"B." See NOмS DE PLUME. LOGY. Babylonia. See BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY. B and there are two forms (the violet B. and the fluorescing B.) which cause special colours to appear round about them. Bacon. See MEAT SUPPLY. Bacteria, so named from their resemblance to a rod, are micro-organisms belonging to the lowest known forms of life. They are short Bachelors' Ball, The, was held on July cylindrical cells, freely movable, from about 1 to 22nd, 1880, by eighty-four bachelors, at Kensing- 5 micromillimetres in length, and from o'5 to 2 ton House (built by Baron Albert Grant, who, micromillimetres in breadth. There is also an however, never inhabited it), and all the elite intermediate stage in which large numbers of of London, including the Prince and Princess the organisms are aggregated together in a of Wales, were present. very delicate jelly-like mass (zooglea form). Bacteria are found in all putrefying matter in enormous numbers, and in many fermenting liquids. Pasteur has shown that they are not only present in fermentation and putrefaction, but that they are really the initiators of these processes. Bacteria are also uniformly present in certain diseases, local and general; and in the opinion of many now they are held to have the same causal relations to these diseases as they have to fermentations and putrefactions. (See GERM THEORY OF DISEASE.) The following are some of the varieties of bacteria:1. B. Termo. These are essentially the bacteria of putrefaction, and in the zooglea form produce the iridescent scum on decomposing fluids.-2. B. Lineola is larger than the above, but like it is found in putrefying animal matter, and is one of the organisms found associated with putrescent odours.-3. B. Xanthinum is found in boiled milk, and produces a delicate yellow colour therein.-4. B. Lactis is found in milk, in which it produces the taste and smell of sour milk. Here may be mentioned one of the tribe of Spirobacteria, the Spirochata or Spirillum Obermeiri discovered by Obermeier in the blood of patients suffering from relapsing fever. It is a spiral filament about 50 micromillimetres in length, and is regarded as the cause of this disease. Bacilli. Rod-shaped micro-organisms, consisting of single cells, the length of which (from 1 to 20 micromillimetres) is more than twice the breadth, composed of a granular protoplasmic body surrounded by a wall which has a clear, sharp outline, and is able to resist the action of most reagents. They multiply in two ways: by simple transverse fission; and by the formation of spores, which, under favourable conditions, reproduce the bacillus form. Their most important bearing is their association with various diseases, such as tubercle, leprosy, woolsorters' disease, etc. For their complete microscopic demonstration special methods of staining are required, and the use of oil-immersion objectives in conjunction with a powerful condenser, such as Abbé's. The following are the most important bacilli at present known:- (1) B. Anthracis, found in the so-called splenic fever of the lower animals, from which it may be conveyed to man, in whom it is found both in the blood and tissues in charbon, malignant pustule, woolsorters' disease, and Siberian plague. These different forms of one disease are most commonly found in persons who work with skins, hides, wool, etc., which have come from the bodies of animals that have died from splenic fever.(2) B. Tuberculosis, found in the breath, sputum, and tissues of those afflicted with " consumption" (tubercular phthisis) or tuberculosis.(3) B. Lepræ, found in the nodules of leprosy. --(4) B. Malariæ, found in the Pontine marshes and in certain swamps in America, and in the blood in ague. It is supposed to be the cause of malaria.-(5) B. Septicemiæ, found in the blood of mice in which septicemia has been artificially produced.-(6) The B. of Cholera, or the so-called "comma bacillus," discovered by Koch (see CHOLERA), is found in the intestines of people suffering from cholera, and is being at present actively investigated on account of its probable etiological connection with this disease. There is one very similar in shape found in the mouth, but this reacts differently during cultivation. One is found also in the so-called "chicken cholera," an infectious disease to which poultry are liable. There are also the following bacilli of which much less is known: the B. of typhoid fever; the B. of erysipelas (experimentally produced in rabbits); the B. of purpura hæmorrhagica; the B. of syphilis; and the B. alvei, which is the cause of a disease among bees known as "foul brood.' There are two forms (B. subtilis and B. ulna) which are not found in living animal tissues; and there is one (B. butyricus) which is the cause of the butyric acid fermentation. There are two forms found in milk, one of which causes the blue colour seen in souring milk Baden-Powell, Mr. George Smyth, M.P., son of the late Prof. Baden-Powell, of Langton, Kent. Educated at Marlborough and Balliol College, Oxford, obtaining the Chancellor's English Essay prize (1876); C.M.G. (1884). Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Liverpool, Kirkdale Division (1885). Baggallay, Mr. Ernest, M.P., son of Lord Baghirini. See SOUDAN. Bagot, William, 3rd Baron (creat. 1780); b. 1811, and succeeded his father 1856. M.P. for Denbighshire (1835-52). Was for some time Lord of the Bed-chamber to the Prince Consort. Bailey, Mr. Laurence Richardson, M.P., of Allerton Hall, near Liverpool. Educated in London and Paris. Is J.P. for Liverpool, a director of the Great Northern Railway Co., and chairman of the Reliance Marine Insurance Co. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Exchange Division, Liverpool (1885). Baily, Mr. Henry. See BOOK TRADE. Educated at Harrow and Oxford Univ. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for North-West Lanarkshire (1885). Baker. Mr. B., C.E. See ENGINEERING. Baker Mr. Lawrence J., M.P., is the eldest son of Mr. John Law Baker, of Eastcote Lodge, Middlesex. Is now one of the trustees of the London Stock Exchange. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Frome Division Somersetshire, (1885). that ancient city. Hence Balkh is a sort of key to Cabul, although more as a basis of close intrigue than in a military sense, as the passes of the Hindoo Koosh, closed by snow six months of the year, afford a protection lacking in the case of Herat. The Ameer maintains a strong garrison at Balkh, and from it despatches the troops that garrison the rest of the territory between the Hindoo Koosh and river Oxus. In this manner the seizure of Balkh would mean Turkestan and the loss of one-sixth the population of Afghanistan. Bakers, The Worshipful Company of. the downfall of the Ameer's rule in Afghan See CITY GUILDS, THE. Bakownine. See ANARCHISM. THE. Balawat. See ASSYRIOLOGY. Balfour of Burleigh, Alexander Hugh Bruce, 6th Baron (creat. 1607); b. 1849. Elected a representative peer for Scotland (Dec. 1876), This title was attainted in 1715, but restored (1869) in the person of the present holder, who established his claim as lineal descendant of Mary, 2nd dau. of Robert 4th Lord Balfour. Ballad Concerts (Mr. J. Boosey's) were inaugurated in 1866 at the St. James's Hall, and have since been very popular. Ballarat Riots. See VICTORIA. Ballooning. The art of aerial navigation, or rather of researches into its principles, is said to date from the fourteenth century. The first ascent recorded was by the brothers Montgolfier by means of a fire balloon, at Aunonay, in 1783; and MM. Robert and Charles were the first to Balfour, The Rt. Hon. Arthur J., P.C., M.P., use a hydrogen balloon for a similar purpose eldest son of the late Mr. James Maitland at Paris in the following month. In the United Balfour, of Whittinghame, by his marriage Kingdom the pioneer ascensionist was a Mr. with Lady Blanche Mary Harriett Cecil, sister Tytler, at Edinburgh, in 1784, when a Montof the present Marquis of Salisbury, was b. golfier machine was utilised. Madame Thiblé 1848. Educated at Eton and Trin. Coll., Cam- was the first female aeronaut, ascending in the bridge. Private secretary to Lord Salisbury same year, 1784, with M. Fleurant. In England (1878-80), when Foreign Minister, and was Vincent Lunardi was the first aeronaut, ascendpresent at the Berlin Congress; President of ing from Moorfields, London, September 15th, the Local Government Board (1885-6). He is 1784. Messrs. Blanchard and Jeffries, who Deputy Lieutenant for Haddingtonshire. Re- ascended at Dover early in 1785, it appears, turned in the Conservative interest as member were the first to cross the Channel, coming for Hertford (1874-85); East Manchester (1885). down safely at Calais. A few days afterwards Balfour, Sir George, M.P., K.C.B., Royal (January 10th) the first ascent was made in Madras Artillery, was b. 1809. Educated at Ireland, being from Ranelagh Gardens, Dublin. the Military Academy, Addiscombe. Member Blanchard introduced parachutes in August of the Military Finance Commission of