THE INTERJECTION.

652. An Interjection is any exclamatory word used to express some emotion of the mind; as, "Oh!" "Pshaw!" "Alas!"

653. The word interjection means thrown in; that is, an interjection is thrown in at the first, the last, or between the parts of a sentence, without being grammatically related to any part of it.

654. Interjections have no classes and no properties.

655. To parse an interjection, simply name its part of speech and refer to Rule XVII.

SYNTAX OF INTERJECTIONS.

656. RULE XVII. An interjection does not depend for grammatical construction upon any other word.

Remark. - Interjections might be classified according to the nature of the feelings they express, into —

(1) Joy: eigh, hey, io.

(2) Sorrow: oh, ah, hoo, alas, alack, lackaday, welladay, or welaway. (3) Wonder: heigh, ha, strange, indeed.

(4) Wish, or earnestness: O (generally followed by a noun).

(5) Praise: well-done, good, bravo.

(6) Surprise with disapproval: whew, hoity-toity, hoida, zounds, what.

(7) Pain, or fear: oh, ooh, ah, eh, O dear.

(8) Contempt: fudge, pugh, poh, pshaw, pish, tush, tut, humph.

(9) Aversion: foh, faugh, fie, fy, foy.

(10) Expulsion: out, off, shoo, whew, begone, avaunt, aroynt.

(11) Desire for attention: ho, soho, what-ho, hollo, holla hallo, halloo,

boy, ahoy.

(12) Exultation: ah, aha, huzza, hey, heyday, hurrah.

(13) Mirth: ha-ha-ha, he-he-he, te-hee-he.

(14) Salutation: welcome, hail, all-hail.

(15) Call for attention: ho, lo, la, law, look, see, behold, hark.

(16) Call for silence: hush, hist, whist, 'st, aw, mum. (17) Dread, or horror: oh, ah, hah, what.

(18) Languor, or weariness: heigh-ho, heigh-ho-hum.

(19) Desire for stop: hold, soft, avast, whoa.

(20) Feeling caused by the thought of parting: farewell, adieu, goodby, good-day, good-night.

(21) Feeling that follows a discovery: oho, aha, ay ay.

(22) Feeling that prompts interrogation: eh ? ha? hey?

(a) Do not use interjections in the absence of corresponding emotions.

MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS.

(1) He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city.

(2) Whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do.

(3) Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass or a tinkling cymbal. (4) Boys flying kites haul in their white-winged birds;

But you can't do that when you're flying words.

(5) Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. (6) Far less of wealth should we behold,

(7) The cowslip startles in meadows green,

The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice,
And there's never a leaf nor a blade too mean
To be some happy creature's palace. — Lowell.

(8) Day hath put on his jacket, and around

His burning bosom buttoned it with stars.

- Holmes.

INFINITE VERBS.

INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

657. Infinite verbs are those whose form is not modified by the person and number of their subjects.

THE INFINITIVE.

658. The infinitive is a verb. Every infinitive has a subject. The subject is in the objective case when it is not also the subject of a finite verb.

659. As a verb, every infinitive is transitive or intransitive, attributive or copulative, regular or irregular; and has the properties of other verbs, - voice, mode, and tense.

660. It differs from other verbs only in,

(1) It does not assert, but assumes, action, being, or state.

(2) Its form is never modified by the person and number of its subject. 661. The infinitive may be modified by an adverbial element the same as finite verbs; as, "The children came to play by the roadside." when transitive it may govern an object; as, "I like to read history."

And

662. Like other verbs, the infinitive, when copulative, may be followed by a predicate noun or adjective; as, "We want her to be a musician." "I believe him to be honest."

663. Construction of Infinitives.

In addition to its verbal nature, every infinitive performs the office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. This is called its construction or use. An infinitive has the construction of a noun, when it is used as a noun is used; the construction of an adjective, when it is used as an adjective is used; and the construction of an adverb, when it is used as an adverb is used.

664. Construction of a Noun.

The principal uses of nouns are, as the subject, predicate, and object of verbs, and as the object of prepositions. Whenever an infinitive per

forms any of these offices, or any other that nouns may perform, it has the construction or use of a noun; as, "To live is to die." "I like to study."

665. Construction of an Adjective.

"He gave me permission to use his tools"; to use modifies the noun permission. It therefore has the construction of an adjective.

666. An infinitive may be used as a direct adjective; as, "Time to come is called future"; or as a predicate adjective; as, "Gas is to be found in Indiana.”

667. Construction of an Adverb.

The principal uses of adverbs are to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs in such a way as to answer the questions, How? How much? Where? When? Why? etc. Whenever an infinitive has any of these uses, it has the construction of an adverb. An infinitive with the construction of an adverb usually limits a verb, as an adverb of purpose; as, "We came to learn"; but it may limit an adjective; as, (2) (1) 66 Apples are good to eat"; or an adverb; as, (3) "He is too weak to walk."

668. The parsing of an infinitive consists in naming the classes of verbs to which it belongs; regular or irregular; copulative or attributive; transitive or intransitive; naming in order its properties, voice, mode, and tense; and stating definitely its use, whether of a noun, adjective, or adverb.

669. An infinitive may be used as a noun in the nominative case; as, "To sin is to suffer"; in the objective case; as, "He wants to go"; and in the absolute case; as, "To kill! dreadful thought!" There are several absolute constructions of the infinitive, as may be seen in the outline, but many infinitives which seem to be used independently have the construction of an adverb, and limit some word understood; as, "To be honest with you, I was mistaken." "To be" has the construction of an adverb, and limits acknowledged or confess understood. The infinitive is never found in the possessive.

670. The sign is not expressed with the infinitive after the active verbs bid, make, need, hear, let, see, feel, and dare; and sometimes not after find, have, help, please, and equivalents of see. When several infinitives are used in the same construction, and are joined by co-ordinate connectives, the sign is generally used only with the first.

THE PARTICIPLE.

671. Most that has been said concerning the infinitive is true also of the participle. It, too, is a verb, and has the construction, or use, of nouns, adjectives, and adverbs; as, "Seeing is believing" (noun). "The man speaking is my father" (adjective). "He came stumbling along (adverb).

672. There are three participles: Imperfect, Loving; Perfect, Loved; Preperfect, Having loved.

673. Participles are like infinitives in the following: (1) Both are verbs.

(2) Both are unlimited by person and number.

(3) Both assume and not assert action, being, or state.

(4) Both express time relatively and not absolutely.

(5) Both have the uses of nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

674. Participles are unlike infinitives in the following: —

(1) The participle may become a noun; as, "Painting is one of the fine arts"; or an adjective; as, “Howling wolves"; while the infinitive never loses its verbal nature.

(2) The infinitive usually has a sign; the participle has not.

"The wolf howling in the forest." (Participle, with the construction of an adjective.)

676. Subject of a Participle is usually in the possessive case or nominative absolute, but it is in the nominative when it is the same as that of a finite verb in the same sentence.

677. The Complement of a copulative participle is in the same case as its subject. There is but one exception to