821. A GENERAL REVIEW.

1. Define Grammar. 2. Language. 3. A sentence. 4. English Grammar. 5. Name the practical objects to be accomplished by grammatical study. 6. What is the educational value of English Grammar? It strengthens all the intellectual processes, particularly discrimination, comparison, memory, conception, judgment, and reason. It has no value for the imagination. None, except in a general way, for the will. It may, however, be so presented as to improve the esthetical judgment or the taste. 7. What is meant by interpretation in language? 8. What importance do you attach to speaking correctly? 9. In what sense is Grammar a science? In what an art? 10. Name and define the two divisions of Grammar. What other divisions are sometimes named? Where do these properly belong? 11. What is synthesis? 12. What is analysis? 13. Name the two parts of every thought. 14. What are the two corresponding parts of every sentence? 15. Define each. 16. What must the subject of a sentence always be? 17. What must the predicate of a sentence always be? 18. Name and illustrate the two parts of the predicate. 19. Show that each part may have a separate word. 20. Show that both parts may be combined in one word. 21. What is meant by the simple subject? The simple predicate? A complex subject? A complex predicate? 22. Instead of simple subject what other terms are sometimes used? The unmodified subject, the bare subject, or the grammatical subject. These same terms are applied also to the predicate.

23. Instead of the complex subject what other terms are sometimes used? The entire subject, the whole subject, the complete subject, or the logical subject. These same terms are applied also to the predicate. 24. What is meant by the English language? The language of England, or of the English people wherever spoken. 25. Name the periods of its development. (a) The period from the earliest Teutonic speech in England, A.D. 450 to A.D. 1150, the Anglo-Saxon period, lately often called Old English, Oldest English. In this early period the inflection of the English language was as complete as that of the Latin or the Greek. (b) The period from A.D. 1150 to A.D. 1350, called Early English. In the first part of this period many of its inflections were dropped, and in the latter part of this period large numbers of French words were introduced. (c) The period from 1350 to 1550, the Chaucer period, the Old English of literature, now often called Middle English. In this period the Saxon and Norman elements were shaped into a new literary language. (d) The period since 1550, called Modern English. 26. How many words does the English language now contain? At least 300,000, and it is continually growing, accepting new words from every available source. 27. Name, define, and illustrate each of the parts of speech. 28. What is meant by complement? 29. What is an attributive complement? Illustrate. 30. What part of speech must an attributive complement be? 31. What is an objective complement? Illustrate. 32. What part of speech must an objective complement be? Illustrate. 33. Illustrate a transitive verb, an intransitive verb, a copulative verb, an attributive verb. 34. Name and illustrate four classes of sentences according to use. 35. Name and illustrate three classes of sen

tences according to form or structure. 36. What is a phrase? 37. What is a clause? 38. Classify (with illustrations) phrases, (1) according to use, (2) according to basis, (3) according to structure. 39. Classify (with illustrations) clauses, (1) according to use, (2) according to structure. 40. Arrange all the parts of speech in five classes. 41. What is meant by property of a part of speech? 42. What parts of speech have properties ? 43. What properties does each have? Illustrate. 44. What is inflection, declension, comparison, conjugation, synopsis? 45. Name and illustrate nine uses of capital letters. 46. Name the marks commonly used in punctuation, and name and illustrate the principal uses of each. 47. Define a noun, a substantive. 48. Name and define two general classes of nouns. 49. Why do we have two classes? 50. When does a common noun become proper? 51. When does a proper noun become common? Illustrate. 52. Name, define, and illustrate four sub-classes of common nouns. 53. What are the two uses of the collective nouns ? 54. Of what gender is it in each use? 55. Use the collective noun jury as the subject of a singular verb, and as the antecedent of the pronoun it. 56. Use the collective noun jury as the subject of a plural verb and as the antecedent of the pronoun their. 57. Name the four properties of nouns. Define each. of these properties are indicated by inflections? 59. Which by different words? 60. Which by position? 61. Name the three grammatical persons. Tell the use of each. Illustrate. 62. In what constructions may the first person be used? A noun of the second person? A noun of the third person? 63. Name the two numbers of nouns. Tell the use of each. Illustrate. 64. What are the two general methods of pluralizing nouns?

58. Which

65. Use in a sentence the plural form of each of the following nouns: book, lion, hat, branch, mouse, girl, fox, hiss, canto, grotto, portico, tyro, folio, portfolio, buffalo, calico, cargo, hero, echo, manifesto, mosquito, negro, mulatto, potato, tomato, tornado, volcano, brother, child, foot, goose, tooth, woman, deer, sheep, cod, trout, mackerel, cherub, index, nebula, radius, dictum, vortex, axis, amanuensis, genus, beau, automaton, criterion, analysis, crisis, basis, Miss, Mr., Mrs. 66. Name four nouns that are used only in the plural. 67. Name four nouns whose singular form and plural form are the same. 68. How do you form the plural of letters, signs, figures, etc.? Illustrate. Illustrate. 69. How do you form the plural of proper nouns? Illustrate. 70. How do you form the plural of titles? Illustrate. Illustrate. 71. What is gender? 72. How many genders do nouns have? Why? 73. Distinguish gender and sex. 74. In what ways can nouns indicate the sex of the objects they represent? Illustrate. 75. Name the cases of nouns. 76. What are the two divisions of the nominative case? 77. Name and illustrate three dependent constructions of the nominative case. 78. Name and illustrate six independent or absolute constructions of the nominative case. 79. Name and illustrate two constructions of the possessive case. 80. How is the possessive case of singular nouns indicated? Of plural nouns? 81. Name and illustrate five objective constructions.

rect object? 83. How

82. What is meant by the indishould these so-called indirect objects be disposed of? 84. What is meant by objective by enallage? Illustrate. 85. What can be said of the object of an intransitive verb? The object of a passive verb? 86. When can a verb take two objects? 87. What is a resultant or factitive object? A resultant

66

"The

They called the be parsed as in resultant object When the verb

object is a noun so used as to give an additional name to that which is indicated by the direct object; as in the sentence, "God called the firmament heaven." people elected Washington president.” boy John." A resultant object should apposition with the direct object. A always follows an active transitive verb. is changed to the passive voice, the resultant object becomes a predicate noun in the nominative case; as, The firmament was called heaven. Washington was elected president. The boy was called John. 88. What is meant by the objective case without a governing word? Nouns of time, distance, measure, and value are sometimes said to be in the object case without a governing word; as, He spoke an hour. He walked a mile. The wheat was four pounds too light. The price is five dollars too high. It is better, however, in all such cases to parse these nouns as the object of some preposition not expressed. Usually it will be a simple preposition, sometimes a complex preposition; as, He spoke for an hour. He walked to the distance of a mile. The wheat was by four pounds too light. The price is by five dollars too high. 89. What is apposition? To what cases does it apply? Illustrate. 90. When is the possessive sign omitted? 91. Use a noun in the nominative absolute case with (subject of) a participle. 92. What is the person of a predicate noun? A predicate noun is always of the third person. Prove it. 93. In what case is the subject of a finite verb? 94. When is the subject of an infinitive in the objective case? When in the nominative? 95. In what case is the subject of a participle? 96. In what case is the complement of a copulative verb? 97. Write a sentence in which a noun is used as the complement of a finite