India 1785. MM. Gay-Lussac and Biot ascended at (1859-60). Formerly assistant to the Con- Paris, August 23rd, '1804; and the former to the troller-in-Chief, War Dept. Returned in the height of 22,977 feet in September the same Liberal interest as member for Kincardineshire year. Mr. Charles Green was the first to apply (1872-85); re-elected 1885. coal gas for inflation, and made his first ascent in July 1821; he is said to have ascended from London with a horse in 1828, and took a small pony with him from Vauxhall Gardens in 1850. An extraordinary voyage was completed by the great Nassau balloon, which started from Vauxhall Gardens, London, with three "passengers," and after a journey of eighteen hours landed at Weilburg, in the Duchy of Nassau, November 1836. In September 1850 Lieutenant Gale was killed near Bordeaux; he had ascended with a horse, and on returning the people who held the ropes let go too soon, and Gale was found next day dashed to pieces. MM. Bixio and Barrol, rising from Paris in 1850, went to the height of 19,000 feet, passing through a cloud 9,000 feet thick. In August 1852 some sensation was caused in London by the ascent of Madame Poitevin from Cremorne Gardens as "Europa seated on a bull. Several subsequent ascents on horses, however, caused the police to interfere (1858), on the ground of cruelty to animals. Mr. Welsh made aerial voyages for scientific purposes several times the same year. M. Poitevin ascended on a horse from Paris, 1858, reached the sea near Malaga, was nearly drowned, and died soon afterwards. In the month of June 1859, Mr. Wise, with three "companions," ascending from St. Louis in the United States, actually travelled 1,150 miles, coming down in Jefferson County, N.Y., the travellers being in an exhausted condition. By means of the encourage Balfour, Mr. Gerald William, M.P., son of Mr. James Maitland Balfour, of Whittinghame, Haddingtonshire, by Lady Blanche Cecil, dau. of the 2nd Marquis of Salisbury; was b. 1853. Educated at Eton and Trinity Coll., Cambridge, where he graduated first class in the Classical Tripos (1874). Was private secretary to his brother, the late President of the Local Government Board. Returned in the Conservative interest as member for Central Leeds (1885). Balfour, The Right Hon. John Blair, Q.C., M.P., P.C., LL.D., was b. 1837. Educated at the Univ. of Edinburgh. Called to the Scottish bar (1861); Q.C. (1880); Solicitor-General for Scotland (1880); Lord Advocate for Scotland (1881); re-appointed 1886. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Clackmannan and Kinross (1880-85); re-elected 1885. Balinghard, Baron. See SOUTHESK. Balkan Free States. These States include Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, Roumania, and Servia (q.v.) They have all arisen through the decay of the Ottoman empire, and may with much propriety be included under one head. Balkh. The Ameer of Afghanistan controls a large territory north of the Hindoo Koosh, called Afghan Turkestan, the capital of which is Balkh. If the Russians march upon India from Turkestan via Cabul, they must first take Balkh, or Mazar-i-Sherif, as the Afghans call the town they have erected near the site of ment afforded by the British Association, Mr. James Glaisher commenced his series of experiments in the air with Mr. Coxwell's great balloon at Wolverhampton; he reached the height of five miles July 17th, 1862. On September 5th, 1863, Mr. Glaisher and Mr. Coxwell reached the height of seven miles above Wolverhampton; at five and three-quarters the former became insensible; Mr. Coxwell subsequently lost the use of his hands, but opening the escape valve with his teeth, the adventurous pair reached the ground in safety. Mr. Glaisher surveyed London from a balloon October 9th; and in January 1864 made the first winter ascent of the century, from Woolwich. He published his book "Travels in the Air" 1871. M. Nadar constructed a giant balloon containing 215,363 cubic feet of gas, which raised thirty-five soldiers at Paris in October 1863; and after other successful ascents he exhibited his balloon at the Crystal Palace, London, the same year. In the following year M. Nadar founded a Society for Aerial Navigation at Paris. Mr. Coxwell ascended at Belfast in July 1865 under somewhat startling circumstances, the balloon escaping after injuring several persons in trying to prevent it. In April 1867 it is recorded Mr. Coxwell had made 550 successful attempts. Mr. Hodsman crossed to Westmoreland from Dublin in April 1867. Mr. Green, who