A and his heirs; and with a further proviso that until default shall be made in payment of the money A and his heirs may hold the land without interruption from B or his heirs. Here we have at once a common mortgage of freehold land." The courts of common law took a stringent view of such a conveyance as above described, and held that if A did not pay what he owed on the day fixed by the agreement, he should lose his land for ever. But the Court of Chancery allowed the mortgagor further time in which to redeem his land, and the right thus created is known as the equity of redemption. This interference of the Court of Chancery dates from the reign of James I., and was carried so far as to annul any agreement between the parties for taking away the mortgagor's equity to redeem. The right of the mortgagor to redeem is, however, limited by the right of the mortgagee after the lapse of a reasonable time to bring an action for foreclosure in the Chancery Division, asking that the mortgagor may be directed to pay the principal and interest of the mortgage debt, together with all costs incurred, or in default of so doing may be foreclosed (i.e. deprived of his right to redeem the mortgaged property). Thereupon the Court may make a decree for foreclosure or order a sale of the property. It is usual to insert in mortgage deeds a clause enabling the mortgagee to sell the property when he shall think fit, limited by a proviso that he shall not exercise this power unless default shall have been made in payment of the principal or interest secured. But upon any sale, whether under such a clause or under an order of the Court, the mortgagee is entitled to retain out of the proceeds of sale only so much as will reimburse him for principal, interest and costs. So, likewise, if he enter into possession whilst the equity of redemption survives, he must account for rents and profits received by him, although the mortgagor whilst he remains in possession is under no such obligation. It is also usual to insert in mortgage deeds a covenant by the mortgagor to pay what he owes. This makes him personally liable, as for a common debt, and gives the mortgagee an additional remedy. A stipulation that the interest on a mortgage debt shall be raised in default of punctual payment is void; but a stipulation that such interest shall be lowered on punctual payment is valid. If the mortgagor wishes to pay off the debt at any time later than the day named for repayment in the mortgage, he must give six months' notice of his intention so to do, in order that the mortgagee may have time to find a new investment for the money lent. A mortgage, like any other conveyance, is properly made by deed; but an equitable mortgage can be effected simply by depositing with the lender the titledeeds of the property on which the loan is to be secured. The equity of redemption is regarded as an interest in real property, and descends as such. A mortgagor may mortgage his equity of redemption as often as he can find somebody to advance money upon the security thereof; and the mortgagees will be entitled to payment in the order of priority. But only the first mortgagee has the legal estate in the mortgaged property. He. therefore, if he have taken a subsequent mortgage of the equity of redemption, may tack (as the phrase is) his subsequent mortgage to his first mortgage, and recover all that he has advanced upon either in priority to any other mortgagee whose mortgage intervenes between his own mortgages. Any of the subsequent mortgagees who has more than one mortgage, if he can get from the first mortgagee a transfer of the legal estate, may tack in the same manner. The mortgagee's interest in mortgaged property descends not like real estate to the heir, but like personal estate to the executors or administrators of the mortgagee. 44 (See Williams' Principles of Real Property," the chapter entitled "Of a Mortgage Debt.") Morton, Sholto George Douglas, 21st Earl of (creat. 1458), was b. 1944; succeeded to the earldom 1884. Elected a representative peer for Scotland (March 1886). Morveau, M. Guy de. See BALLOONING. Moselle Canalisation. See ENGINEERING. Mostyn, Llewellyn Nevill Vaughan LloydMostyn, 3rd Baron (creat. 