THE ADVERB.

554. The Adverb is a word that usually modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb; as,

"John writes correctly." "He is exceedingly careful." "He does tolerably well.”

555. As the name adverb suggests, the principal use of this part of speech is to modify the verb; but it may modify —

(1) A verb; as, "He talks intelligently." (2) An adjective; as, "She is very lazy.”

(3) An adverb; as, "He works well enough."

(4) A prepositional phrase; as, "Has the Lord spoken only by Moses ?" 556. Sometimes the adverb is used independently; as, "Did he come?" "Yes." The adverbs yes and no are often said to modify the entire proposition; but the truth is, that they are equivalent to entire propositions. To the question, "Did he come ?" there may be two affirmative answers: "He did come"; and "Yes." Sometimes both answers are given to one question; as, "Yes, he did come"; but it is simply repeating the answer for emphasis. Yes and no are responsive adverbs used independently. Yes is of affirmation; no, of negation.

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557. The adverb frequently modifies a word understood; as, "When will he come again?" Sometime." Here, sometime modifies the verb will come, understood.

CLASSES OF ADVERBS.

558. Adverbs are classified as to use, and as to the idea to be expressed.

559. As to use, adverbs are Simple and Conjunctive. The simple adverb has but one use, that is, the modifying use; as, "Speak distinctly." The conjunctive adverb has two uses -the modifying, and the connective; as, "The tree lies where it fell." "He came when he was wanted." Here where

and when are adverbs, because they limit their verbs so as to express the ideas of place and time; and they are conjunctive adverbs, because they perform the office of conjunctions.

560. The conjunctive adverb cannot be said to connect two propositions, for it only joins one proposition to some part of another.

561. The simple adverb may be used either in simple or complex sentences, but the conjunctive adverb is found only in complex sentences, and it always forms part of the subordinate sentence. If we keep this in mind we shall never make the mistake of parsing the conjunctive adverb as modifying some word in the principal sentence. It always modifies some word in the subordinate sentence, which it joins to some part of the principal sentence. Thus, in "You should eat where you work," where is a conjunctive adverb modifying work, and joins the subordinate sentence to the verb should eat.

562. Sometimes the conjunctive adverb joins its subordinate sentence to a noun. It may then be called a relative adverb, because it fills the office of a relative pronoun. Example: "He walked to the cottage where his little friend lay sick." Here where limits lay sick, in the subordinate sentence, which it joins to the noun cottage.

563. Two adverbs are often used in the same sentence so that one answers or responds to the other. They are then called correlative, or responsive adverbs; as, "As you labor, so will you be rewarded." As, so, are correlative or responsive adverbs of manner. As is a conjunctive adverb; it limits labor, and joins the subordinate sentence to so. So is a simple adverb, limiting will be rewarded.

564. A Conjunctive Adverb is one that limits some word

in a subordinate sentence, which it joins to some part of the principal sentence.

565. A conjunctive adverb is usually equivalent to two prepositional phrases; as, "Come when you are wanted"="Come at the time at which you are wanted." "It lies where you left it"="It lies in the place in which you left it." "She is as good as I"="She is good to the degree to which I am good." In such sentences as the last, the conjunctive adverb is equivalent to but one phrase, the force of the first phrase being expressed by the first as. Relative adverbs also are equivalent to but one phrase; as, "The house where it occurred" "The house in which it occurred."

566. The teacher will find it a very profitable exercise to have the class rewrite sentences containing conjunctive adverbs, expanding them into their equivalent phrase or phrases. They may thus see clearly the exact idea expressed by every conjunctive adverb.

567. As to the idea to be expressed, adverbs may be divided into (a) Adverbs of time; expressing the idea of time, either when, how long, or how often; as, ever, never, always, continually, constantly, endlessly, forever, incessantly, everlastingly, evermore, aye, then, meanwhile, meantime, when, whenever, as, while, subsequently, after, afterwards, otherwhile, before, late, early, again, oftentimes, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, frequently, now and then, weekly, early, monthly, yearly, daily, newly, anew, now, to-day, nowadays, yet, as yet, yesterday, heretofore, recently, lately, of late, formerly, already, just now, anciently, as soon as, long since, long ago, erewhile, till now, hereafter, soon, to-morrow, erelong, by and by, instantly, momentarily, directly, forthwith, not yet,

anon.