made 600 successful ascents, died March 27th, 1870, aged 84 years. M. Dupuy de Lome was successful with a navigable balloon carrying thirteen passengers at Vincennes, February 2nd, 1871. Mr. (or Professor) Wise in July 1873 proposed to make a daring attempt to cross the Atlantic from New York to Liverpool with a balloon 100 feet in diameter and 110 feet perpendicular, and a supplementary balloon 36 feet in diameter. The lifting power of these combined was 15,900 lb., a carrying power of 9,500 lb., and disposable ballast of 7,500 lb. In the following September the balloons were reported to be inadequate; a smaller one started, with a lifeboat attached, on October 6th; but was caught in a storm, coming down in Connecticut on the following day. M. Vincent de Groof, a Belgian artiste, who described himself as the "Flying Man," made a successful ascent from Cremorne Gardens with a machine made to imitate the flight of a bird, June 29th, 1874, but was killed in another attempt during the next month. A new hot-air balloon (Menier's) was tried at the Crystal Palace on September 5th and October 16th, 1874, but it does not appear to have been successful. On April 15th, 1875, MM. Tissandier, Croce-Spinelli, and Sivel ascended in the balloon Zenith from La Villette, near Paris; and, when 26,160 feet high, Croce threw out more ballast, causing the balloon to rise much higher, Tissandier being the only one of the party recovered alive. Mr. Washington J. Donaldson, a well-known American aeronaut, was lost in Lake Michigan during a storm the same year. On September 4th, 1880, the Balloon Society of Great Britain, founded in that year, with their headquarters at the Royal Aquarium, Westminster, having offered a silver medal for competition, five balloons started-the Owl, with Mr. Wright and Commander Cheyne, travelling forty-eight miles in the hour. An international contest followed in October, when Mr. Wright and M. de Fouvielle, of Paris, competed, starting from the Crystal Palace; both came down near Portsmouth. In January 1881 it was reported from France that MM. Giffard and De Lome's aerial ship with steering apparatus had proved successful. Mr. Walter Powell, M.P., after crossing the Bristol Channel and proceeding to Hereford, ascended with Captain Templar and Mr. Agg-Gardner in the War Office balloon Saladin from Bath; on coming down at Bridport (December 10th, 1881) the two latter fell out, both being more or less injured, and the Saladin floated over the headland seaward with Mr. Powell. He was never seen again; but it was afterwards reported that some remains of a balloon were discovered in Spain (January 1882). Colonel Burnaby crossed the Channel, landing at Caen March 23rd, 1882. Mr. Simmons, rising from Maldon, Essex (June 1882), reached Arras, 140 miles, in 1 hour 20 min.; the same aeronaut, with Sir Claude de Crespigny, went from Maldon to Oudekerk, near Flushing, 140 miles, but the journey took six hours (August 1883). Several cross-Channel voyages occurred about this time. MM. Gaston and Tissandier in October 1883 reported the successful construction of an electrical balloon. In August 1884 M. L'Hoste crossed the Channel, and again later; and Gen. Brine went from Hythe to Hervelinghen (Aug. 15th). M. Renard is reported to have navigated a balloon by electricity in August 1884. M. Tissandier reported a successful experiment the following month, and M. Renard reported another in November.-There is in existence a French Balloon_Society, authorised in September 1872; the English Society already mentioned, besides the Aeronautical, founded 1866; and a German Aeronautical Society, Berlin, 1881.-Military Ballooning. The science for purposes of war has not been neglected. M. Guy de Morveau is said to have obtained valuable information by this means at the battle of Fleurus (1794); they were used at Solferino (1859), and by the Federals near Washington (July 1861). During the siege of Paris the balloon was of much service, an aeronaut, M. Durnof, carrying the mail bags to Tours (September 1870). There were also postal balloons between Metz and Paris. M. Gambetta escaped from Paris in a balloon (October 1870). The military adoption of aerial navigation was formally announced at Woolwich April 1879. A captive balloon was used at the Brighton review, March 29th, 1880, and near Suakim March 1885. It was reported in 1885 that M. Tissandier had succeeded in taking photographs at altitudes of from 600 to 1,100 meters, the time of exposure being one-fiftieth second. (See also Haydn's "Dictionary of Dates," Turnor's "Astra Castra," and Glaisher.) Baltzer, Prof. See OLD CATHOLICS. Bamberger, Dr. See GERMAN POLITICAL PARTIES. Bandon, James Francis Bernard, 4th Ear of (creat. 