1831), was b. 1856, and succeeded his grandfather 1884. Moulmein. See ENGINEERING. Moulton, Mr. John Fletcher, M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A., etc., was b. at Madeley, Shropshire, 1844. Educated at New Kingswood School, Bath, and St. John's Coll., Cambridge. Senior Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman (1868), in which year he won the gold medal for mathematics in the Univ. of London, and was elected a Fellow of Christ's College. Called to the bar at the Middle Temple (1874); Q.C. (1885). He is a Fellow of the Lond. Math. Soc., and of the Society of Arts. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Clapham (1885). Mount Edgcumbe, William Henry Edg cumbe, P.C., 4th Earl of (cr. 1789), was b. 1832, and succeeded his father 1861. Was a Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales (Nov. 1862 to June 1866), when he became an extra Lord of the Bedchamber to H.R.H., and Lord Chamberlain of the Queen's Household (1879 to May 1880). Mount Sinai Inscriptions. See EGYPTO LOGY. Mount Temple, William Francis CowperTemple, P.C., 1st Baron (cr. 1880), was b. 1811. Was a Lord of the Treasury (1841), Lord of the Admiralty (1846-52, and again Jan. 1853 to Feb. 1855), when he was made Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department; President of Board of Health (Aug. 1855 to Feb. 1857, and again from the Sept. following till March 1858); Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Paymaster-General (Aug. 1859 to Feb. 1860), and Chief Commissioner of Works and Buildings (1860-66). Mount Washington. See BEN NEVIS OB Parliament, inherited the title, and was subsequently one of the peers present at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mowbray, Sir John, P.C., M.P., D.C.L., was b. 1815. Educated at Westminster and Ch. Ch., Oxford. Called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1841). Deputy Lieutenant of Durham, and J.P. for Durham and Berks. He is a Church Estates Commissioner, and was JudgeAdvocate-General (1858-59, 1866-68), Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Durham City (1853-68); Oxford Univ. (1868-85); re-elected 1885. Mozaffar Eddin. See Bokhara. Mozambique. A Portuguese possession on the east coast of Africa, nominally extending from Cape Delgado to Delagoa Bay, over 1,200 miles. In reality the Portuguese only occupy a few points, to which their authority is limited. The chief of these settlements on the coast, mostly on islands, are Mozambique (the capital), Quillimane (at one of the entrances to the Zambesi), Sofala, Inhambane, and Lourenzo Marquez, in Delagoa Bay. Up the Zambesi 120 miles is Sena, of little importance; 260 miles up is Tete, and 500 miles up the stations of Zumbo and Chicova. This territory has been in Portuguese hands since 1497, yet nothing has been done by them to open up the country. Government and trade are in the most debased condition. A small military force, composed of convicts and natives, is little respected. The slave trade continues in spite of laws against it. The coast is unhealthy, but rich in products. Gold has been worked at some places inland. Recently a splendid harbour has been discovered-Nakala, in Fernao Veloso Bay. The settlement in Delagoa Bay (q.v.), isolated and almost lost, has lately come into notice through the efforts made by the Boers to obtain it as a port for the Transvaal. (See ZAMBESI AND SHIRÉ.) Muir, Sir William Mure, K.C.B., late Director-General of the Army Medical Department, d. June 2nd, 1885. He took his M.D. at Edinburgh in 1840, and received his commission in the army in 1842. He became full Surgeon (1854), Deputy Inspector-General (1858), Inspector-General (1861), Surgeon-General (1873), and Director-General of the Department (1874). He served upon full pay for nearly forty years, twenty-four of which were passed in foreign service, in the Mediterranean, Turkey, and the Crimea, the Mauritius, India, China, and North America. Mukhtar Pasha, Ghazi Ahmed, one of the ablest and most scientific soldiers in the Turkish service. He was b. in Asia Minor, 1837, and educated at the Military Academy at Constantinople, where he studied four or five years. In 1860 he joined, with the rank of captain, the staff of the General conducting operations in Montenegro, and on one occasion so distinguished himself that he was both promoted and decorated. Returning to Stamboul, he was appointed Professor of Astronomy and Fortification, and (1864) tutor to the Sultan's eldest son, with whom he made a European tour, and was received with much distinction at the several courts. For his services in delimiting