Tell the Part of Speech to which each word belongs, and name the properties that belong to each.

(1) He might have secured friends by showing himself friendly.

(2) Europe was at war during the greater part of the fourteenth century.

(3) True politeness is to do and say the kindest thing in the kindest way.

(4) Nothing but ruins now remains to mark the ancient greatness of Egypt.

(5) If you had lived, I would have come one day,

Perhaps through many a rough and stony way;
Come, just my head upon your breast to lay,
To look into your eyes; - with earnest brow
I would have said, -

"I wronged you once, that day, now so long past;

You looked for strength that should stand firm and fast;

I gave you weakness; but am come at last

With somewhat better"-but, alas, not now,

PUNCTUATION.

55. Punctuation is the art of indicating the construction of the different parts of a sentence.

57. The Period is used at the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence.

(a) The period is used within a sentence after all abbreviations, after any expression used as a heading, and after figures or letters used to mark the sections or parts of a production.

58. The Interrogation Mark is used at the end of an interrogative sentence.

(a) The interrogation mark may be used after any word in the sentence, to denote uncertainty or to imply the opposite of what is expressed. 59. The Exclamation Mark is used at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

(a) It is often used within a sentence, after an interjection or any other exclamatory word.

60. B. Marks used within the Sentence.

(a) Only those most frequently used and only the principal uses of each are named here.

61. General Rule for the Comma. Use a comma when the omission of it would render the construction of some part of the sentence obscure.

1. To separate elements having the same construction

Intelligence, integrity, industry, are the elements of success. Our hopes and fears, pleasures and pains, make up the interesting side of life.

From night till morning, from morning till night, she whiled her miserable life away. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.

EXCEPTION.

When two elements are closely connected by a conjunction, no comma is needed; as, "Learning expands and elevates the mind."

2. To set off appositive, explanatory, parenthetical, or introductory words, phrases, or clauses —

Dickens, the great novelist, is a teacher of human nature. The mind, which studies all things, should study itself most. He who can think, and all can do that, need not be lonely. To speak plainly, I do not care to associate with him.

3. To mark the omission of a verb —

The wise man considers what he wants; the fool, what he abounds in. 62. General Rule for the Semicolon. Use a semicolon between elements less closely connected than those separated by a comma.

It is the first point of wisdom to avoid evil; the second, to make it good. Improve every minute; for time lost is lost forever.

63. General Rule for the Colon. The colon is used to precede a supplemental or explanatory remark.

I admire the sublime passage: "God said let there be light, and there was light."

64. Exercise in Punctuation and Capitalization.

I. Observe closely the capitals and punctuation of every thing you read.

II. Punctuate and capitalize correctly every sentence you write.

65. Having made a general examination of the sentence as a whole, we are now ready for a more thorough investigation of each of the Parts of Speech that form it. The first in order is the Noun,

THE NOUN.

66. A Noun is the name of an object; as, Kate, James, Columbus, Brooklyn, water, farmer, angel, world, mind, flock, thought, love, brightness, Mary Jane Porter.

(a) Any word, sign, phrase, or clause, may be used as a noun; as, +, -, X, and ÷ are mathematical signs. There was Tom with his "How do you do?" and "What can I do for you?”

(b) Such expressions have the uses of nouns only so far as their relation to other words is concerned; they are rather things than names of things. So upon this ground there may be objection to calling them nouns, but there can be no objection to calling them substantives.

(c) A Substantive is any word or combination of words that may stand as the subject of a verb.

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS.

67. An object may be spoken of in two ways: (1) It may be called by a name applicable not only to it, but also to any other object of its class; as, boy, planet, city, river, people, state, Common or Class Name. (2) It may be called by a name that distinguishes it from others of its class, to which this name is not applicable; as, George, Mars, London, The Orinoco, English, Ohio, - Particular or Individual Name.

68. This gives rise to two general classes of nouns,— Common and Proper.

69. Definitions. A Common Noun is any name given to an object to denote the class to which it belongs, without dis

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