College, Oxford (1835), Fellow (1838); appointed Regius Professor of Greek on the recommendation of Lord Palmerston (1855). Was member of a commission for taking into consideration mode of admission by examination to writerships in Civil Service of India. Professor Jowett has written commentaries on some of the Pauline Epistles, and an essay on the Interpretation of Scripture in "Essays and Reviews.' In 1870 he was elected Master of Balliol College. He published a translation of the "Dialogues of Plato," 1871. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the University of Leyden in 1875. and which must be held not less than a fort- Juby, Cape. The North African Company night nor more than a month after the former (British), have recently established themselves meeting. A company may be wound up either here. In his evidence before the Royal Comvoluntarily or by order of the High Court. A mission on Depression of Trade, Mr. C. M. winding-up under order of the Court is carried Kennedy, C.B., Chief of the Commercial Departout by the official liquidator. All persons ment of the Foreign Office, referring to the liable to contribute to the assets in the event enterprise of this Company, expressed the of a winding-up are called contributories, and opinion that Her Majesty's Government should their liability is determined by the following grant the directors the same privileges that rules-(1) No past member who has ceased to have been granted by Royal Charter to the be a member for a year or more previous to the North Borneo Company; "or," he added "if it commencement of the winding-up is liable to was thought better, I would make it (Cape contribute anything. (2) No past member is Juby) a British possession, and part of one of liable to contribute in respect of any liability the Settlements on the West Coast of Africa.” incurred after he ceased to be a member. (3) Judenhetze. See GERMANY. No past member is liable to contribute anything unless it appears to the Court that the present members cannot meet the contributions to which they are liable. (4) In the case of a company limited by shares, no contributory is liable to pay more than the amount unpaid upon the shares in respect of which he is liable. (5) In the case of a company limited by a guarantee, no contributory is liable to pay more than the amount of the undertaking entered into on his behalf in the memorandum of association. (6) Nothing in the Act is to invalidate any provision in any contract whereby the liability of individual members upon such contract is restricted. (7) No sum due to any member of a company by way of dividends, profits, etc., is to be deemed a debt of the company payable to him in case of competition between him and another creditor not a member of the company, but may be taken intc account in the final adjustment of the rights of the contributories among themselves. In conclusion, it must be remembered that the above outline of the law relating to joint stock companies is necessarily concise; this branch of the law having attained immense proportions. (See Buckley, "Companies Acts.") Judicial Separation. It was in the power of the ecclesiastical courts, which formerly determined all matrimonial causes, to grant a divorce à mensa et thoro, which released the husband and wife from the duty of cohabitation, but did not enable either of them to marry again. By the "Matrimonial Causes Act, 1857," it was provided that such divorces should no more be granted, but that in every case in which a decree might have been made for a divorce à mensa et thoro, a decree might thenceforwards be made for a judicial separation. A decree for judicial separation may be obtained either by the husband or by the wife on the ground of adultery or cruelty, or desertion without cause for two years or upwards. Cruelty in this sense may be defined as injury to person or to health, or conduct raising a reasonable apprehension of bodily hurt. Even threats to a wife, not accompanied by personal violence, and cruelty to children in the presence of their mother, have been in some cases regarded as cruelty giving ground for a decree. Desertion must be wilful, and against the will of the person who complains of it. From the date of a decree for judicial separation, and so long as the separation continues, the wife is considered as afemme sole with respect to all property which she may acquire; and should she again cohabit with her husband, all such property is to be held to her separate use. But this provision has been made superfluous by the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 (q.v.). The court has power to order such alimony for the wife, and to make such pro Jones-Parry, Mr. Thomas Duncombe Love, M.P., F.S.A., of Madryn Castle, Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire, was b. 1832. Educated at Rugby and University Coll., Oxford. He is a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Carnarvonshire; High Sheriff of the county (1854). Mr. Jones-Parry represented the county of Carnarvon as Liberal |