the Montenegrin frontier (1868-9) he was again decorated, and made a member of the Council of War. Soon after he was sent as second in command against the Arabs inYemen, and assumed the chief direction of the opera tions when Redif Pasha fell ill. He became Governor (1871), and after crushing the insurrection returned to Constantinople (1873). He was mainly instrumental in putting down the rising in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was for a short time Governor of Candia, and subsequently held a command at Erzeroum. When the war with Russia broke out he was despatched in hot haste to Armenia. It was in the operations here that he achieved the successes which obtained for him the coveted title of Ghazi (the Victorious). The Russians were at one time close to Erzeroum, but by a series of masterly manoeuvres he drew them from that portion of the country, and finally forced them to raise the siege of Kars. These successes, however, were short-lived. Russians ceeded in interposing a considerable army were strongly reinforced, and sucbetween Mukhtar and Kars, and capturing a large part of his forces. Mukhtar was forced to fly, almost without an army, to Erzeroum, Since the war he has leaving Kars to its fate. and towards the close of 1885 was despatched held several important military appointments, to Cairo to co-operate with Sir Henry Ú. Wolff in carrying out the terms of the Anglo-Turkish Convention with regard to the pacification and settlement of Egypt. He has filled all but the very highest offices in the Empire, and received from the Sultan every decoration that can be worn by a subject. The 1854. Educated at Balliol Coll., Oxford. ReMulholland, Mr. Henry Lyle, M.P., was b. turned in the Conservative interest as member for North Londonderry (1885). Müller, Prof. Max. See SPELLING REFORM. Muncaster, Josslyn Francis Pennington, Muncaster, was b. 1834. an Irish peer, the second son of the third Lord Foot and the Rifle Brigade, and is captain Served in the 90th of Cumberland Militia. He is Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum for West Cum berland (1876). Lord Muncaster entered parliament in the Conservative interest as member for West Cumberland (1872-85); reelected 1885. Mundella, Rt. Hon. Anthony James, M.P., P.C., F.R.S., son of the late Mr. Antonio Mundella, of Como, was b. 1825. Is J.P. for Middlesex and Nottingham. President of the Nottingham Chamber of Commerce, Vice-President of the Council of the Committee on Education (1880); President of the Board of Trade in the present Gladstone cabinet (1886). Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Sheffield (1868-85); Brightside Division (1885). Munro, Mr. H. A. J. See BOOK TRADE. Munster, William George Fitz-Clarence, 2nd Earl of (creat. 1831), son of the 1st Earl by his marriage with Miss Mary Wyndham, natural dau. of the 3rd Earl of Egremont, was b. 1824, and succeeded his father 1842. The 1st Earl was eldest son of King William IV. by Mrs. Jordan, the celebrated comic actress. This peerage is in remainder to the other sons of William IV., in the order of primogeniture, in default of the male issue of the 1st Earl. Muntz, Mr. Philip Albert, M.P., was b. 1839. He is J.P. for Warwickshire. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for North Warwickshire (1884-85); Tamworth Div. (1885). Munzinger, Prof. See OLD CATHOLICS. Murchison, Sir R. I. See GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Murcia. See SPAIN. Murdoch, Mr. Charles Townshend, M.P., of Buckhurst, Wokingham, Berks, was b. 1837, Educated at Eton. He is a magistrate for Berkshire. He served in the Crimean war (1855), as ensign in the Rifle Brigade. Mr. Murdoch is a member of the banking firm of Messrs. Ransom, Bouverie, and Co. He was elected in the Conservative interest for Reading at the late election (1885). Murphy, Mr. William Martin, M.P., was b. 1844. He has been for many years engaged in the construction of railway works. Director of the Dublin and Belfast Tramway Cos., and of the Cork and Bandon Railway Co. He is a J.P., and Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. Returned as a Nationalist for St. Patrick's Division of Dublin City (1885). Murray. See VICTORIA. Museum of Hygiene, The Parks. See SANITATION. a record speaks well for the activity of the present race of native composers; but, of course, such good results would not be obtainable were the bulk of