1800); b. 1850, and succeeded his A representative peer for Ire father 1877. land (1881). Bangor, James Colquhoun Campbell, D.D., Bishop of (founded 516), was b. 1813, consecrated 1859. Formerly Archdeacon of Llandaff. Bangor, Henry William Crosbie Ward, 3rd Visct. (creat. 1781), b. 1828, and succeeded to the title 1881. Served in the Kaffir war (1851) with the 43rd Regt. Irish representative peer. Bangweolo Lake. See CONGO FREE STATE. Bank Holidays. The Act, which declared that certain days in the year should be kept as public holidays, was brought in by Sir John Lubbock, and passed May 25th, 1871. holidays are, in England and Ireland: Easter Monday. Whit Monday. First Monday in August. Boxing Day (unless Sunday). New Year's Day, Christmas Day, The its financial management of the National Debt a percentage on the same, then amounting to £248,000, but now reduced to £201,594. The Act also gave all banks power to accept bills of exchange, and to sue and be sued. The Companies Acts, 1862-79, now regulate all banks other than the Bank of England. Bankruptcy Act, 1883. Upon the commission of an act of bankruptcy by a debtor, any of his creditors (with certain exceptions (but should either fall on Sunday, then the specified by the Act) may present to the court following Monday). Good Friday. First Monday in May. First Monday in August. Bank of England. The business of banking had its origin with the Florentine and other Italian goldsmiths, many of whom settled in Lombard Street, London, about the middle of the seventeenth century, and were there practically pawnbrokers; though the advantages of cheque drawing and negotiation, in lieu of cash payments, soon became apparent and were adopted. The Bank of England was projected by William Paterson, whose proposal for the same was laid before the Government in the year 1691. Three years later the Bank was established, starting its operations with a loan to the Government of £1,200,000 at 8 per cent., secured on taxes. The Bank Charter, granted for eleven years, appointed a governor and twenty-four directors to be elected annually from members of the company who were possessed of at least £500 stock. The business of the Bank was, by its charter, limited to dealing in bullion and bills of exchange, and it was prohibited from lending money to the Crown without the sanction of Parliament. In its early years the Bank met with the greatest opposition from the Goldsmiths, and before 1797 went through several crises-notably that of 1720, when the "South Sea Bubble" burst, involving the Bank in a loss of £2,000,000; that of 1745, due to a run upon it owing to the Jacobite Rebellion (which was only averted by the Bank paying claims in sixpences); and that of 1792, when some fifty country banks failed, owing to their excessive note issue. In 1797 a great run upon the Bank took place, chiefly caused by the call upon bullion for the war, and the timidity of depositors. Cash payments were suspended, and a later Parliamentary Bill prohibited the payment of more than 1 in coin and the loan of more than £600,000 to the Government, repealing a previous Bill (1777), which had limited notes to £5 and upwards. This Bill was itself annulled in 1819, so far as cash payments were concerned; and at another crisis, in 1825, the Bill of 1777 as to note issue was reinstated. By the same Bill (1825) joint-stock banking was made generally permissible. In 1833 Bank of England notes were made legal tender (except at the Bank itself), thus averting the chief dangers of runs upon banks. In 1844 Sir R. Peel brought in his "Bank Charter Act," which limited the note issue of the Bank of England to £14,000,000 (unless a similar value in bullion were in hand) against a like amount lent to Government; confined all note issue to existing banks that were not within sixty-five miles of London, and limited them to their then powers of issue. It further enacted that the Bank of England should for these concessions pay the Government an annuity of £180,000, and the profits on all note issues over £14,000,000, and that the Government should pay the Bank for a bankruptcy petition verified by affidavit. Upon this petition the court may make a receiving order, whereby an official receiver (appointed by the Board of Trade) is constituted receiver of the debtor's property. This order is followed by