(9) Whatever is, is right. (10) He became President after he had served several terms in the Senate. 35. Sentences. A Sentence is any expression of thought including a verb and its subject; as, "You are a musician." "Are you a musician?” a musician!" musician." "You are 36. Classes of Sentences. (1) ACCORDING TO USE· (a) Declarative. - One that asserts or denies; as, "He did not come." "Be a "He came." (b) Interrogative. — One that asks a question; as, "Have you seen him to-day?" (c) Exclamatory. One used in exclamation; as, "How well she sings!" (d) Imperative. -One used to command or entreat; as, "Guard your tongue." (2) ACCORDING TO FORM OR STRUCTURE (a) Simple. - One containing a single statement; as, farmer." "John is a (b) Compound. - One containing two or more statements of equal (c) Complex. -One some element of which is a sentence; as, "I saw him when he did it." "That he will try it is certain." "I believe he said it." "His objection was that the work was dangerous." "The man who is sick is my uncle." 37. Phrases and Clauses. A Phrase is any group of words forming a modifier that is not a sentence; as, "The men "The history of our country is full of thrilling events." came with great clamor to drive the wolves away from the flock." 38. Classes of Phrases. (1) ACCORDING TO USE (a) Adjective. -The road through the valley (= valley road) is rough. All have the right to vote. (b) Adverbial.- He does his work with care (carefully). (c) Substantive. — To forgive is divine. He likes to be let alone. (2) ACCORDING TO BASIS (a) Prepositional.-The city of Brooklyn is in the State of New York. (b) Infinitive. He came to learn. He asks permission to remain. (c) Participial.— The boy gazing so intently upon her is her brother. (3) ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE (a) Simple. We left in the evening. They walked over the bridge. The kite flew over the tops of the trees. (b) Complex. (c) Compound. To direct well and to do well are different things. 39. A Clause is any group of words forming a sentence that is used as a modifier; as, "He came when he was wanted." "She said that she was hungry." "The horse that died yesterday was worth five thousand dollars." (b) Complex. That he was wrong is evident. That he was wrong when he said it is evident. That he was wrong and that he knew it is evident. 41. It may be seen from the following that all the parts of speech may be grouped under five 42. Let the teacher and pupil keep in mind that every sentence must have a subject and predicate, that these are the principal elements, the elements upon which all the others depend, and that the first thing to be done in explaining a sentence is to point out its subject and predicate. Then all the modifiers of each should be named, and the pupil should tell whether each modifier is a word, a phrase, or a clause. He should also state, as far as may be thought practicable, the idea expressed by each element of the sentence. And even before the student attempts to dispose of a sentence, or any of its parts, the teacher should see that he understands its meaning as a whole, and is able to state it in his own language. The importance of this cannot be over-estimated, and it is entirely too much neglected by teachers of English Grammar. It is this very neglect manifested in teaching Grammar as if it were nothing but the mechanical parsing and analysis of sentences written only to be parsed and analyzed, and the memorizing of rules that are to the student only a meaningless mass of stuff, that has heaped upon this branch of study the disapprobation that justly belongs to those who have abused it. (I.) Name the subject and predicate, simple and complex, and describe the sentence. (II.) Name the parts of speech. (III.) Point out and classify the phrases and clauses. (1) Keep thy heart with all diligence. (2) Honor and shame from no condition rise. (3) In the morning sow thy seed; in the evening withhold not thy hand. (4) Cease to do evil; learn to do well. (5) To meet danger boldly is better than to wait for it. (6) Life bears us on like the stream of a mighty river. (7) Judge not, that ye be not judged. (8) See that beautiful bird! (9) Hear me, for I will speak. (10) The vine still clings to the mouldering wall; And at every gust the dead leaves fall. (11) We should appreciate the privileges that we have. (12) O what a mistake we make when we fail to improve our time! (13) He will return to school when vacation is over. (14) Blessed is the man whose trust is in thee. (15) If justice direct you in the pursuit of gain, tranquillity will attend you in the enjoyment of it. PROPERTIES OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 44. Property is any modification of any part of speech. (a) It is sometimes called GRAMMATICAL FORM or MODIFICATION. 45. Thus number, a mode of distinguishing one from more than one, is a property of nouns and pronouns. (Book-books; I-we.) 46. Tense, a mode of denoting time, is a property of the verb. (Walk - walked.) 47. Comparison, a mode of denoting degrees of quality, is a property of adjectives and adverbs. (Long — longer — longest.) 48. The following are all the properties of the parts of speech: (1) Person (2) Number} Properties of nouns, pronouns, and verbs. (8) Comparison — A property of adjectives and adverbs. (a) The preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection have no grammatical properties. 49. Inflection is any variation in form which a part of speech undergoes to denote grammatical property. It may be (1) by a change in the ending, (2) by different words, (3) by the addition of auxiliaries. (a) Sometimes a property is indicated by the position of a word in a sentence. 50. Declension is inflection of nouns and pronouns. |