English-speaking music patrons indifferent to the productions of their own country. In this, as in other branches of art, Great Britain has at length given such proof of her right to be placed in the front rank of contributors, that now to speak disrespectfully or sneeringly of British music manifests but little knowledge of modern progress, and still less of public opinion unhesitatingly expressed. The year 1885 being the bicentenary of Handel's birth, it very early became apparent that the occasion was to be seized for the performance, to a much larger extent than usual, of the more celebrated of his works. The only notable attempt at a revival of his less known, and in several instances undeservedly neglected compositions, was made by the Sacred Harmonic Society. This Association reproduced "Belshazzar," which had not Musical Festivals. The earliest is the been heard in London for some years prefestival of the "Sons of the Clergy," held viously; and the same oratorio was chosen annually from 1790 at St. Paul's in aid of the (with the "Messiah") as representative of Hanfunds of the charitable institution of that name. del's genius at the Bristol Triennial Festival in The next oldest is the festival of the Three the autumn. The Crystal Palace directors, who Choirs, held triennially and alternately at Here- by means of the triennial Handel Festival ford, Gloucester, and Worcester, in their respec- have done so much to make the name of Handel tive cathedrals, where oratorios are produced a household word, could not allow the bicenwith great completeness; secular performances tenary to pass without some special demonare given elsewhere in the town. The Bir- stration. If, in view of the recurrence of the mingham festival, held triennially (beginning festival in 1886, a single grand performance had in 1768) is the most important of all. Its pro- been settled upon, it must, to fulfil its purpose, ceeds go to the General Hospital, which has have consisted of the "Messiah," or "Israel in altogether received £100,000 by this means. Egypt," in part if not wholly; and such a "St. Paul" was produced here in 1837, and performance might reasonably be expected to Mendelssohn composed "Elijah" specially for seriously affect the festival proper of the sucBirmingham in 1846. Costa wrote "Eli" and ceeding year. Eventually it was wisely decided "Naaman" for it in 1855 and 1864, and Gounod to fix the Handel Festival for 1885 instead of the "Redemption "and "Mors et Vita "in 1882 1886, and all who felt any interest in the matter and 1885. Some new work of importance is warmly approved of the resolve. Thus the always produced. The Norwich festival is held great Handel orchestra was in June again filled triennially (though at first not very regularly), with its 4,000 choralists, instrumentalists, and and, like Birmingham, is for the benefit of the principals, Mr. August Manns being the contown hospitals. It began in 1770. Its greatest ductor, as in 1883. The programme, as before, work hitherto is Mackenzie's "Rose of Sharon consisted of the "Messiah," a selection, and 1884). The Leeds festival, also triennial and "Israel in Egypt," and the meeting was in for the benefit of hospitals, dates from 1858. every way a success.-At Easter Mr. Carl Rosa's Other festivals, but of less importance and Opera Company took possession of Drury Lane regularity, are those of Bristol, Liverpool, and Theatre for a longer season than usual. Two new York, Edinburgh and Glasgow. The Handel operas were promised in Mr. Goring Thomas's Festivals are remarkable for their colossal size "Nadeshda" having a Russian subject-and (4,000 performers being the total number of band M. Jules Massenet's "Manon," the latter of and chorus), and for their being limited to the which had been popular in Paris and elsewhere. works of Handel. They grew out of a com- Immediately on production both operas were rememoration festival held twenty-five years after ceived here with the highest favour. Virtually Handel's death in Westminster Abbey (1784), a separate cast of principals was engaged for and several times repeated later on. In 1857 a each Madame Valleria, Mr. Barton M'Guckin, preliminary festival was held at the Crystal and Mr. Leslie Crotty appearing in Mr. Goring Palace, and in 1859, the centenary of Handel's Thomas's opera; whilst Madame Marie Roze, death, the first great festival took place. 