a public sitting of the court, at which the debtor is examined as to his affairs. A general meeting of creditors is to be held as soon as may be after the making of the receiving order, and is to decide whether or no the debtor is to be adjudged bankrupt. A composition must be approved at a subsequent meeting by a majority in number representing threefourths in value of the creditors, and must be confirmed by the court. If a composition is not accepted, the debtor must be adjudged bankrupt, and the creditors may either appoint a trustee in bankruptcy, or leave his appointment to the committee of inspection (a committee of not less than three, nor more than five, chosen by the creditors from among themselves, meeting at least once a month, and looking after their interests). The debtor must attend the first meeting of his creditors, and give such information as they require, besides giving, at all times, any information useful in the realisation of his property and its distribution among his creditors. At any time after adjudication the bankrupt may apply for his discharge, which the Court may grant at its discretion, but not if he has committed any misdemeanour under the Act, or under Part II. of the Debtors Act 1869. An adjudication of bankruptcy disqualifies for sitting in either House of Parliament, and for acting as justice of the peace, town councillor, guardian of the poor, etc. The disqualification ceases if the adjudication be annulled, or if he be discharged with a certificate that his bankruptcy was occasioned by no misconduct on his part. The property divisible among the creditors does not include the bankrupt's tools (if any), or the necessary bedding and apparel of himself, his wife, and children, not exceeding £20 altogether. The first dividend is to be declared and distributed within four months after the first meeting of creditors, and subsequent dividends at intervals of not less than six months. In the distribution, all local rates due at the date of the receiving order which have become pay able within the twelve months preceding, all taxes assessed up to the 5th April next before the date of the receiving order, and not exceed ing one year's assessment, and all wages of any servant, clerk, labourer, or workman due in respect of services rendered within four months before the date of the receiving order, and not exceeding £50, must be paid in full in priority to all other debts. Any person to whom rent is due from the bankrupt may either before or after the commencement of the bankruptcy distrain upon the bankrupt's goods for one year's rent. The Act does not, except in so far as expressly provided, extend to either Scotland or Ireland. The courts having juris diction in bankruptcy are the High Court and the county courts. Bankruptcy of Peers and Members of Parliament. See PRIVILEGES OF PEERS AND MEMBERS. Bannerman, Mr. H. C., M.P., P.C. See CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN. Banolas, M. See FIRE EXTINCTION. Banting, implying "dieting with a view to reducing corpulence," is derived from the patronymic of a Mr. William Banting, who about twenty-five years ago circulated or sold a very large number of letters urging corpulent people to abstain from the use of sugar and starchy substances, basing his recommendation on his own experience. of pastors (bishops) and deacons. The interests of different counties are cared for by 42 county associations; and the wider affairs of the denomination are attended to by the "Baptist Union," formed in 1831-which Union, while it has no legislative authority, is adapted to secure united action throughout the whole country. Of late years Home and Irish missions have become affiliated with the Union, under one executive. Many of the General Baptists early merged into Socinianism, so that in 1770 the "New Connexion (Evangelical) became the true exponent of General Baptist views in the country. They have one college for the training of the ministry, at Nottingham, formed in 1797, and also separate foreign and home missions; but they are affiliated with the Union for general and united action in Christian work. There are 192 churches, 130 pastors, 25,826 members. Outside the Baptist denomination there are the Scotch Baptists, with plural eldership. In England there are some 300 Hyper-Calvinistic churches, having missionary organisation and few Sundayschools. There are also two Seventh-Day Baptist Churches in the country. It is computed that in the world at large there are 31,296 churches, 19,888 pastors and missionaries, 2,826,582 communicants. Bara. See MADAGASCAR. a no Barbers, The Worshipful Company of. See CITY GUILDS, THE. Barbour, Mr. William Boyle, M.P., was b. 1828. Formerly engaged in mercantile pursuits-South American trade. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Paisley (1885). "Baptistet." See NOMS DE PLUME. Baptists. The Baptists hold that the only Scriptural mode of baptism is by immersion, and that the proper subjects are believers. Any other baptism they consider to be contrary to the original institution; contrary to the example of Christ; and also opposed to the spiritual design of the ordinance. In early times those holding baptistic views, with others who clung to primitive customs, were bitterly persecuted by the dominant party, and branded as schismatics and heretics. Historians, themselves not Baptists, have shown that through the centuries baptistic views have been held amongst the Waldenses, the Albi- Barbecue. "To barbecue" is a term used genses, the Vaudois, the Lollards and Wy- in the West Indies for roasting a whole hog cliffites. Formerly, on the Continent and in upon a gridiron; the word is found used in England, they were opplously called Ana- this sense by Pope, also by Lamb in "Essays baptists. In 1537 VIII. issued a of Elia." "A barbecue" has been adopted in proclamation against their heresy, as persons America as a term to express any great gatherwho rebaptised themselves. The first English ing of people, where a large animal, such as an martyr, in 1400, W. Sawtree, held Baptist ox or a hog, is dressed whole and partaken of by principles; so also the last martyr, in James I.'s those assembled. reign, Edward Whightman, was a Baptist. They began their separate existence in 1633, at a meeting-house in Wapping. As early as 1611, many Baptists, because of persecution, fled to America, and the feeble remnant in London published a Confession of Faith in 1611, to vindicate their orthodoxy. In 1620 they memorialised the king for liberty of worship. Confessions of Faith they published again in 1644 and 1646. In 1689 a General Assembly of Baptists in London published a confession in thirty-two articles, and a Baptist Catechism, after the model of the Assembly's Catechism. Though Baptists do not formally subscribe to any creed, yet there is singular harmony of belief throughout the body. Almost from the time of the Reformation Baptists have been divided in two sections: the "Particular" (or Calvinistic), and the "General" (or Arminian) Baptists. The "Particular" Baptists, by far the larger body, numbered in 1885, in the United Kingdom, 2,713 churches, 3,654 chapels, with 1,180,984 sittings, 1,893 pastors, 4,003 evangelists or unpaid preachers, 315,939 church members, 472,730 Sunday scholars, 49,442 teachers. The colleges for training the rising ministry are: Bristol, founded 1770; Regent's Park, 1810; Rawdon, Bradford, 1804; Haverfordwest, 1839; Pontypool, 1836 (formerly Aberzavenny) 1807; Llangollen, 1862; Manchester (Brighton Grove), 1873; the Metropolitan, Pastor's College, 1861; Scotland, the Theological Institute, 1869. The Baptist Foreign Barrett, Wilson, the distinguished actor, Mission originated in 1792; income in 1884, was b. 1846. He entered the stage from choice; 77,442 195., including £8,385 from missionary his first engagement was at Halifax (1864), subchurches. Baptist churches are congregational sequently visiting Leeds, Blackpool, and Leicesin government, holding to the primitive orderter. Became manager of a theatre in Lancashire. En Barclay, Mr. James William, M.P., was b. 1832. Educated at Univ. of Aberdeen. gaged in business as a merchant. Returned in the Liberal interest as member for Forfarshire (1872-85); re-elected 1885. Barclay's Bill. See LAND QUESTION, THE. Barlow, Peter William, F.R.S., M.I.C.E., d. May 20th, 1885. In the early part of his career he was engaged in the construction of the Liverpool and Birmingham canal and the new London Docks. Subsequently he was engaged under the late Sir William Cubitt on the South-Eastern railway system, and, as principal engineer, constructed the North Kent, the Reading and Reigate, the Tonbridge and Hastings, and other important adjuncts of that system. Barnes, Mr. Alfred, M.P., was b. 1823, and is an extensive coal owner, and J.P. for Derbyshire. Mr. Barnes sat in the Liberal interest as member for East Derbyshire (1880-85). Elected for the Chesterfield Division (1885). Barometer. See METEOROLOGY. Baronets Deceased, 1885. See OBITUARY, APPENDIX. Barrett. See FENIANS. |