(b) Adverbs of place; those suggesting the idea of place; as, here, there, yonder, everywhere, where, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, wherever, wheresoever, herein, therein, hereabouts, thereabouts, whereabouts, hereby, thereby, around, on high, whence, hence, elsewhere, off, afar, about, above, before, behind, under, beneath, within, without, whither, hither, up, down, backwards, forwards, hitherwards, nigh.

(c) Adverbs of manner; those answering or asking the question, how: : so, thus, well, ill, wisely, foolishly, justly, how, anyhow, somehow, however, howsoever, otherwise, least, likewise, as, extremely, at length, lengthwise, suitably, considerably, happily, extensively, together, separately, accordingly, creditably, necessarily, really, certainly, foot by

foot, so so, wholly, clearly, namely, silently, feelingly, surprisingly, mournfully, merely, proportionally, verily.

(d) Adverbs of degree; those suggesting the idea of how much, how little, or to what extent: much, more, most, little, less, least, far, by far, farther, very, too, mostly, entirely, actually, in general, totally, highly, perfectly, all, altogether, quite, constantly, extravagantly, immeasurably, immensely, painlessly, infinitely, clear, nearly, well nigh, partly, partially, intensely, exclusively, scantily, precisely, enough, exactly, even, ever so, just as, sufficiently, somewhat, at all, simply, brightly, particularly, especially, in particular, also, besides, still, likewise, moreover, furthermore.

(e) Adverbs of cause, purpose, or reason; those answering the question why: why, wherefore, hence, therefore, then, thence, consequently, whereby, hereby, thereby.

(f) Adverbs of doubt; as, perhaps, probably, perchance, possibly, doubtfully, doubtless, certainly.

(g) Adverbs of affirmation or negation: yes, no, not, yea, aye,

nay.

568. Adverbs of doubt are usually given as subdivisions of adverbs of manner, but this is a wrong classification. No one of these adverbs of doubt answers to a question concerning the manner of an action. If the question, How did he go? were asked, it could not be answered by the word perhaps. It must be kept in mind that the adverb must always be named according to the idea which it expresses.

569. The classification given here cannot be complete, because it would be impossible to name all the different ideas that may be expressed by the adverb.

570. Adverbs which modify the manner of the expression, rather than the manner of the action, are called Modal Adverbs; as, truly, verily, etc. Thus in the sentence, " Truly he came," truly does not refer to the coming, but to the saying. Such adverbs may, for convenience, be parsed as modifying the verb in the sentence in which they are found, but in reality they modify the verb say, understood.

571. An adverb used to ask a question is called an Interrogative Adverb. All others may be regarded as responsive,

572. Adverbs are often used in connection with the verb to express time more definitely; as, "I shall go, presently."

573. A combination of words used as a single adverb may be parsed as an Adverbial Phrase; as, by and by, day and night, so so, again and again, at random, in vain, at least, on high, in fine, at present, at last, out and out, through and through, no more, man by man. But when the com.

bination does not have the force of a single adverb, the words should be parsed separately; as, "He signed it then and there." Then expresses the idea of time, and there of place; they cannot therefore be parsed together.

574. A few adverbs are used merely to introduce a sentence. They should then be parsed as introductory expletives. They have no modifying force in the sentence; as, "There were fifty men present." "Why, did you see Jones, yesterday?" “Well! what did you think of it ?"

575. Comparison.

Adverbs, like adjectives, have one property, comparison; as, loud, louder, loudest; well, better, best; brightly, more brightly, most brightly. The kinds, methods, and degrees are the same as those of the adjective.

576. The rule for the comparative and superlative of adjectives applies to the comparative and superlative of adverbs.

(1) Work diligently while the sun shines.

(2) We walked to the kennel where the puppies lay.

"While," adv., conj. of time; it lim. "shines," and joins its subor. sent. to "work," R. XI.

"Where," adv., rel. of place; it lim. "lay," and joins its subor. sent. to "kennel," R. XI.

579. Parse nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs orally by abridged model, and the adverbs in full.