1885 Mr. Maas, and Mr. Ludwig, were in the French being the bicentenary of Handel's birth, the work, neatly turned into English by Mr. Joseph series of triennial festivals was interrupted in Bennett. There was little chance for the older order to commemorate that epoch. operas in the répertoire after these novelties appeared on the bill; nevertheless Mr. Carl Rosa continued to play a few more standard works, and an interesting and prosperous season terminated with a capital representation of "La Nozze di Figaro," with a strong cast. There seemed no probability of Covent Garden Theatre being opened for the annual Italian opera season until Mr. Mapleson gladdened the hearts of operatic habitués by announcing that he had engaged Madame Adelina Patti for a brief series of performances, under the conductorship of Signor Arditi. The unrivalled prima donna, Musicians, The Worshipful Company of. See CITY GUILDS, THE. Music in 1885. A year that introduced to the notice of the public such important new works by British composers as Mr. Goring Thomas's opera "Nadeshda," Mr. F. H. Cowen's cantata "The Sleeping Beauty," Mr. E. Prout's third Symphony, Mr. A. C. Mackenzie's violin concerto, and Mr. C. V. Stanford's oratorio "The Three Holy Children," and that comprised in its operations four great festivals, cannot be regarded as uneventful in musical annals. Such who thus fulfilled her twenty-fifth consecutive season here, played several of her more familiar characters, and appeared for the first time as Carmen. The only other principal soprano was Mdlle. Alma Fohstrom, a vocalist who was said to have made a hit in Vienna, and who at Covent Garden created a favourable impression (but nothing more) as Lucia, Amina, and Gilda. Meantime the International Inventions Exhibition at South Kensington, with "Music " as its second department, was daily claiming its thousands of visitors. Here concerts were held very frequently in the Albert Hall, besides the band performances in the grounds; and there was a priceless loan collection of ancient musical instruments, manuscripts, portraits, etc. -The first of the provincial music meetings of the year was the triennial gathering at Birmingham, for which extraordinary preparations, including commissions for seven elaborate new works, had been made. Each of the four days of the festival brought forward some novelty concerning which singular curiosity was aroused, though the lion's share was naturally carried off by M. Gounod's second trilogy "Mors et Vita," which it was anticipated would be conducted by the composer. Those, however, who at Birmingham had hoped to congratulate M. Gounod as they had congratulated him three years before, when he superintended the performance of his "Redemption," were doomed to disappointment. "Mors et Vita" was conducted by Herr Richter, the successor to the late Sir Michael Costa as the musical chief of the Birmingham Festival. Mr. Cowen's cantata "The Sleeping Beauty," Dvorak's cantata "The Spectre's Bride" (a very remarkable work), Mr. Stanford's oratorio "The Three Holy Children," Mr. Prout's new symphony in F, Mr. Mackenzie's violin concerto, and Dr. Bridge's setting of the "Rock of Ages," were, like M. Gounod's trilogy, warmly approved. It should be added that the Birmingham verdict has been fully endorsed by the Metropolis respecting all of these compositions that have found their way to London platforms. The Hereford Musical Festival (the Meeting of the Three Choirs) offered a cantata "St. Kevin," by Dr. J. Smith of Dublin, and a soprano solo with chorus, "The Song of Baldir," by Mr. C. H. Lloyd, as its only novelties; and Bristol fell back upon established successes, with Mr. Charles Hallé as conductor. The Philharmonic Society had a good season, with Sir Arthur Sullivan as conductor; and the Monday Popular Concerts, the Crystal Palace Concerts, the Sacred Harmonic Society, the Royal Albert Hall Choral Society and the London Ballad Concerts executed the same valuable functions in Metropolitan musical existence as for some years past. Novello's Oratorio Concerts, conducted by Mr. A. C. Mackenzie, and the Brinsmead Symphony Concerts, are new musical enterprises that promise exceedingly well.-The list of comic operas of the year is headed by "The Mikado" (one of Messrs. Gilbert and Sullivan's brightest efforts) at the Savoy; and merit in varying degree has been evinced in Messrs. H. Paulton and E. Jakabowski's "Erminie "(the Comedy Theatre), Messrs. H. Herman and Edward Jones's "The Fay o' Fire" (at the Opera Comique), and Messrs. Hamilton and Fullerton's "The Lady of the Locket" (at the Empire). Musurus Pasha, Constantine, Turkish ambassador to England, b. at Constantinople in 1807. He began his diplomatic career as the secretary of the Prince of Samos (1832). At the time of the rebellion of Samos, Musurus was chosen for the task of pacifying the islanders. The constitution and reforms which he gave them brought them back Turkish rule. His next appointment was that of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Greece (1840). In 1848 he was promoted to the post of representative of Turkey at Vienna, afterwards becoming Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's, an office her etained from 1856 to 1885, when he was succeeded by Rusdem Pasha (q.v.) He was made a Muchir and a Pasha in 1867, and possesses the order of the Osmanlieh, and the Medjidie. Mutiny Act. In strictness there is no longer a Mutiny Act. From the time of the Revolution of 1689 down to the year 1879, the discipline of the army had been maintained by an annual Mutiny Act, and by the articles of war which the sovereign was by that Act empowered to make. In the year 1879 the contents of the Mutiny Act and of the Articles of War were consolidated into the Army Discipline and Regulation Act, which formed a complete military code, and was renewed by annual Acts from year to year. But in the year 1881 it was entirely repealed, with the exception of one section, and was replaced by a new military code known as the Army Act, 1881. This Act contains 193 clauses, has five schedules, and fills 100 octavo pages. It therefore does not admit of a brief summary. Like the Army Discipline and Regulation Act and the old Mutiny Acts, it is renewed only for the space of a year at a time, in order to preserve the control of parliament over the standing army. Were it to expire, the soldier would again become a citizen, subject only to the common law. He could no longer be punished for disobeying his officers or quitting his colours. Mutsuhito. The present Mikado (or Emperor) of Japan; b. 1852. Ascended the throne in 1867. His reign has been marked by great reforms, prompted by a liberal spirit, resulting in abolishing entirely the feudal system which has impeded the general progress of the country, Under the rule of the present Mikado, Japan has entered into an unprecedented era of prosperity. Civilisation has made rapid progress, and the introduction of Western arts and ideas has secured for Japan a foremost place amongst the Asiatic nations. Mutualists. See ANARCHISM. Mutual, The (of New York). See FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE. Myriapoda. See ZOOLOGY. Nacas. See COOLIE. See AFGHANISTAN. Namak. See SIKHS. Nankin, Treaty of. See CHINA. Nanvoo. See MORMONISM. Naphtha. See ILLUMINANTS. N Napier, Francis Napier, 9th Baron (creat. 1627); Baron Ettrick (1872), by which title he holds his seat in the House of Lords, son of the 8th Baron, was b. 1819, and succeeded his father 1834. Held various important diplomatic posts: was Governor of Madras (June 1866 to Jan. 1872), and was then Acting Viceroy of India pro. tem., on the death of Lord Mayo. Enjoys a pension of £1,700 per annum. The family numbered amongst its members Sir John Napier, the inventor of logarithms; Lieut.-Gen. Sir Charles James Napier, of Indian celebrity; and Gen. Sir William Napier, author of The History of the Peninsular War.' Napier of Magdala, Robert Cornelis Napier, P.C., 1st Baron (cr. 1868), was b. 1810. Was brigade-major in the Sutlej campaigns (1845-6), where he was severely wounded; acting Chief Engineer during part of the siege of Moultan, where he was again wounded; commanded the Engineers during the operations which ended in the capture of Lucknow (1858); was made K.C.B. for his services (1858), and received the thanks of Parliament (1859). Again received the thanks of Parliament (1861) for the "skill, zeal, and intrepidity" shown in the operations which terminated in the capture of Pekin. Appointed to conduct the expedition to Abyssinia (Oct. following), on the successful conclusion of which, and capture of Magdala, he once more received the thanks of Parliament, was created a peer, and granted a provision of £2,000 per annum for himself and his next heir. Nascent State. See ATOMS AND MOLECULES. Nasser-ed-Deen, Shah of Persia, son of the late Mehemet Shah; b. in 1829. He ascended the throne in 1848. In 1852 he occupied Herat, when an expedition under General Outram was sent against him, and after a very successful campaign compelled Persia to sign a treaty of peace at Paris, on terms favourable to England. The Shah, in his warfare against the wild tribes surrounding his dominions, has been generally victorious. Under his reign a treaty uniting Europe and India by telegraph across Persia was signed in 1866 at Teheran. In 1873 he made a tour in Europe, and met with a cordial reception in London and elsewhere. The Shah may be called upon to play an important part, in the event of England being engaged in military operations against Russia on the northern frontier of Afghanistan. Natal. A British colony, situated on the south-east coast of Africa, about 800 miles from Cape Colony. Port Natal, now called D'Urban, was discovered by Vasco de Gama on Christmas Day (Natal), 1497, and hence the name. The sea-board of the colony extends from the Umtamfuna river on the south, to the Tugela on the north, a distance of 170 miles. Zululand borders the colony on the N.E., Transvaal on ethe N., Orang Free State and Basutoland on the W., Transkeian Territories on the S.W. Area 18,750 sq. miles; pop. 424,495: consisting of whites, 35,453; natives, 361,766; Indian and Chinese coolies, 27,276. The capital is Pietermaritzburg, pop. 14,429 the only port is D'Urban. Other centres inland are Verulam, Isipingo, Richmond, Ladysmith, etc. The colony is divided into fourteen districts. There are 105 miles of railway, and 120 more constructing. The numerous rivers are not navigable, although some of them are considerable streams, so that the country is well watered and fertile. The climate is very fine: the winter bright and tolerably cool, and the summer heat tempered by cloud and rain. The coast scenery is bold, and the whole country inland romantically beautiful, being dominated everywhere by the precipitous heights of the Drakensberg, some of the peaks of which attain an altitude of 9,500 feet. The low-lying coast-land, extending about fifteen miles inland, is highly fertile, and has been found suitable for the growth of sugar, coffee, arrowroot, spices, tobacco, cotton, flax, silk, and tropical fruits; at present sugar-growing is a profitable and flourishing industry. For sugar cultivation it has been found necessary to introduce Indian coolies (q.v.) and Chinese. Coal and lime are worked; iron, copper, and probably gold exist. The native fauna and flora are extensive and interesting; the hippopotamus is still to be found, as also crocodiles, iguanas and chameleons, leopards, hyænas, tigers, etc. Timber trees are numerous and valuable, especially the yellow wood, the stink wood, and the iron wood. The midland region is well adapted for cereals and European farming. The upper region, mountainous, is pastoral-sheep, cattle, and horses being reared in great numbers. Little was known of Natal until 1824, when Lieutenant Farewell settled a few white colonists near the port, by permission of Chaka, the Zulu king. At his death, four years later, the settlement was broken up. In 1837 a party of Dutch Boers (q.v.) "trekking" from Cape Colony, settled in Natal. Their systematic ill-treatment of the blacks soon led to war. A great number of them were treacherously massacred by Dingaan, Chaka's successor. But in 1839, the Boers, being reinforced, overthrew Dingaan in a great battle, in which 3,000 Zulus were slain, and placed Panda, a brother of Dingaan, on his throne. Owing to these disturbances, the Governor of the Cape sent troops to take possession of Natal. But they were shortly withdrawn, only that more had soon to be dispatched, in 1840. In 1843 Natal was declared to be a British colony, and many of the Dutch again crossed the Drakensberg, In 1849 numerous British settlers located themselves 'n Natal. In 1853 a bishopric was created, under Bishop Colenso. In 1856 Natal was erected into a separate colony, distinct from the Cape. In 1873 there was an outbreak of the Amalubí Kaffirs, under Chief Langalibalele. Colonial troops were employed to quell it. Langalibalele and others were brought to jus tice, transported and imprisoned, though afterwards amnestied. The question of native government was brought into prominence. The Imperial authorities sent out Sir Garnet Wolseley (q.v.) as administrator, and in 1875 an |